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Glushakova A, Kachalkin A. Wild and partially synanthropic bird yeast diversity, in vitro virulence, and antifungal susceptibility of Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis strains isolated from feces. Int Microbiol 2024; 27:883-897. [PMID: 37874524 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00437-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Yeast complexes in the fecal samples of wild (Dendrocopos major, Picus viridis) and partially synanthropic (Bombycilla garrulus, Garrulus glandarius, Pica pica, and Pyrrhula pyrrhula) birds were studied in a forest ecosystem during winter. A total of 18 yeast species were identified: 16 ascomycetes and two basidiomycetes belonging to five subphyla of fungi: Saccharomycotina (15), Pezizomycotina (1), Agaricomycotina (1), and Pucciniomycotina (1). Most yeast species were found in the fecal samples of P. pyrrhula (Candida parapsilosis, C. zeylanoides, Debaryomyces hansenii, Hanseniaspora uvarum, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Meyerozyma carpophila, M. guilliermondii, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa); the lowest number of yeast species was observed in the feces of B. garrulus (C. parapsilosis, C. zeylanoides, Met. pulcherrima, and Rh. mucilaginosa). The opportunistic species of the genus Candida were found only in feces of partially synanthropic birds: C. parapsilosis was observed in the feces of B. garrulus, G. glandarius, P. pica, and P. pyrrhula; its relative abundance was 69.3%, 49.1%, 10.5%, and 1.1%, respectively; C. tropicalis was observed in the feces of P. pica and G. glandarius; its relative abundance was 54.6% and 7.1%, respectively. Strains of C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis isolated from the feces of partially synanthropic birds were evaluated for their susceptibility to conventional antifungal agents (fluconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B) and hydrolytic activity. A total of 160 strains were studied. Resistance to fluconazole was detected in 86.8% of C. parapsilosis strains and in 87% of C. tropicalis strains; resistance to voriconazole was detected in 71.7% of C. parapsilosis and in 66.7% of C. tropicalis strains, and the lowest percentage of resistant strains was detected to amphotericin B, 2.8% and 3.7% in C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis strains, respectively. Multiresistance was detected in one strain of C. parapsilosis isolated from P. pica feces and in one strain of C. tropicalis isolated from G. glandarius feces. Phospholipase and hemolysin activities in the strains of C. parapsilosis were low (mean Pz values of 0.93 and 0.91, respectively); protease activity was moderate (mean Pz value of 0.53). The ability to produce hydrolytic enzymes was higher in the isolated strains of C. tropicalis. The mean Pz values of phospholipase and hemolysin activities were moderate (mean Pz values of 0.63 and 0.60, respectively), whereas protease activity was high (mean Pz value of 0.32). Thus, wild and partially synanthropic birds play an important role in disseminating of various yeast species. These yeasts can enter the topsoil via feces and contribute to the formation of allochthonous and uneven soil yeast diversity in natural ecosystems. In addition, partially synanthropic birds can be vectors of virulent strains of opportunistic Candida species from urban environments to natural biotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Glushakova
- Soil Science Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064, Russia.
| | - Aleksey Kachalkin
- Soil Science Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms of RAS, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
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Glushakova A, Kachalkin A, Rodionova E. The role of fruits as reservoirs for resistant and virulent strains of opportunistic yeasts. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:313. [PMID: 37733093 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03758-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Strains of the Candida parapsilosis and Meyerozyma guilliermondii species complexes isolated from the internal tissues of 26 fruit species from 21 countries were evaluated for their susceptibility to conventional antifungal compounds (fluconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B) and hydrolytic activity. A total of 144 strains were studied. Resistance to at least one of the antifungal compounds tested was found in 26.4% of the endophytic strains examined. Most of the strains were insensitive to fluconazole. Multiresistance was detected only in two strains of C. parapsilosis sensu stricto from tropical apples. Phospholipase production and proteolytic and hemolytic activities were significantly higher in endophytes from tropical fruits. Resistant and virulent strains of opportunistic yeasts can thus spread worldwide via purchased fruit, which can harm people with a weakened immune status and children whose immune systems are not yet fully developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Glushakova
- Soil Science Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064, Russia.
