1
|
de Freitas RN, da Silva LGL, Fiais GA, Ferreira DSDB, Veras ASC, Teixeira GR, Oliveira SHP, Dornelles RCM, Nakamune ACDMS, Fakhouri WD, Chaves-Neto AH. Alterations in salivary biochemical composition and redox state disruption induced by the anticonvulsant valproic acid in male rat salivary glands. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 155:105805. [PMID: 37741048 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of the anticonvulsant valproic acid (VPA) on salivary glands in male rat using biochemical, functional, histomorphometric, and redox state parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly distributed into three groups (n = 8 per group): Control (0.9% saline solution), VPA100 (100 mg/kg), and VPA400 (400 mg/kg). After 21 consecutive days of treatment with by intragastric gavage. Pilocarpine-induced saliva was collected to determine salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, and biochemical composition. Analyses of histomorphometric parameters and redox balance markers were performed on the parotid and submandibular glands. RESULTS Salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, total protein, potassium, sodium, and chloride were similar between groups. However, phosphate and calcium were reduced in VPA400, while amylase was increased in both VPA100 and VPA400. We did not detect significant differences in the areas of acini, ducts, and connective tissue in the salivary glands between the groups. There were no significant changes in the redox status of the submandibular glands. In turn, in the parotid glands we detected reduced total oxidizing capacity and lipid peroxidation, measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) and higher uric acid concentration in both the VPA100 and VPA400 groups, and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the VPA400 group. CONCLUSION Chronic treatment with VPA modified the salivary biochemical composition and caused disruption in the redox state of the parotid gland in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rayara Nogueira de Freitas
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências - Saúde Bucal da Criança, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriela Alice Fiais
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Allice Santos Cruz Veras
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovana Rampazzo Teixeira
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Helena Penha Oliveira
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rita Cássia Menegati Dornelles
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Walid D Fakhouri
- Center for Craniofacial Research, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Antonio Hernandes Chaves-Neto
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências - Saúde Bucal da Criança, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Impact of photobiomodulation therapy on the morphological aspects of submandibular gland submitted to excretory duct ligation and hypothyroidism: an animal study. Lasers Med Sci 2021; 37:2005-2015. [PMID: 34797432 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03463-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on histomorphological aspects of submandibular gland (SMG) submitted to salivary gland duct obstruction in hypothyroid rats. Fifty-six male Wistar rats (250 to 300 g) were divided into 4 groups (n = 14): euthyroid (EU), EU + PBMT, hypothyroid (HYPO), and HYPO + PBMT. Duct obstruction of the left submandibular gland (LSMG) was performed in all animals by a ligature procedure. For the induction of hypothyroidism, total thyroidectomy was performed. PBMT groups received irradiation with AlGaInP diode laser (808 nm, 0.04 W, 0.04cm2 spot size, 60 s, 2.4 J per point, 60 J/cm2, 1 W/cm2). Irradiation was performed immediately, 24 h, and 48 h after the obstruction of the salivary gland duct, in one point, extra oral and perpendicular to the gland. Animals were sacrificed after 24 h and 72 h after duct ligature. Our results indicated that salivary duct obstruction and hypothyroidism caused negative modifications on the salivary glands' histomorphology, especially acinar atrophy, after 24 h and 72 h. HYPO + PBMT showed a significant reduction of the inflammatory infiltrate, congested blood vessels, and acinar atrophy in the SMG submandibular salivary gland in 72 h compared to 24 h (p < 0.05). In conclusion, obstruction of the salivary gland excretory duct and hypothyroidism causes severe sialoadenitis with expressive atrophy of the glandular parenchyma. However, PBMT was able to modulate the inflammatory process and delaying acinar atrophy. This study provided insights to better understand the role of the PBMT on the altered salivary gland by duct ligation and associate hypothyroidism.
