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Zhuang XY, Zhang YH, Xiao AF, Zhang AH, Fang BS. Key Enzymes in Fatty Acid Synthesis Pathway for Bioactive Lipids Biosynthesis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:851402. [PMID: 35284441 PMCID: PMC8905437 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.851402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary bioactive lipids, one of the three primary nutrients, is not only essential for growth and provides nutrients and energy for life's activities but can also help to guard against disease, such as Alzheimer's and cardiovascular diseases, which further strengthen the immune system and maintain many body functions. Many microorganisms, such as yeast, algae, and marine fungi, have been widely developed for dietary bioactive lipids production. These biosynthetic processes were not limited by the climate and ground, which are also responsible for superiority of shorter periods and high conversion rate. However, the production process was also exposed to the challenges of low stability, concentration, and productivity, which was derived from the limited knowledge about the critical enzyme in the metabolic pathway. Fortunately, the development of enzymatic research methods provides powerful tools to understand the catalytic process, including site-specific mutagenesis, protein dynamic simulation, and metabolic engineering technology. Thus, we review the characteristics of critical desaturase and elongase involved in the fatty acids' synthesis metabolic pathway, which aims to not only provide extensive data for enzyme rational design and modification but also provides a more profound and comprehensive understanding of the dietary bioactive lipids' synthetic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Zhuang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yong-Hui Zhang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - An-Feng Xiao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ai-Hui Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Ai-Hui Zhang
| | - Bai-Shan Fang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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2
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Remize M, Planchon F, Garnier M, Loh AN, Le Grand F, Bideau A, Lambert C, Corvaisier R, Volety A, Soudant P. A 13CO 2 Enrichment Experiment to Study the Synthesis Pathways of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids of the Haptophyte Tisochrysis lutea. Mar Drugs 2021; 20:md20010022. [PMID: 35049877 PMCID: PMC8779623 DOI: 10.3390/md20010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in Tisochrysis lutea was studied using the gradual incorporation of a 13C-enriched isotopic marker, 13CO2, for 24 h during the exponential growth of the algae. The 13C enrichment of eleven fatty acids was followed to understand the synthetic pathways the most likely to form the essential polyunsaturated fatty acids 20:5n-3 (EPA) and 22:6n-3 (DHA) in T. lutea. The fatty acids 16:0, 18:1n-9 + 18:3n-3, 18:2n-6, and 22:5n-6 were the most enriched in 13C. On the contrary, 18:4n-3 and 18:5n-3 were the least enriched in 13C after long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as 20:5n-3 or 22:5n-3. The algae appeared to use different routes in parallel to form its polyunsaturated fatty acids. The use of the PKS pathway was hypothesized for polyunsaturated fatty acids with n-6 configuration (such as 22:5n-6) but might also exist for n-3 PUFA (especially 20:5n-3). With regard to the conventional n-3 PUFA pathway, Δ6 desaturation of 18:3n-3 appeared to be the most limiting step for T. lutea, “stopping” at the synthesis of 18:4n-3 and 18:5n-3. These two fatty acids were hypothesized to not undergo any further reaction of elongation and desaturation after being formed and were therefore considered “end-products”. To circumvent this limiting synthetic route, Tisochrysis lutea seemed to have developed an alternative route via Δ8 desaturation to produce longer chain fatty acids such as 20:5n-3 and 22:5n-3. 22:6n-3 presented a lower enrichment and appeared to be produced by a combination of different pathways: the conventional n-3 PUFA pathway by desaturation of 22:5n-3, the alternative route of ω-3 desaturase using 22:5n-6 as precursor, and possibly the PKS pathway. In this study, PKS synthesis looked particularly effective for producing long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. The rate of enrichment of these compounds hypothetically synthesized by PKS is remarkably fast, making undetectable the 13C incorporation into their precursors. Finally, we identified a protein cluster gathering PKS sequences of proteins that are hypothesized allowing n-3 PUFA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Remize
- UMR 6539 LEMAR, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, University of Brest, 29280 Plouzane, France; (F.P.); (F.L.G.); (A.B.); (C.L.); (R.C.)