| | - Aleksey Kachalkin
- Soil Science Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms of RAS, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - Evgenia Rodionova
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064, Russia
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Nourrisson C, Moniot M, Lavergne RA, Robert E, Bonnin V, Hagen F, Grenouillet F, Cafarchia C, Butler G, Cassaing S, Sabou M, Le Pape P, Poirier P, Morio F. Acquired fluconazole resistance and genetic clustering in Diutina (Candida) catenulata from clinical samples. Clin Microbiol Infect 2023; 29:257.e7-257.e11. [PMID: 36209989 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2022.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diutina (Candida) catenulata is an ascomycetous yeast isolated from environmental sources and animals, occasionally infecting humans. The aim of this study is to shed light on the in vitro antifungal susceptibility and genetic diversity of this opportunistic yeast. METHODS Forty-five D. catenulata strains isolated from various sources (including human and environmental sources) and originating from nine countries were included. Species identification was performed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and confirmed via internal transcribed spacer ribosomal DNA barcoding. In vitro antifungal susceptibility was determined for seven systemic antifungals via the gradient strip method after 48 hours of incubation at 35°C using Etest® (Biomérieux) or Liofilchem® strips. Isolates exhibiting fluconazole minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ≥8 μg/mL were investigated for mutations in the ERG11 gene. A novel microsatellite genotyping scheme consisting of four markers was developed to assess genetic diversity. RESULTS MIC ranges for amphotericin B, caspofungin, micafungin, isavuconazole, and posaconazole were 0.19-1 μg/mL, 0.094-0.5 μg/mL, 0.012-0.064 μg/mL, 0.003-0.047 μg/mL, and 0.006-0.032 μg/mL, respectively. By comparison, a broad range of MICs was noted for fluconazole (0.75 to >256 μg/mL) and voriconazole (0.012-0.38 mg/L), the higher values being observed among clinical strains. The Y132F amino acid substitution, associated with azole resistance in various Candida species (C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, and C. orthopsilosis), was the main substitution identified. Although microsatellite typing showed extensive genetic diversity, most strains with high fluconazole MICs clustered together, suggesting human-to-human transmission or a common source of contamination. DISCUSSION The high rate of acquired fluconazole resistance among clinical isolates of D. catenulata is of concern. In this study, we highlight a link between the genetic diversity of D. catenulata and its antifungal resistance patterns, suggesting possible clonal transmission of resistant isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Nourrisson
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, 3IHP, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Université Clermont Auvergne/Inserm U1071, USC-INRAe 2018, Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Maxime Moniot
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, 3IHP, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Rose-Anne Lavergne
- Nantes Université, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, Cibles et médicaments des infections et du cancer, IICiMed, UR 1155, Nantes, France
| | - Estelle Robert
- Nantes Université, Cibles et médicaments des infections et du cancer, IICiMed, UR 1155, Nantes, France
| | - Virginie Bonnin
- Université Clermont Auvergne/Inserm U1071, USC-INRAe 2018, Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ferry Hagen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Frédéric Grenouillet
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Geraldine Butler
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sophie Cassaing
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marcela Sabou
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, UR7292 Dynamique des interactions hôte pathogène, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Patrice Le Pape
- Nantes Université, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, Cibles et médicaments des infections et du cancer, IICiMed, UR 1155, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Poirier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, 3IHP, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Université Clermont Auvergne/Inserm U1071, USC-INRAe 2018, Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Florent Morio
- Nantes Université, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, Cibles et médicaments des infections et du cancer, IICiMed, UR 1155, Nantes, France.
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Buela L, Cuenca M, Sarmiento J, Peláez D, Mendoza AY, Cabrera EJ, Yarzábal LA. Role of Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus) Raised as Livestock in Ecuadorian Andes as Reservoirs of Zoonotic Yeasts. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243449. [PMID: 36552369 PMCID: PMC9774381 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) have been reared for centuries in the Andean region for ceremonial purposes or as the main ingredient of traditional foods. The animals are kept in close proximity of households and interact closely with humans; this also occurs in western countries, where guinea pigs are considered pets. Even though it is acknowledged that domestic animals carry pathogenic yeasts in their tissues and organs that can cause human diseases, almost nothing is known in the case of guinea pigs. In this work we used traditional microbiological approaches and molecular biology techniques to isolate, identify, and characterize potentially zoonotic yeasts colonizing the nasal duct of guinea pigs raised as livestock in Southern Ecuador (Cañar Province). Our results show that 44% of the 100 animals studied were colonized in their nasal mucosa by at least eleven yeast species, belonging to eight genera: Wickerhamomyces, Diutina, Meyerozyma, Candida, Pichia, Rhodotorula, Galactomyces, and Cryptococcus. Noticeably, several isolates were insensitive toward several antifungal drugs of therapeutic use, including fluconazole, voriconazole, itraconazole, and caspofungin. Together, our results emphasize the threat posed by these potentially zoonotic yeasts to the farmers, their families, the final consumers, and, in general, to public and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenys Buela
