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Korobeinichev OP, Sosnin EA, Shaklein AA, Karpov AI, Sagitov AR, Trubachev SA, Shmakov AG, Paletsky AA, Kulikov IV. The Effect of Flame-Retardant Additives DDM-DOPO and Graphene on Flame Propagation over Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Resin under the Influence of External Thermal Radiation. Molecules 2023; 28:5162. [PMID: 37446824 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The flammability of various materials used in industry is an important issue in the modern world. This work is devoted to the study of the effect of flame retardants, graphene and DDM-DOPO (9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-4,4'-diamino-diphenyl methane), on the flammability of glass-fiber-reinforced epoxy resin (GFRER). Samples were made without additives and with additives of fire retardants: graphene and DDM-DOPO in various proportions. To study the flammability of the samples, standard flammability tests were carried out, such as thermogravimetric analysis, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, and cone calorimetry. In addition, in order to test the effectiveness of fire retardants under real fire conditions, for the first time, the thermal structure of downward flame propagation over GFRER composites was measured using thin thermocouples. For the first time, the measured thermal structure of the flame was compared with the results of numerical simulations of flame propagation over GFRER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg P Korobeinichev
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Egor A Sosnin
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | | | - Albert R Sagitov
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Stanislav A Trubachev
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Andrey G Shmakov
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander A Paletsky
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ilya V Kulikov
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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2
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On-Line Thermally Induced Evolved Gas Analysis: An Update-Part 2: EGA-FTIR. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248926. [PMID: 36558054 PMCID: PMC9788466 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The on-line thermally induced evolved gas analysis (OLTI-EGA) is widely applied in many different fields. Aimed to update the applications, our group has systematically collected and published examples of EGA characterizations. Following the recently published review on EGA-MS applications, this second part reviews the latest applications of Evolved Gas Analysis performed by on-line coupling heating devices to infrared spectrometers (EGA-FTIR). The selected 2019, 2020, 2021 and early 2022 references are collected and briefly described in this review; these are useful to help researchers to easily find applications that are sometimes difficult to locate.
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3
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Wang S, Wu W, Chen Q, Ding Z, Li S, Zhang A, Tang T, Liu J, Okoye PU. Preparation of DOPO‐derived magnesium phosphate whisker and its synergistic effect with ammonium polyphosphate on the flame retardancy and mechanical property of epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Song Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer and Catalyst Synthesis Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Shenyang University of Technology Shenyang China
| | - Weidong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer and Catalyst Synthesis Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Shenyang University of Technology Shenyang China
| | - Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer and Catalyst Synthesis Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Shenyang University of Technology Shenyang China
| | - Zhan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Polymer and Catalyst Synthesis Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Shenyang University of Technology Shenyang China
| | - Sanxi Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer and Catalyst Synthesis Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Shenyang University of Technology Shenyang China
| | - Ailing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer and Catalyst Synthesis Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Shenyang University of Technology Shenyang China
| | - Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Changchun China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Changchun China
| | - Patrick U. Okoye
- Laboratorio de Bioenergía Instituto de Energías Renovables (IER‐UNAM) Temixco Mexico
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Korobeinichev O, Shaklein A, Trubachev S, Karpov A, Paletsky A, Chernov A, Sosnin E, Shmakov A. The Influence of Flame Retardants on Combustion of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163379. [PMID: 36015637 PMCID: PMC9416137 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For the first time, next to the flammability tests (LOI, UL-94 HB, VBB, TGA), experimental tests and computer simulation have been conducted on the flame spread and combustion of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy resins (GFRER) with 6% graphene and 6% DDM-DOPO flame-retardant additives. The downward rates of flame spread (ROS) in opposed flow with oxidizer and the upward ROS along GFRER composites have been first measured as well as the distribution of temperature over the combustion surface of the composites with flame-retardant additives and without them. The LOI and UL-94 HB tests showed a reduction in the flammability of GFRER when flame retardants were added and predicted a higher effectiveness of DDM-DOPO compared to graphene. Adding DDM-DOPO resulted in increasing the rate of formation of the volatile pyrolysis products and their yield, indicating, together with the other data obtained, the gas phase mechanism of the flame retardant’s action. Adding graphene resulted in an increase in the soot release on the burning surface and an increase in the amount of non-volatile pyrolysis products on the burning surface, reducing the amount of fuel that participated in the oxidation reactions in the gas phase. The developed numerical combustion model for GFRER with a DDM-DOPO additive, based on the action of DDM-DOPO as a flame retardant acting in the gas phase, satisfactorily predicts the effect of this flame retardant on the reduction in downward ROS over GFRER for 45–50% oxygen concentrations. The developed model for GFRER with graphene additive, based on a reduction in the amount of fuel and increase in the amount of incombustible volatile pyrolysis products when graphene is added, predicts with good accuracy downward ROS over GFRER depending on oxygen concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Korobeinichev
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Stanislav Trubachev
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Alexander Paletsky
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anatoliy Chernov
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Egor Sosnin
