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Feroz S, Muhammad N, Ullah R, Nishan U, Cathro P, Dias G. Mechanical properties, and in vitro biocompatibility assessment of biomimetic dual layered keratin/ hydroxyapatite scaffolds. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1304147. [PMID: 38173873 PMCID: PMC10764155 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1304147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
A novel biomimetic dual layered keratin/hydroxyapatite (keratin/HA) scaffold was designed using iterative freeze-drying technique. The prepared scaffolds were studied using several analytical techniques to better understand the biological, structural, and mechanical properties. The developed multilayered, interconnected, porous keratin scaffold with different hydroxyapatite (HA) content in the outer and inner layer, mimics the inherent gradient structure of alveolar bone. SEM studies showed an interconnected porous architecture of the prepared scaffolds with seamless integration between the upper and lower layers. The incorporation of HA improved the mechanical properties keratin/HA scaffolds. The keratin/HA scaffolds exhibited superior mechanical properties in terms of Young's modulus and compressive strength in comparison to pure keratin scaffolds. The biocompatibility studies suggested that both keratin and keratin/HA scaffolds were cyto-compatible, in terms of cell proliferation. Furthermore, it showed that both the tested materials can served as an ideal substrate for the differentiation of Saos-2 cells, leading to mineralization of the extracellular matrix. In summary, ionic liquid based green technique was employed for keratin extraction to fabricate keratin/HA scaffolds and our detailed in vitro investigations suggest the great potential for these composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandleen Feroz
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nawshad Muhammad
- Department of Dental Materials, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Medicinal Aromatic and Poisonous Plants Research Center, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Umar Nishan
- Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Peter Cathro
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, University of Otago School of Dentistry, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - George Dias
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Guo Y, Li P, Wang Z, Zhang P, Wu X. Sustained Delivery of Methylsulfonylmethane from Biodegradable Scaffolds Enhances Efficient Bone Regeneration. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:4829-4842. [PMID: 36246935 PMCID: PMC9558569 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s377036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction As a popular dietary supplement containing sulfur compound, methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) has been widely used as an alternative oral medicine to relieve joint pain, reduce inflammation and promote collagen protein synthesis. However, it is rarely used in developing bioactive scaffolds in bone tissue engineering. Methods Three-dimensional (3D) hydroxyapatite/poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (HA/PLGA) porous scaffolds with different doping levels of MSM were prepared using the phase separation method. MSM loading efficiency, in vitro drug release as well as the biological activity of MSM-loaded scaffolds were investigated by incubating mouse pre-osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) in the uniform and interconnected porous scaffolds. Results Sustained release of MSM from the scaffolds was observed, and the total MSM release from 1% and 10% MSM/HA/PLGA scaffolds within 16 days was up to 64.9% and 68.2%, respectively. Cell viability, proliferation, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were significantly promoted by incorporating 0.1% of MSM in the scaffolds. In vivo bone formation ability was significantly enhanced for 1% MSM/HA/PLGA scaffolds indicated by the repair of rabbit radius defects which might be affected by a stimulated release of MSM by enzyme systems in vivo. Discussion Finding from this study revealed that the incorporation of MSM would be effective in improving the osteogenesis activity of the HA/PLGA porous scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueming Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengpeng Li
- Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, 221009, People’s Republic of China,Graduate School of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zongliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peibiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, 221009, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Xiaodong Wu; Peibiao Zhang, Email ;
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Bicho D, Canadas RF, Gonçalves C, Pina S, Reis RL, Oliveira JM. Porous aligned ZnSr-doped β-TCP/silk fibroin scaffolds using ice-templating method for bone tissue engineering applications. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2021; 32:1966-1982. [PMID: 34228590 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2021.1952382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The bone is a complex and dynamic structure subjected to constant stress and remodeling. Due to the worldwide incidence of bone disorders, tissue scaffolds and engineered bone tissues have emerged as solutions for bone grafting, which require sophisticated scaffolding architectures while keeping high mechanical performance. However, the conjugation of a bone-like scaffold architecture with efficient mechanical properties is still a critical challenge for biomedical applications. In this sense, the present study focused on the modulating the architecture of silk fibroin (SF) scaffolds crosslinked with horseradish peroxidase and mixed with zinc (Zn) and strontium (Sr)-doped β-tricalcium phosphate (ZnSr.TCP) to mimic bone structures. The ZnSr.TCP-SF hydrogels were tuned by programmable ice-templating parameters, and further freeze-dried, in order to obtain 3D scaffolds with controlled pore orientation. The results showed interconnected channels in the ZnSr.TCP-SF scaffolds that mimic the porous network of the native subchondral bone matrix. The architecture of the scaffolds was characterized by microCT, showing tunable pore size according to freezing temperatures (-196 °C: ∼80.2 ± 20.5 µm; -80 °C: ∼73.1 ± 20.5 µm; -20 °C: ∼104.7 ± 33.7 µm). The swelling ratio, weight loss, and rheological properties were also assessed, revealing efficient scaffold integrity and morphology after aqueous immersion. Thus, the ZnSr.TCP-SF scaffolds made of aligned porous structure were developed as affordable candidates for future applications in clinical osteoregeneration and in vitro bone tissue modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bicho
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - R F Canadas
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - C Gonçalves
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - S Pina
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - R L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - J M Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