- Carrera de Bioquímica y Farmacia, Unidad Académica de Salud y Bienestar, Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Av. Las Américas, Cuenca 010101, Ecuador
| | - Mercy Cuenca
- Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Av. Las Américas, Cuenca 010101, Ecuador
| | - Jéssica Sarmiento
- Carrera de Odontología, Unidad Académica de Salud y Bienestar, Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Av. Las Américas, Cuenca 010101, Ecuador
| | - Diana Peláez
- Centro de Investigación, Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología (CIITT), Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Ricaurte 010162, Ecuador
| | - Ana Yolanda Mendoza
- Carrera de Bioquímica y Farmacia, Unidad Académica de Salud y Bienestar, Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Av. Las Américas, Cuenca 010101, Ecuador
| | - Erika Judith Cabrera
- Carrera de Bioquímica y Farmacia, Unidad Académica de Salud y Bienestar, Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Av. Las Américas, Cuenca 010101, Ecuador
| | - Luis Andrés Yarzábal
- Carrera de Bioquímica y Farmacia, Unidad Académica de Salud y Bienestar, Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Av. Las Américas, Cuenca 010101, Ecuador
- Correspondence: or
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Antifungal, Antioxidant and Antibiofilm Activities of Essential Oils of Cymbopogon spp. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11060829. [PMID: 35740234 PMCID: PMC9220269 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) of Cymbopogon citratus and Cymbopogon proximus are known as sources of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenoids, although their biological activities have not been well investigated. In this study, the compositions of C. citratus and C. proximus EOs of Egyptian origin and their antifungal and antibiofilm properties against Candida spp. and Malassezia furfur were investigated. Antioxidant activities were also evaluated. GC-MS showed the presence of nine and eight constituents in C. citratus and C. proximus EOs, respectively, with geranial and neral as the major compounds of C. citratus EO and piperitone and α-terpinolene as the major compounds of C. proximus EO. Both EOs showed antifungal (MIC values ranging from 1.25 to 20 µL/ mL) and antibiofilm activities (% of reduction ranging from 27.65 ± 11.7 to 96.39 ± 2.8) against all yeast species. The antifungal and antibiofilm activities of C. citratus EO were significantly higher than those observed for C. proximus EO. M. furfur was more susceptible to both EOs than Candida spp. Both EOs exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. This study suggests that C. citratus and C. proximus EOs might be an excellent source of antifungal, antibiofilm and antioxidant drugs and might be useful for preventing Malassezia infections in both medical and veterinary medicine.
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Rhimi W, Sgroi G, Aneke CI, Annoscia G, Latrofa MS, Mosca A, Veneziano V, Otranto D, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Cafarchia C. Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) as Reservoir of Zoonotic Yeasts: Bioindicator of Environmental Quality. Mycopathologia 2022; 187:235-248. [PMID: 35072853 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-021-00613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Wildlife animals are recognized as reservoirs for zoonotic fungi and their faeces might play an important role in introducing pathogens into the environment. Thought wild boar (Sus scrofa) population has dramatically increased across Europe, information about their possible role in dissemination of zoonotic pathogenic yeasts in the environment is scant. Therefore, fecal samples (n = 124) from wild boars from Campania region (Southern Italy) were collected and yeasts identified biochemically and molecularly by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region and their phylogenetical relationship assessed. The antifungal susceptibility profiles of yeasts were also investigated using AFST-EUCAST method. Yeasts were isolated from 50.1% of the samples with the highest occurrence in samples from the province of Salerno (61.1%). A total of 368 Candida strains belonging to nine species were identified, with Candida albicans (45.7%), followed by Candida krusei (15.2%), Kazachstania slooffiae (9.8%) and Candida parapsilosis (7.6%) as the most prevalent identified species. Among C. albicans four sequence types (i.e., ST1-ST4) were identified with an intraspecific nucleotide difference up to 0.21%. The ML tree grouped all representative sequence types as paraphyletic clades with those of the references yeast species, respectively and supported by high bootstrap values. Fluconazole was the less active drug whereas, posaconazole, voriconazole, and isavuconazole the most active one. No resistance phenomena were observed for C. albicans and high MICs values for 5FC, azoles and echinocandines were registered in non-albicans Candida spp. This study showed, for the first time, the important role of wild boars in dissemination of pathogenic fungi in the environment. The absence of resistance phenomena in the Candida spp. might reflect environmental free from residues of azoles antifungals pollution or chemicals and suggests the role of wild boar as bio indicators of environment quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Rhimi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sgroi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Chioma Inyang Aneke
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Giada Annoscia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | | | - Adriana Mosca
- Dipartimento Interdisciplinare di Medicina, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Veneziano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Osservatorio Faunistico Venatorio - Campania Region, Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.,Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Ana Alastruey-Izquierdo
- Medical Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.
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