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Andrey Shmakov
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Wang Y, Yuan J, Wang H, Ma L, Lin X, Deng H, Zhu Z. A phosphaphenanthrene‐based derivative for simultaneously improving flame retardant and smoke suppression of epoxy resin composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
| | - Jun Yuan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
| | - Li Ma
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
| | | | - Hua Deng
- Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory Yichang China
| | - Zongmin Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
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6
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Recent advances in flame retardant epoxy systems containing non-reactive DOPO based phosphorus additives. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Zhou C, Wang X, Wang J, Pan Z, Zhou H. Epoxy resin modified with chitosan derivatives and DOPO: Improved flame retardancy, mechanical properties and transparency. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Zheng P, Wang R, Peng X, Sun J, Liu H, Li J, Liu C, Jiang L, Liu Q, Zhang Y. Halogen-free and phosphorus-free flame retardants endow epoxy resin with high flame retardancy through crosslinking strategy. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09540083221085170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epoxy resin (EPs) has been widely used in many fields in recent years, such as electronics, adhesives, coatings, and so on, which mainly benefiting from its excellent mechanical and chemical properties, low price and easy preparation. However, conventional EPs tend to be flammable, which significantly prevents their applications especially in high flame-resistance required areas. In this work, we introduce nitrile groups and the benzoxazine ring into the flame-retardant, followed by a simple heat treatment for a multiple cross-linking reaction in EPs. The resultant halogen/phosphorus-free and environmentally friendly network not only suppress the migration of the functional flame retardants from the substrate, but also shows much enhanced flame-retardant property, including the UL-94 rate, total heat release and reduced peak heat release rate. As a result, the thermosets can pass the UL-94 V-0 rate and reach a LOI value at 32.7% at a very low addition amount (10 wt%) of this cross-linked flame retardant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penglun Zheng
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoliang Peng
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Jichang Sun
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Huaiyin Liu
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Junwei Li
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Chuanbang Liu
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Lan Jiang
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Quanyi Liu
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Sun Y, Peng Y, Zhang Y. A Study on the Synthesis, Curing Behavior and Flame Retardance of a Novel Flame Retardant Curing Agent for Epoxy Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:245. [PMID: 35054651 PMCID: PMC8781762 DOI: 10.3390/polym14020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, a flame retardant curing agent (DOPO-MAC) composed of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide DOPO and methyl acrylamide (MAC) was synthesized successfully, and the structure of the compound was characterized by FT-IR and 1H-NMR. The non-isothermal kinetics of the epoxy resin/DOPO-MAC system with 1% phosphorus was studied by non-isothermal DSC method. The activation energy of the reaction (Ea), about 46 kJ/mol, was calculated by Kissinger and Ozawa method, indicating that the curing reaction was easy to carry out. The flame retardancy of the epoxy resin system was analyzed by vertical combustion test (UL94) and limiting oxygen index (LOI) test. The results showed that epoxy resin (EP) with 1% phosphorus successfully passed a UL-94 V-0 rating, and the LOI value increased along with the increasing of phosphorus content. It confirmed that DOPO-MAC possessed excellent flame retardance and higher curing reactivity. Moreover, the thermal stability of EP materials was also investigated by TGA. With the DOPO-MAC added, the residual mass of EP materials increased remarkably although the initial decomposition temperature decreased slightly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;
| | - Yongli Peng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;
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10
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11
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Wang K, Liu H, Wang C, Huang W, Tian Q, Fu Q, Yan W. Flame-Retardant Performance of Epoxy Resin Composites with SiO 2 Nanoparticles and Phenethyl-Bridged DOPO Derivative. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:666-674. [PMID: 33458519 PMCID: PMC7807740 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardancy of epoxy resin (EP) plays a vital role in its applications. When inorganic nanomaterials form inorganic/organic nanocomposites, they exhibit special flame-retardant effects. In this study, EP nanocomposites were prepared by the incorporation of SiO2 nanoparticles and phenethyl-bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) derivative (DiDOPO), and the synergistic effects of SiO2 nanoparticles and DiDOPO on the flame-retardant performance of EP were discussed. Results indicated that the introduction of only 15 wt % SiO2 and 5 wt % DiDOPO in EP leads to the increase in the limiting oxygen index from 21.8 to 30.2%, and the nanocomposites achieve the UL-94 V-0 rating. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that char yield increases with the increase in the SiO2 content of the nanocomposites and that an increased amount of thermally stable carbonaceous char is formed. SiO2 nanoparticles can improve the thermal stability and mechanical performance of EP; hence, the nanoparticles can serve as an efficient adjuvant for the DiDOPO/EP flame-retardant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Wang
- School of Chemistry
and Materials
Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Hang Liu
- School of Chemistry
and Materials
Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Chong Wang
- School of Chemistry
and Materials
Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Weijiang Huang
- School of Chemistry
and Materials
Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Qin Tian
- School of Chemistry
and Materials
Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Qiuping Fu
- School of Chemistry
and Materials
Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Wei Yan
- School of Chemistry
and Materials
Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
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12
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Wang H, Li S, Zhu Z, Yin X, Wang L, Weng Y, Wang X. A novel DOPO-based flame retardant containing benzimidazolone structure with high charring ability towards low flammability and smoke epoxy resins. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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13