Collapse
|
3
|
de Oliveira MC, Krueger GF, Sganzerla JT, Gassen HT, Hernández PAG, Allgayer MDC, Miguens-Jr SAQ. Effect of Radiotherapy and Low-Level Laser Therapy on Circulating Blood Cells of Rats. J Lasers Med Sci 2021; 12:e45. [PMID: 34733768 DOI: 10.34172/jlms.2021.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the blood cell count when applied to parotid glands of rats irradiated by volumetric modular arc therapy (VMAT). Methods: Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats were used in this study. Samples were randomly assigned to three groups: control group (CG, n = 8), immediate laser group (24 hours) (ILG, n=12), and late laser group (120 hours) (LLG, n=12). The two laser groups were previously subjected to VMAT radiotherapy in a single dose of 12 Gy. LLLT with an AsGaAl laser (660 nm, 100 mW) was applied at three points in the region of the parotid glands, right side, with the energy of 2 J per point (20s, 70 J/cm2) and a spot size of 0.0028 cm2 for 10 consecutive days. In the euthanasia, blood samples were obtained by cardiac puncture. The samples from each group were processed by an automatic method and analyzed for erythrogram, leukogram and platelet count values. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and each LLLT time point was analyzed in relation to the control group, with a significance level less than 0.05. Results: Groups using LLLT had higher red blood cell counts, being higher in the LLG (P = 0.000). The hematimetric indices MCV (P = 0.002) and MCH (P = 0.009) were lower than the control group, especially when compared to the group using LLLT 120h after radiotherapy (LLG). White blood cell counts were lower in the groups with radiotherapy and immediate use of LLLT (ILG) (P = 0.011), mainly at the expense of lymphocytes (P = 0.002). Conclusion: The results suggest a potential systemic effect of LLLT, especially on circulating red blood cell counts, regardless of their time of immediate or late use of radiotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Francisco Krueger
- Department of Oral Medicine, Graduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Tomaz Sganzerla
- Department of Oral Medicine, Graduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Humberto Thomazi Gassen
- Department of Oral Medicine, Graduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Golež A, Frangež I, Cankar K, Frangež HB, Ovsenik M, Nemeth L. Effects of low-level light therapy on xerostomia related to hyposalivation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Lasers Med Sci 2021; 37:745-758. [PMID: 34409539 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03392-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hyposalivation is a condition represented by a reduced salivary flow and may include symptoms such as mouth dryness (xerostomia), loss of taste, pain, dysphagia, and dysphonia, all of which greatly affect an individual's quality of life.The aim of the present study was to systematically review the effects of low-level light therapy irradiation (photobiomodulation) on salivary gland function in patients with hyposalivation.The main question of the systematic review was: "Does low-level light irradiation therapy of the salivary glands affect salivary flow rate or indicators of salivary function (ion and protein concentrations) in patients with xerostomia or hyposalivation?" The question was based on the PICO (participant, intervention, control, outcome) principle and followed the PRISMA guidelines. Databases were explored and papers published between the years 1997 and 2020 were reviewed for the following Mesh-term keywords and their corresponding entry terms in different combinations: "Low-level light therapy," "Xerostomia," "Saliva," "Salivary glands," "Salivation."The initial sample consisted of 220 articles. Of those, 47 articles were used for full-text analysis and 18 were used for a systematic review, 14 were used in meta-analysis. According to their individual quality, most articles were classified as high quality of evidence according to the GRADE score. Meta-analysis of the evidence observed increase of unstimulated salivary flow 0.51 SMD compared to placebo (95% CI: 0.16-0.86), I2 = 50%, p = 0.005.The findings of our review revealed evidence of a beneficial effect of photobiomodulation therapy on salivary gland function. The therapy alleviates xerostomia and hyposalivation. However, these effects are reported short term only and did not induce lasting effects of photobiomodulation therapy on patients' quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aljaž Golež
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 4, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Igor Frangež
- Department for Surgical Infections, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 7, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ksenija Cankar
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 4, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Helena Ban Frangež
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slajmerjeva 3, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Slajmerjeva 3, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Ovsenik
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Hrvatski trg 6, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lidija Nemeth