- GREENSEA, Promenade du Sergeant Navarro, 34140 Meze, France
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (P.S.)
| | - Frédéric Planchon
- UMR 6539 LEMAR, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, University of Brest, 29280 Plouzane, France; (F.P.); (F.L.G.); (A.B.); (C.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Matthieu Garnier
- PBA, Ifremer, Rue de l’Ile d’Yeu, BP 21105, CEDEX 03, 44311 Nantes, France;
| | - Ai Ning Loh
- Center for Marine Science, Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Ln, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA;
| | - Fabienne Le Grand
- UMR 6539 LEMAR, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, University of Brest, 29280 Plouzane, France; (F.P.); (F.L.G.); (A.B.); (C.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Antoine Bideau
- UMR 6539 LEMAR, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, University of Brest, 29280 Plouzane, France; (F.P.); (F.L.G.); (A.B.); (C.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Christophe Lambert
- UMR 6539 LEMAR, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, University of Brest, 29280 Plouzane, France; (F.P.); (F.L.G.); (A.B.); (C.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Rudolph Corvaisier
- UMR 6539 LEMAR, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, University of Brest, 29280 Plouzane, France; (F.P.); (F.L.G.); (A.B.); (C.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Aswani Volety
- 50 Campus Drive, Elon University, Elon, NC 27244, USA;
| | - Philippe Soudant
- UMR 6539 LEMAR, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, University of Brest, 29280 Plouzane, France; (F.P.); (F.L.G.); (A.B.); (C.L.); (R.C.)
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (P.S.)
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3
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Hulatt CJ, Wijffels RH, Posewitz MC. The Genome of the Haptophyte Diacronema lutheri (Pavlova lutheri, Pavlovales): A Model for Lipid Biosynthesis in Eukaryotic Algae. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:6337978. [PMID: 34343248 PMCID: PMC8379373 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Haptophytes are biogeochemically and industrially important protists with underexplored genomic diversity. We present a nuclear genome assembly for the class Pavlovales, which was assembled with PacBio long-read data into highly contiguous sequences. We sequenced strain Diacronema lutheri NIVA-4/92, formerly known as Pavlova lutheri, because it has established roles in aquaculture and has been a key organism for studying microalgal lipid biosynthesis. Our data show that D. lutheri has the smallest and most streamlined haptophycean genome assembled to date, with an assembly size of 43.503 Mb and 14,446 protein-coding genes. Together with its high nuclear GC content, Diacronema is an important genus for investigating selective pressures on haptophyte genome evolution, contrasting with the much larger and more repetitive genome of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi. The D. lutheri genome will be a valuable resource for resolving the genetic basis of algal lipid biosynthesis and metabolic remodeling that takes place during adaptation and stress response in natural and engineered environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Hulatt
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Mørkvedbukta Research Station, Bodø, Norway.,Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - René H Wijffels
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Mørkvedbukta Research Station, Bodø, Norway.,Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University and Research, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew C Posewitz
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
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Archer L, Mc Gee D, Paskuliakova A, McCoy GR, Smyth T, Gillespie E, Touzet N. Fatty acid profiling of new Irish microalgal isolates producing the high-value metabolites EPA and DHA. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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5
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What Is in Store for EPS Microalgae in the Next Decade? Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234296. [PMID: 31775355 PMCID: PMC6930497 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae and their metabolites have been an El Dorado since the turn of the 21st century. Many scientific works and industrial exploitations have thus been set up. These developments have often highlighted the need to intensify the processes for biomass production in photo-autotrophy and exploit all the microalgae value including ExoPolySaccharides (EPS). Indeed, the bottlenecks limiting the development of low value products from microalgae are not only linked to biology but also to biological engineering problems including harvesting, recycling of culture media, photoproduction, and biorefinery. Even respecting the so-called "Biorefinery Concept", few applications had a chance to emerge and survive on the market. Thus, exploiting EPS from microalgae for industrial applications in some low-value markets such as food is probably not a mature proposition considering the competitiveness of polysaccharides from terrestrial plants, macroalgae, and bacteria. However, it does not imply drawing a line on their uses but rather "thinking them" differently. This review provides insights into microalgae, EPS, and their exploitation. Perspectives on issues affecting the future of EPS microalgae are also addressed with a critical point of view.