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Feng H, Qian L, Lu L. Synergistic effect of polyimide charring agent and hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene on improving fire safety of polycarbonate: High graphitization to strengthen the char layer. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haisheng Feng
- School of Fire Protection Engineering China People's Police University Langfang People's Republic of China
- National Laboratory of Flame Retardant Materials, National Engineering and Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Qian
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Lingang Lu
- School of Fire Protection Engineering China People's Police University Langfang People's Republic of China
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14
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Wang N, Liu H, Zhang J, Zhang M, Fang Q, Wang D. Synergistic effect of graphene oxide and boron-nitrogen structure on flame retardancy of natural rubber/IFR composites. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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15
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Phosphorus-containing organic-inorganic hybrid nanoparticles for the smoke suppression and flame retardancy of thermoplastic polyurethane. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Soluble Polyimide-reinforced TGDDM and DGEBA Epoxy Composites. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-020-2395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Nanoreinforcements of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Flame Retardant Polymeric Composites: An Overview. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/4273253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymer materials are ubiquitous in daily life. While polymers are often convenient and helpful, their properties often obscure the fire hazards they may pose. Therefore, it is of great significance in terms of safety to study the flame retardant properties of polymers while still maintaining their optimal performance. Current literature shows that although traditional flame retardants can satisfy the requirements of polymer flame retardancy, due to increases in product requirements in industry, including requirements for durability, mechanical properties, and environmental friendliness, it is imperative to develop a new generation of flame retardants. In recent years, the preparation of modified two-dimensional nanomaterials as flame retardants has attracted wide attention in the field. Due to their unique layered structures, two-dimensional nanomaterials can generally improve the mechanical properties of polymers via uniform dispersion, and they can form effective physical barriers in a matrix to improve the thermal stability of polymers. For polymer applications in specialized fields, different two-dimensional nanomaterials have potential conductivity, high thermal conductivity, catalytic activity, and antiultraviolet abilities, which can meet the flame retardant requirements of polymers and allow their use in specific applications. In this review, the current research status of two-dimensional nanomaterials as flame retardants is discussed, as well as a mechanism of how they can be applied for reducing the flammability of polymers.
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Ai L, Yang L, Hu J, Chen S, Zeng J, Liu P. Synergistic Flame Retardant Effect of Organic Phosphorus–Nitrogen and Inorganic Boron Flame Retardant on Polyethylene. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lianghui Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Research Institute of Materials ScienceSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Liu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Research Institute of Materials ScienceSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Junfeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Research Institute of Materials ScienceSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Research Institute of Materials ScienceSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Jinming Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Research Institute of Materials ScienceSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Ping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Research Institute of Materials ScienceSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
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Movahedifar E, Vahabi H, Saeb MR, Thomas S. Flame Retardant Epoxy Composites on the Road of Innovation: An Analysis with Flame Retardancy Index for Future Development. Molecules 2019; 24:E3964. [PMID: 31683861 PMCID: PMC6866146 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, epoxy composites are elements of engineering materials and systems. Although they are known as versatile materials, epoxy resins suffer from high flammability. In this sense, flame retardancy analysis has been recognized as an undeniable requirement for developing future generations of epoxy-based systems. A considerable proportion of the literature on epoxy composites has been devoted to the use of phosphorus-based additives. Nevertheless, innovative flame retardants have coincidentally been under investigation to meet market requirements. This review paper attempts to give an overview of the research on flame retardant epoxy composites by classification of literature in terms of phosphorus (P), non-phosphorus (NP), and combinations of P/NP additives. A comprehensive set of data on cone calorimetry measurements applied on P-, NP-, and P/NP-incorporated epoxy systems was collected and treated. The performance of epoxy composites was qualitatively discussed as Poor, Good, and Excellent cases identified and distinguished by the use of the universal Flame Retardancy Index (FRI). Moreover, evaluations were rechecked by considering the UL-94 test data in four groups as V0, V1, V2, and nonrated (NR). The dimensionless FRI allowed for comparison between flame retardancy performances of epoxy composites. The results of this survey can pave the way for future innovations in developing flame-retardant additives for epoxy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Movahedifar
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology-Mahshahr Campus, Mahshahr 424, Iran.
| | - Henri Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France.
- Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photoniques et Systèmes, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 57070 Metz, France.
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Departments of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 16765-654, Iran.
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Chemical Sciences, MG University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India.
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Xu W, Wang X, Wu X, Li W, Cheng C. Organic-Inorganic dual modified graphene: Improving the dispersibility of graphene in epoxy resin and the fire safety of epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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