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Namini MS, Bayat N, Tajerian R, Ebrahimi-Barough S, Azami M, Irani S, Jangjoo S, Shirian S, Ai J. A comparison study on the behavior of human endometrial stem cell-derived osteoblast cells on PLGA/HA nanocomposite scaffolds fabricated by electrospinning and freeze-drying methods. J Orthop Surg Res 2018; 13:63. [PMID: 29587806 PMCID: PMC5870175 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-018-0754-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An engineered tissue structure is an artificial scaffold combined with cells and signaling factors. Among various polymers, the polylactide-co-glycolide/hydroxyapatite (PLGA/HA) has attracted much attention due to their optimal properties. The aim of this study was to study the behavior of human endometrial stem cell (hEnSC)-derived osteoblast cells cultured on PLGA/HA nanocomposite scaffolds. Methods hEnSCs were isolated and exposed to osteogenic media for 21 days. Differentiated cells were cultured on PLGA/HA synthetic scaffolds. The PLGA/HA-based nanocomposite scaffolds were fabricated using either electrospinning or freeze-drying methods. Behavior of the cells was evaluated a week after seeding hEnSC-derived osteoblast-like cells on these scaffolds. Osteogenesis was investigated in terms of alkaline phosphatase activity, gene expression, immunocytochemistry (ICC), proliferation, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, scaffold properties, such as pore size and morphology of the cells, onto the scaffolds were evaluated using SEM. Furthermore, biocompatibility of these scaffolds was confirmed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazoyl-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Results The matrix mineralization was proved by alizarin red staining, and the osteogenic media-treated cultures positively expressed osteocalcin and osteopontin markers. Moreover, qRT-PCR results confirmed the positive gene expression of osteopontin and osteonectin in the differentiated osteoblast-like cells. The results of behavior assessment of the cultured cells on electrospinning and freeze-dried scaffolds showed that the behavior of the cultured cells on the freeze-dried PLGA/HA scaffolds was significantly better than the electrospinning PLGA/HA scaffolds. Conclusion It has been shown that the freeze-dried PLGA/HA nanocomposite scaffolds can appropriately support the attachment and proliferation of the differentiated osteoblast cells and are a suitable candidate for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojdeh Salehi Namini
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Bayat
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roxana Tajerian
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Ebrahimi-Barough
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Azami
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Irani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saranaz Jangjoo
- School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sadegh Shirian
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahr-e Kord, Iran.,Shiraz Molecular Pathology Research Center, Dr Daneshbod Lab Pathology, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Jafar Ai
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Reys LL, Silva SS, Pirraco RP, Marques AP, Mano JF, Silva TH, Reis RL. Influence of freezing temperature and deacetylation degree on the performance of freeze-dried chitosan scaffolds towards cartilage tissue engineering. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zhao X, Han Y, Li J, Cai B, Gao H, Feng W, Li S, Liu J, Li D. BMP-2 immobilized PLGA/hydroxyapatite fibrous scaffold via polydopamine stimulates osteoblast growth. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 78:658-666. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Chen L, Wu Z, Zhou Y, Li L, Wang Y, Wang Z, Chen Y, Zhang P. Biomimetic porous collagen/hydroxyapatite scaffold for bone tissue engineering. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun 130021 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenxu Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun 130021 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 People's Republic of China
| | - Yulai Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun 130021 People's Republic of China
| | - Linlong Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Zongliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun 130021 People's Republic of China
| | - Peibiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
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Wang Z, Gao T, Cui L, Wang Y, Zhang P, Chen X. Improved cellular infiltration into 3D interconnected microchannel scaffolds formed by using melt-spun sacrificial microfibers. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra25142g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a novel fabrication method using melt-spun sacrificial microfibers to make 3D interconnected microchannel scaffolds for improved cellular infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Tianlin Gao
- School of Public Health
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Liguo Cui
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Peibiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
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Yang X, Li Z. Influence of hydroxyapatite and BMP-2 on bioactivity and bone tissue formation ability of electrospun PLLA nanofibers. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhan Yang
- School of Optoelectronic Information, Chongqing University of Technology; Chongqing 400054 China
| | - Zhensheng Li
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University; Chongqing 400038 China
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In vivo degradation behavior of porous composite scaffolds of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) and nano-hydroxyapatite surface grafted with poly(L-lactide). CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-014-1454-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Li Z, Wen T, Su Y, Wei X, He C, Wang D. Hollow hydroxyapatite spheres fabrication with three-dimensional hydrogel template. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce42517g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Flower-like porous hollow HAp spheres were obtained by diffusion of phosphate ions into PAAm hydrogels containing calcium ions by both an electrophoresis approach and an ion diffusion method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Tao Wen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Yunlan Su
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Changcheng He
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Dujin Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190, PR China
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Du K, Gan Z. Cellular interactions on hierarchical poly(ε-caprolactone) nanowire micropatterns. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:4643-4650. [PMID: 22873768 DOI: 10.1021/am301013e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A double template method to fabricate poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) hierarchical patterned nanowires with highly ordered nano- and microscaled topography was developed in this study. The topography of PCL film with a patterned nanowire surface can be easily and well controlled by changing the template and melting time of PCL film on the templates. The surface morphology, water contact angle, protein adsorption, and cell growth behavior on the PCL films with different surface structures were well studied. The results revealed that the PCL nanowire arrays and the hierarchical patterned nanowires showed higher capability of protein adsorption and better cell growth than the PCL film with smooth surface. Typically, the PCL surface with hierarchical nanowire patterns was most favorable for cell attachment and proliferation. The present study was innovative at fabrication of polymer substrates with hierarchical architecture of nanowires inside microscaled islands to gain insight into the cell response to this unique topography and to develop a new method of constructing the bionic surface for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Du
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
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MIAO S, YU J, GUAN Y, YAO S. PREPARATION OF MONODISPERSE POLY(LACTIC-<I>co</I>-GLYCOLIC ACID) MICROPARTICLES IN A T-SHAPED MICROCHANNEL JUNCTION. ACTA POLYM SIN 2012. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1105.2012.11091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Synthesis of novel hyperbranched poly(ester-amide)s based on acidic and basic amino acids via “AD + CBB′” couple-monomer approach. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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