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6
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Ledesma-Amaro R, Jiménez A, Revuelta JL. Pathway Grafting for Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Production in Ashbya gossypii through Golden Gate Rapid Assembly. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:2340-2347. [PMID: 30261136 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Here we present a Golden Gate assembly system adapted for the rapid genomic engineering of the industrial fungus Ashbya gossypii. This biocatalyst is an excellent biotechnological chassis for synthetic biology applications and is currently used for the industrial production of riboflavin. Other bioprocesses such as the production of folic acid, nucleosides, amino acids and biolipids have been recently reported in A. gossypii. In this work, an efficient assembly system for the expression of heterologous complex pathways has been designed. The expression platform comprises interchangeable DNA modules, which provides flexibility for the use of different loci for integration, selection markers and regulatory sequences. The functionality of the system has been applied to engineer strains able to synthesize polyunsaturated fatty acids (up to 35% of total fatty acids). The production of the industrially relevant arachidonic, eicosapentanoic and docosahexanoic acids remarks the potential of A. gossypii to produce these functional lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ledesma-Amaro
- Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology and Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Jiménez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Luis Revuelta
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
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7
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Zhu BH, Tu CC, Shi HP, Yang GP, Pan KH. Overexpression of endogenous delta-6 fatty acid desaturase gene enhances eicosapentaenoic acid accumulation in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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Abstract
Microalgae present a huge and still insufficiently tapped resource of very long-chain omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFA) for human nutrition and medicinal applications. This chapter describes the diversity of unicellular eukaryotic microalgae in respect to VLC-PUFA biosynthesis. Then, we outline the major biosynthetic pathways mediating the formation of VLC-PUFA by sequential desaturation and elongation of C18-PUFA acyl groups. We address the aspects of spatial localization of those pathways and elaborate on the role for VLC-PUFA in microalgal cells. Recent progress in microalgal genetic transformation and molecular engineering has opened the way to increased production efficiencies for VLC-PUFA. The perspectives of photobiotechnology and metabolic engineering of microalgae for altered or enhanced VLC-PUFA production are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Khozin-Goldberg
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel.
| | - Stefan Leu
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel
| | - Sammy Boussiba
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel
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9
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Kitessa SM, Abeywardena M, Wijesundera C, Nichols PD. DHA-containing oilseed: a timely solution for the sustainability issues surrounding fish oil sources of the health-benefitting long-chain omega-3 oils. Nutrients 2014; 6:2035-58. [PMID: 24858407 PMCID: PMC4042577 DOI: 10.3390/nu6052035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Benefits of long-chain (≥C20) omega-3 oils (LC omega-3 oils) for reduction of the risk of a range of disorders are well documented. The benefits result from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); optimal intake levels of these bioactive fatty acids for maintenance of normal health and prevention of diseases have been developed and adopted by national and international health agencies and science bodies. These developments have led to increased consumer demand for LC omega-3 oils and, coupled with increasing global population, will impact on future sustainable supply of fish. Seafood supply from aquaculture has risen over the past decades and it relies on harvest of wild catch fisheries also for its fish oil needs. Alternate sources of LC omega-3 oils are being pursued, including genetically modified soybean rich in shorter-chain stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4ω3). However, neither oils from traditional oilseeds such as linseed, nor the SDA soybean oil have shown efficient conversion to DHA. A recent breakthrough has seen the demonstration of a land plant-based oil enriched in DHA, and with omega-6 PUFA levels close to that occurring in marine sources of EPA and DHA. We review alternative sources of DHA supply with emphasis on the need for land plant oils containing EPA and DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soressa M Kitessa
- CSIRO Animal, Foods and Health Sciences, P.O. Box 10041, Adelaide BC, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Mahinda Abeywardena
- CSIRO Animal, Foods and Health Sciences, P.O. Box 10041, Adelaide BC, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Chakra Wijesundera
- CSIRO Animal, Foods and Health Sciences, Werribee, Victoria, VIC 3030, Australia.
| | - Peter D Nichols
- Food Futures Flagship, Division of Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia.