- Department of Dental Diseases and Normal Dental Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Hrvatski trg 6, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Division of Stomatology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Stomatoloska klinika, Hrvatski trg 6, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pavesi VCS, Martins MD, Coracin FL, Sousa AS, Pereira BJ, Prates RA, da Silva JF, Gonçalves MLL, Bezerra CDS, Bussadori SK, Varellis MLZ, Deana AM. Effects of photobiomodulation in salivary glands of chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis. Lasers Med Sci 2021; 36:1209-1217. [PMID: 33745088 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-020-03158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This randomized placebo-controlled trial evaluates the impact of photobiomodulation (PBMT) on the salivary flow and biochemistry of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on hemodialysis. Forty-four patients on hemodialysis self-responded two questionnaires for oral health and salivary gland function perception. The subjects were evaluated for function of salivary glands and randomly allocated to two groups: PBMT group (three irradiations at 808 nm, 100 mW, 142 J/cm2, and 4 J per site); and placebo group. Patients were submitted to non-stimulated and stimulated sialometry and after the treatment at baseline and 14 days. Salivary volume and biochemical of the saliva were analyzed. At baseline, most subjects had self-perception of poor oral health (52.6%) and salivary dysfunction (63.1%). Clinical exam revealed that 47.3% of subjects presented dry mucosa. PBMT promoted increase of the non-stimulated (p = 0.027) and stimulated saliva (p = 0.014) and decrease of urea levels in both non-stimulated (p = 0.0001) and stimulated saliva (p = 0.0001). No alteration was detected in total proteins and calcium analysis. Patients with kidney disease can present alteration in flow, concentrations, and composition of saliva, affecting oral health, but our findings suggest that PBMT is effective to improve hyposalivation and urea levels in saliva of patients with CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manoela Domingues Martins
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2492 Santa Cecilia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fábio Luiz Coracin
- Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), R. vergueiro, 235 Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Silva Sousa
- Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), R. vergueiro, 235 Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Benedito Jorge Pereira
- Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), R. vergueiro, 235 Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato Araújo Prates
- Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), R. vergueiro, 235 Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Sandra Kalil Bussadori
- Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), R. vergueiro, 235 Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Alessandro Melo Deana
- Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), R. vergueiro, 235 Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Heiskanen V, Zadik Y, Elad S. Photobiomodulation Therapy for Cancer Treatment-Related Salivary Gland Dysfunction: A Systematic Review. PHOTOBIOMODULATION PHOTOMEDICINE AND LASER SURGERY 2020; 38:340-347. [DOI: 10.1089/photob.2019.4767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Heiskanen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yehuda Zadik
- Department of Military Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sharon Elad
- Oral Medicine, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sousa AS, Silva JF, Pavesi VCS, Carvalho NA, Ribeiro-Júnior O, Varellis MLZ, Prates RA, Bussadori SK, Gonçalves MLL, Horliana ACRT, Deana AM. Photobiomodulation and salivary glands: a systematic review. Lasers Med Sci 2019; 35:777-788. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-019-02914-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
8
|
The impact of photobiomodulation of major salivary glands on caries risk. Lasers Med Sci 2019; 35:193-203. [PMID: 31325124 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-019-02845-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dental caries is a complex multifactorial chronic infectious disease guided by several risk or protective factors. Saliva has an important role in caries and the remineralization process. Caries risk assessment is defined as the probability of new caries lesion development or the existing lesion progression in a given time period. Caries diagnostics and risk factor assessment are followed by targeted elimination of risk factors and less conservative but abundant preventive therapeutic measures. The aim of our prospective randomized study was to elucidate on how photobiomodulation of major salivary glands with polychromatic light or LED light affects caries risk factors in high caries-risk patients. Thirty-six patients were assigned to one of the following three experimental groups: the first, irradiated with polarized polychromatic light (40 mW/cm2, wavelengths 480-3400 nm); the second, a continuous LED light (16 mW/cm2, wavelengths 625, 660, 850 nm); the third, same LED light in a pulsed mode. The fourth group was the control, for which a non-therapeutic visible light was used. Light was administered extra-orally bilaterally above the parotid and submandibular glands for 10 min and intra-orally above the sublingual glands for 5 min, 3 times a week, for 4 consecutive weeks. Each patient's caries risk was assessed according to Cariogram before and after therapy. Caries risk factors were determined from samples of saliva before therapy, two weeks after it commenced, at the end of therapy, and four weeks after the end of therapy. At the end of treatment, the following findings were obtained: In the group irradiated with polarized polychromatic light and in the group irradiated with continuous LED light, the Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus counts decreased and salivary buffering capacity increased (p < 0.05). In the group irradiated with pulsed LED light, Streptococcus mutans counts decreased and unstimulated salivary flow and salivary buffering capacity increased (p < 0.05). In all three experimental groups, caries risk was lower (p < 0.05). In the placebo control group, there were no statistically significant differences between parameters before and after therapy. We concluded that photobiomodulation of major salivary glands in high caries-risk patients can reduce the cariogenic bacteria in saliva and improve some salivary parameters, thus reducing caries risk.