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10
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Jiang M, Guo B, Wan X, Gong Y, Zhang Y, Hu C. Isolation and characterization of the diatom Phaeodactylum Δ5-elongase gene for transgenic LC-PUFA production in Pichia pastoris. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:1317-34. [PMID: 24608969 PMCID: PMC3967212 DOI: 10.3390/md12031317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum can accumulate eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) up to 30% of the total fatty acids. This species has been targeted for isolating gene encoding desaturases and elongases for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) metabolic engineering. Here we first report the cloning and characterization of Δ5-elongase gene in P. tricornutum. A full-length cDNA sequence, designated PhtELO5, was shown to contain a 1110 bp open reading frame encoding a 369 amino acid polypeptide. The putative protein contains seven transmembrane regions and two elongase characteristic motifs of FLHXYHH and MYSYY, the latter being typical for microalgal Δ5-elongases. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that PhtELO5 belongs to the ELO5 group, tightly clustered with the counterpart of Thalassiosira pseudonana. Heterologous expression of PhtELO5 in Pichia pastoris confirmed that it encodes a specific Δ5-elongase capable of elongating arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. Co-expression of PhtELO5 and IsFAD4 (a ∆4-desaturase from Isochrysis sphaerica) demonstrated that the high-efficiency biosynthetic pathway of docosahexaenoic acid was assembled in the transgenic yeast. Substrate competition revealed that PhtELO5 exhibited higher activity towards n-3 PUFA than n-6 PUFA. It is hypothesized that Phaeodactylum ELO5 may preferentially participate in biosynthesis of transgenic LC-PUFA via a n-3 pathway in the yeast host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Bing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Xia Wan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Yangmin Gong
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Yinbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Chuanjiong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
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11
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Shi T, Yu A, Li M, Zhang M, Xing L, Li M. Identification and characterization of a novel C20-elongase gene from the marine microalgae, Pavlova viridis, and its use for the reconstitution of two pathways of long-chain polyunsatured fatty acids biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Lett 2013; 35:1271-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-013-1194-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Jiao J, Zhang Y. Transgenic Biosynthesis of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Sustainable Biochemical Engineering Approach for Making Essential Fatty Acids in Plants and Animals. Chem Rev 2013; 113:3799-814. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300007p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Jiao
- Chronic Disease Research Institute,
Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Food Science and
Nutrition, School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang
University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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13
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Two novel Physcomitrella patens fatty acid elongases (ELOs): identification and functional characterization. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:3485-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4556-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Heterologous overexpression of a novel delta-4 desaturase gene from the marine microalga Pavlova viridis in Escherichia coli as a Mistic fusion. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-0776-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Pilkington SM, Watson REB, Nicolaou A, Rhodes LE. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: photoprotective macronutrients. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:537-43. [PMID: 21569104 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in sunlight has deleterious effects on skin, while behavioural changes have resulted in people gaining more sun exposure. The clinical impact includes a year-on-year increase in skin cancer incidence, and topical sunscreens alone provide an inadequate measure to combat overexposure to UVR. Novel methods of photoprotection are being targeted as additional measures, with growing interest in the potential for systemic photoprotection through naturally sourced nutrients. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are promising candidates, showing potential to protect the skin from UVR injury through a range of mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the biological actions of n-3 PUFA in the context of skin protection from acute and chronic UVR overexposure and describe how emerging new technologies such as nutrigenomics and lipidomics assist our understanding of the contribution of such nutrients to skin health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Pilkington
- Dermatological Sciences, Inflammation Sciences Research Group, School of Translational Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Hospital, Manchester, UK
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16
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Sayanova O, Haslam RP, Calerón MV, López NR, Worthy C, Rooks P, Allen MJ, Napier JA. Identification and functional characterisation of genes encoding the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic pathway from the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:594-600. [PMID: 21316718 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The Prymnesiophyceae coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi is one of the most abundant alga in our oceans and therefore plays a central role in marine foodwebs. E. huxleyi is notable for the synthesis and accumulation of the omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6Δ(4,7,10,13,16,19), n-3) which is accumulated in fish oils and known to have health-beneficial properties to humans, preventing cardiovascular disease and related pathologies. Here we describe the identification and functional characterisation of the five E. huxleyi genes which direct the synthesis of docosahexaenoic acid in this alga. Surprisingly, E. huxleyi does not use the conventional Δ6-pathway, instead using the alternative Δ8-desaturation route which has previously only been observed in a few unrelated microorganisms. Given that E. huxleyi accumulates significant levels of the Δ6-desaturated fatty acid stearidonic acid (18:4Δ(6,9,12,15), n-3), we infer that the biosynthesis of DHA is likely to be metabolically compartmentalised from the synthesis of stearidonic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sayanova
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK
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17
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Huang JZ, Jiang XZ, Xia XF, Yu AQ, Mao RY, Chen XF, Tian BY. Cloning and functional identification of delta5 fatty acid desaturase gene and its 5'-upstream region from marine fungus Thraustochytrium sp. FJN-10. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 13:12-21. [PMID: 20358240 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-010-9262-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A gene encoding delta5 fatty acid desaturase (fad5) was cloned from marine fungus Thraustochytrium sp. FJN-10, a species capable of producing docosahexaenoic acid. The open reading frame of fad5 was 1,320 bp and encoded a protein comprising 439 amino acids. Expression of the fad5 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae INVSC1 revealed that FAD5 is able to introduce a double bond at position 5 of the dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20:3 Δ(8,11,14)), resulting in arachidonic acid (20:4 Δ(5,8,11,14)) with a conversion rate of 56.40% which is the highest among engineering yeasts reported so far. The 5'-upstream region of fad5 was cloned by LA-PCR and analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis of this sequence with the 5'-upstream region of other delta5 desaturases showed that the 5'-upstream region of fad5 from Thraustochytrium share the smallest evolution distance with human and rhesus. Computational analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the 5'-upstream region of fad5 has revealed several basic transcriptional elements including five TATA boxes, three CCAAT boxes, 12 GC boxes, and several putative target-binding sites for transcription factors such as HSF, CAP, and ADR1. Preliminary functional analysis of this promoter in S. cerevisiae shows that the 5'-upstream region of fad5 could drive the expression of green fluorescent protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Zhong Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, People's Republic of China.
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Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for production of Eicosapentaenoic Acid, using a novel {Delta}5-Desaturase from Paramecium tetraurelia. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 77:1854-61. [PMID: 21193673 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01935-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have well-documented importance in human health and nutrition. Sustainable production in robust host organisms that do not synthesize them naturally requires the coordinated expression of several heterologous desaturases and elongases. In the present study we show production of EPA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using glucose as the sole carbon source through expression of five heterologous fatty acid desaturases and an elongase. Novel Δ5-desaturases from the ciliate protozoan Paramecium tetraurelia and from the microalgae Ostreococcus tauri and Ostreococcus lucimarinus were identified via a BLAST search, and their substrate preferences and desaturation efficiencies were assayed in a yeast strain producing the ω6 and ω3 fatty acid substrates for Δ5-desaturation. The Δ5-desaturase from P. tetraurelia was up-to-2-fold more efficient than the microalgal desaturases and was also more efficient than Δ5-desaturases from Mortierella alpina and Leishmania major. In vivo investigation of acyl carrier substrate specificities showed that the Δ5-desaturases from P. tetraurelia, O. lucimarinus, O. tauri, and M. alpina are promiscuous toward the acyl carrier substrate but prefer phospholipid-bound substrates. In contrast, the Δ5-desaturase from L. major showed no activity on phospholipid-bound substrate and thus appears to be an exclusively acyl coenzyme A-dependent desaturase.
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Khozin-Goldberg I, Cohen Z. Unraveling algal lipid metabolism: Recent advances in gene identification. Biochimie 2010; 93:91-100. [PMID: 20709142 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are now the focus of intensive research due to their potential as a renewable feedstock for biodiesel. This research requires a thorough understanding of the biochemistry and genetics of these organisms' lipid-biosynthesis pathways. Genes encoding lipid-biosynthesis enzymes can now be identified in the genomes of various eukaryotic microalgae. However, an examination of the predicted proteins at the biochemical and molecular levels is mandatory to verify their function. The essential molecular and genetic tools are now available for a comprehensive characterization of genes coding for enzymes of the lipid-biosynthesis pathways in some algal species. This review mainly summarizes the novel information emerging from recently obtained algal gene identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Khozin-Goldberg
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 84990, Israel.
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20
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Petrie JR, Shrestha P, Liu Q, Mansour MP, Wood CC, Zhou XR, Nichols PD, Green AG, Singh SP. Rapid expression of transgenes driven by seed-specific constructs in leaf tissue: DHA production. PLANT METHODS 2010; 6:8. [PMID: 20222981 PMCID: PMC2845569 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-6-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic engineering of seed biosynthetic pathways to diversify and improve crop product quality is a highly active research area. The validation of genes driven by seed-specific promoters is time-consuming since the transformed plants must be grown to maturity before the gene function can be analysed. RESULTS In this study we demonstrate that genes driven by seed-specific promoters contained within complex constructs can be transiently-expressed in the Nicotiana benthamiana leaf-assay system by co-infiltrating the Arabidopsis thaliana LEAFY COTYLEDON2 (LEC2) gene. A real-world case study is described in which we first assembled an efficient transgenic DHA synthesis pathway using a traditional N. benthamiana Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) 35S-driven leaf assay before using the LEC2-extended assay to rapidly validate a complex seed-specific construct containing the same genes before stable transformation in Arabidopsis. CONCLUSIONS The LEC2-extended N. benthamiana assay allows the transient activation of seed-specific promoters in leaf tissue. In this study we have used the assay as a rapid preliminary screen of a complex seed-specific transgenic construct prior to stable transformation, a feature that will become increasingly useful as genetic engineering moves from the manipulation of single genes to the engineering of complex pathways. We propose that the assay will prove useful for other applications wherein rapid expression of transgenes driven by seed-specific constructs in leaf tissue are sought.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Petrie
- CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Pushkar Shrestha
- CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Qing Liu
- CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Maged P Mansour
- CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Craig C Wood
- CSIRO Plant Industry, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Xue-Rong Zhou
- CSIRO Plant Industry, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Peter D Nichols
- CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Allan G Green
- CSIRO Plant Industry, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Surinder P Singh
- CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Lu Y, Chi X, Li Z, Yang Q, Li F, Liu S, Gan Q, Qin S. Isolation and Characterization of a Stress-Dependent Plastidial Δ12 Fatty Acid Desaturase from the Antarctic Microalga Chlorella vulgaris NJ-7. Lipids 2010; 45:179-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-009-3381-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Wood CC, Petrie JR, Shrestha P, Mansour MP, Nichols PD, Green AG, Singh SP. A leaf-based assay using interchangeable design principles to rapidly assemble multistep recombinant pathways. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2009; 7:914-24. [PMID: 19843252 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2009.00453.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of multistep recombinant pathways in stably transformed plants is a cornerstone of crops producing new products yet can be a laborious and time-consuming process. Any heterologous expression platform capable of providing a rapid estimation of the functional assembly of an entire pathway would guide the design of such transgenic traits. In this study, we use a Nicotiana benthamiana transient leaf expression system to simultaneously express five genes, from five independent T(DNA) binary vectors, to assemble a complete recombinant pathway in five days. In this study, we demonstrate the production of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) requiring five transgene-encoded reactions to convert endogenous fatty acids to LC-PUFA. The addition of a triacylglycerol assembly enzyme, Arabidopsis thaliana diacylglyceride-O-acyltransferase, and fractionation of the total lipid profile demonstrated that leaf oils contained 37% newly synthesised LC-PUFA, including 7% arachidonic acid (AA), 6% eicosopentaenoic acid and 3% docosahexaenoic acid. The calculation of enzymatic conversion efficiencies at each step of LC-PUFA synthesis suggests that this transient assembly of a complicated multistep pathway is highly efficient. Unlike experiments using stably transformed plants our assembly of an intricate pathway maintained full gene-for-gene interchangeability and required a fraction of the time and glasshouse space. Furthermore, an exogenous LC-PUFA fatty acid substrate, AA, was fed and metabolised by a transiently expressed Delta17-desaturase enzyme, and provided results similar to those obtained in yeast feeding experiments. Although the assay was ideal for LC-PUFA pathways, this assay format may become a powerful tool for the characterisation and step-wise improvement of other recombinant pathways and multigenic traits.
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Molecular cloning and stress-dependent expression of a gene encoding Delta(12)-fatty acid desaturase in the Antarctic microalga Chlorella vulgaris NJ-7. Extremophiles 2009; 13:875-84. [PMID: 19728010 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-009-0275-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The psychrotrophic Antarctic alga, Chlorella vulgaris NJ-7, grows under an extreme environment of low temperature and high salinity. In an effort to better understand the correlation between fatty acid metabolism and acclimation to Antarctic environment, we analyzed its fatty acid compositions. An extremely high amount of Delta(12) unsaturated fatty acids was identified which prompted us to speculate about the involvement of Delta(12) fatty acid desaturase in the process of acclimation. A full-length cDNA sequence, designated CvFAD2, was isolated from C. vulgaris NJ-7 via reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and RACE methods. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed that the gene was homologous to known microsomal Delta(12)-FADs with the conserved histidine motifs. Heterologous expression in yeast was used to confirm the regioselectivity and the function of CvFAD2. Linoleic acid (18:2), normally not present in wild-type yeast cells, was detected in transformants of CvFAD2. The induction of CvFAD2 at an mRNA level under cold stress and high salinity is detected by real-time PCR. The results showed that both temperature and salinity motivated the upregulation of CvFAD2 expression. The accumulation of CvFAD2 increased 2.2-fold at 15 degrees C and 3.9-fold at 4 degrees C compared to the alga at 25 degrees C. Meanwhile a 1.7- and 8.5-fold increase at 3 and 6% NaCl was detected. These data suggest that CvFAD2 is the enzyme responsible for the Delta(12) fatty acids desaturation involved in the adaption to cold and high salinity for Antarctic C. vugaris NJ-7.
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