Collapse
|
9
|
Yamamoto Y, Fujino K, Saruta J, Takahashi T, To M, Fuchida S, Shimizu T, Kamata Y, Misawa K, Tsukinoki K. Effects of yogurt fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii
ssp. bulgaricus
OLL1073R-1 on the IgA flow rate of saliva in elderly persons residing in a nursing home: A before-after non-randomised intervention study. Gerodontology 2017; 34:479-485. [DOI: 10.1111/ger.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Yamamoto
- Department of Junior College; School of Dental Hygiene; Kanagawa Dental University; Yokosuka Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Fujino
- Department of Oral Science; Division of Environmental Pathology; Graduate School of Dentistry; Kanagawa Dental UniversityGraduate School of Dentistry; Yokosuka Japan
| | - Juri Saruta
- Department of Oral Science; Division of Environmental Pathology; Graduate School of Dentistry; Kanagawa Dental UniversityGraduate School of Dentistry; Yokosuka Japan
| | - Toru Takahashi
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences; Fukuoka Women's University; Fukuoka UK
| | - Masahiro To
- Division of Dental Anatomy; Department of Oral Science; Graduate School of Dentistry; Kanagawa Dental University; Graduate School of Dentistry; Yokosuka Japan
| | - Shinya Fuchida
- Department of Dental Sociology; Graduate School of Dentistry; Kanagawa Dental University; Graduate School of Dentistry; Yokosuka Japan
| | - Tomoko Shimizu
- Department of Highly Advanced Stomatology; Graduate School of Dentistry; Kanagawa Dental University; Graduate School of Dentistry; Yokosuka Japan
| | - Yohei Kamata
- Department of Highly Advanced Stomatology; Graduate School of Dentistry; Kanagawa Dental University; Graduate School of Dentistry; Yokosuka Japan
| | - Kyoko Misawa
- Elderly Nursing Home; Samukawa Home; Samukawa Japan
| | - Keiichi Tsukinoki
- Department of Oral Science; Division of Environmental Pathology; Graduate School of Dentistry; Kanagawa Dental UniversityGraduate School of Dentistry; Yokosuka Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Does laser phototherapy influence the proliferation of myoepithelial cells in the salivary gland of hypothyroid rats? JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 173:681-685. [PMID: 28732334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones influence both development and growth of organs and tissues and guarantee metabolic demands that interfere with the quality of digestive secretions, including those of the salivary glands. Laser phototherapy - LPT can modulate various biological phenomena and its diverse effects permit the action on different cell types. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of laser phototherapy on myoepithelial cells of salivary glands of hypothyroid rats. Forty-two albino Wistar rats were divided into two main groups: euthyroid (EU) and hypothyroid (HYPO). Hypothyroidism was induced using propylthiouracil (PTU) for 4weeks. Each group was divided into subgroups: control (without laser) and laser groups (Red/infrared - IR). LPT was used on the submandibular gland and was carried out using a diode laser (λ660 or λ780nm, 40mW, spot size 0.04cm2, irradiation area 1cm2, 300s, 6J/cm2 per gland, 12J/cm2 per session) and started two weeks after PTU treatment. LPT was repeated every other day for two weeks. After animal death, the glands were removed, dissected and processed for immunohistochemical analysis. It was observed an increase in the number of myoepithelial cells of hypothyroid control rats in comparison to euthyroid controls (p=0.001). Visible LPT (λ660nm) caused significant higher proliferation of myoepithelial cells in EU rats when compared to IR LPT (λ 780nm)(p≤0.001).It is concluded that, despite the LPT protocol used did not influence myoepithelial proliferation on hypothyroid rats it significantly increased the proliferation on euthyroid animals.
Collapse
|
11
|
Laser phototherapy improves early stage of cutaneous wound healing of rats under hyperlipidic diet. Lasers Med Sci 2016; 31:1363-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-016-1985-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
12
|
The dark art of light measurement: accurate radiometry for low-level light therapy. Lasers Med Sci 2016; 31:789-809. [PMID: 26964800 PMCID: PMC4851696 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-016-1914-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lasers and light-emitting diodes are used for a range of biomedical applications with many studies reporting their beneficial effects. However, three main concerns exist regarding much of the low-level light therapy (LLLT) or photobiomodulation literature; (1) incomplete, inaccurate and unverified irradiation parameters, (2) miscalculation of ‘dose,’ and (3) the misuse of appropriate light property terminology. The aim of this systematic review was to assess where, and to what extent, these inadequacies exist and to provide an overview of ‘best practice’ in light measurement methods and importance of correct light measurement. A review of recent relevant literature was performed in PubMed using the terms LLLT and photobiomodulation (March 2014–March 2015) to investigate the contemporary information available in LLLT and photobiomodulation literature in terms of reporting light properties and irradiation parameters. A total of 74 articles formed the basis of this systematic review. Although most articles reported beneficial effects following LLLT, the majority contained no information in terms of how light was measured (73 %) and relied on manufacturer-stated values. For all papers reviewed, missing information for specific light parameters included wavelength (3 %), light source type (8 %), power (41 %), pulse frequency (52 %), beam area (40 %), irradiance (43 %), exposure time (16 %), radiant energy (74 %) and fluence (16 %). Frequent use of incorrect terminology was also observed within the reviewed literature. A poor understanding of photophysics is evident as a significant number of papers neglected to report or misreported important radiometric data. These errors affect repeatability and reliability of studies shared between scientists, manufacturers and clinicians and could degrade efficacy of patient treatments. Researchers need a physicist or appropriately skilled engineer on the team, and manuscript reviewers should reject papers that do not report beam measurement methods and all ten key parameters: wavelength, power, irradiation time, beam area (at the skin or culture surface; this is not necessarily the same size as the aperture), radiant energy, radiant exposure, pulse parameters, number of treatments, interval between treatments and anatomical location. Inclusion of these parameters will improve the information available to compare and contrast study outcomes and improve repeatability, reliability of studies.
Collapse
|