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Transfection of Sponge Cells and Intracellular Localization of Cancer-Related MYC, RRAS2, and DRG1 Proteins. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21020119. [PMID: 36827160 PMCID: PMC9964533 DOI: 10.3390/md21020119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The determination of the protein's intracellular localization is essential for understanding its biological function. Protein localization studies are mainly performed on primary and secondary vertebrate cell lines for which most protocols have been optimized. In spite of experimental difficulties, studies on invertebrate cells, including basal Metazoa, have greatly advanced. In recent years, the interest in studying human diseases from an evolutionary perspective has significantly increased. Sponges, placed at the base of the animal tree, are simple animals without true tissues and organs but with a complex genome containing many genes whose human homologs have been implicated in human diseases, including cancer. Therefore, sponges are an innovative model for elucidating the fundamental role of the proteins involved in cancer. In this study, we overexpressed human cancer-related proteins and their sponge homologs in human cancer cells, human fibroblasts, and sponge cells. We demonstrated that human and sponge MYC proteins localize in the nucleus, the RRAS2 in the plasma membrane, the membranes of the endolysosomal vesicles, and the DRG1 in the cell's cytosol. Despite the very low transfection efficiency of sponge cells, we observed an identical localization of human proteins and their sponge homologs, indicating their similar cellular functions.
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2
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Chernogor L, Eliseikina M, Petrushin I, Chernogor E, Khanaev I, Belikov SI. Janthinobacterium sp. Strain SLB01 as Pathogenic Bacteria for Sponge Lubomirskia baikalensis. Pathogens 2022; 12:pathogens12010008. [PMID: 36678355 PMCID: PMC9860564 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sponges (phylum Porifera) are ancient, marine and inland water, filter feeding metazoans. In recent years, diseased sponges have been increasingly occurring in marine and freshwater environments. Endemic freshwater sponges of the Lubomirskiidae family are widely distributed in the coastal zone of Lake Baikal. The strain Janthinobacterium sp. SLB01 was isolated previously from the diseased sponge Lubomirskia baikalensis (Pallas, 1776), although its pathogenicity is still unknown. The aim of this study was to confirm whether the Janthinobacterium sp. strain SLB01 is the pathogen found in Baikal sponge. To address this aim, we infected the cell culture of primmorphs of the sponge L. baikalensis with strain SLB01 and subsequently reisolated and sequenced the strain Janthinobacterium sp. PLB02. The results showed that the isolated strain has more than 99% homology with strain SLB01. The genomes of both strains contain genes vioABCDE of violacein biosynthesis and floc formation, for strong biofilm, in addition to the type VI secretion system (T6SS) as the main virulence factor. Based on a comparison of complete genomes, we showed the similarity of the studied bacterial strains of Janthinobacterium spp. with the described strain of Janthinobacterium lividum MTR. This study will help expand our understanding of microbial interactions and determine one of the causes in the development of diseases and death in Baikal sponges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubov Chernogor
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (S.I.B.)
| | - Marina Eliseikina
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Ivan Petrushin
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Chernogor
- Faculty of Business Communication and Informatics, Irkutsk State University, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Igor Khanaev
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Sergei I. Belikov
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (S.I.B.)
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3
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The Porifera microeukaryome: Addressing the neglected associations between sponges and protists. Microbiol Res 2022; 265:127210. [PMID: 36183422 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
While bacterial and archaeal communities of sponges are intensively studied, given their importance to the animal's physiology as well as sources of several new bioactive molecules, the potential and roles of associated protists remain poorly known. Historically, culture-dependent approaches dominated the investigations of sponge-protist interactions. With the advances in omics techniques, these associations could be visualized at other equally important scales. Of the few existing studies, there is a strong tendency to focus on interactions with photosynthesizing taxa such as dinoflagellates and diatoms, with fewer works dissecting the interactions with other less common groups. In addition, there are bottlenecks and inherent biases in using primer pairs and bioinformatics approaches in the most commonly used metabarcoding studies. Thus, this review addresses the issues underlying this association, using the term "microeukaryome" to refer exclusively to protists associated with an animal host. We aim to highlight the diversity and community composition of protists associated with sponges and place them on the same level as other microorganisms already well studied in this context. Among other shortcomings, it could be observed that the biotechnological potential of the microeukaryome is still largely unexplored, possibly being a valuable source of new pharmacological compounds, enzymes and metabolic processes.
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4
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Ereskovsky A, Borisenko IE, Bolshakov FV, Lavrov AI. Whole-Body Regeneration in Sponges: Diversity, Fine Mechanisms, and Future Prospects. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:506. [PMID: 33805549 PMCID: PMC8066720 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While virtually all animals show certain abilities for regeneration after an injury, these abilities vary greatly among metazoans. Porifera (Sponges) is basal metazoans characterized by a wide variety of different regenerative processes, including whole-body regeneration (WBR). Considering phylogenetic position and unique body organization, sponges are highly promising models, as they can shed light on the origin and early evolution of regeneration in general and WBR in particular. The present review summarizes available data on the morphogenetic and cellular mechanisms accompanying different types of WBR in sponges. Sponges show a high diversity of WBR, which principally could be divided into (1) WBR from a body fragment and (2) WBR by aggregation of dissociated cells. Sponges belonging to different phylogenetic clades and even to different species and/or differing in the anatomical structure undergo different morphogeneses after similar operations. A common characteristic feature of WBR in sponges is the instability of the main body axis: a change of the organism polarity is described during all types of WBR. The cellular mechanisms of WBR are different across sponge classes, while cell dedifferentiations and transdifferentiations are involved in regeneration processes in all sponges. Data considering molecular regulation of WBR in sponges are extremely scarce. However, the possibility to achieve various types of WBR ensured by common morphogenetic and cellular basis in a single species makes sponges highly accessible for future comprehensive physiological, biochemical, and molecular studies of regeneration processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ereskovsky
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie Marine et Continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, Station Marine d’Endoume, Rue de la Batterie des Lions, Avignon University, 13007 Marseille, France
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
- Evolution of Morphogenesis Laboratory, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya E. Borisenko
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Fyodor V. Bolshakov
- Pertsov White Sea Biological Station, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia; (F.V.B.); (A.I.L.)
| | - Andrey I. Lavrov
- Pertsov White Sea Biological Station, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia; (F.V.B.); (A.I.L.)
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5
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Lavrov AI, Saidov DM, Bolshakov FV, Kosevich IA. Intraspecific variability of cell reaggregation during reproduction cycle in sponges. ZOOLOGY 2020; 140:125795. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2020.125795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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6
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Chernogor L, Klimenko E, Khanaev I, Belikov S. Microbiome analysis of healthy and diseased sponges Lubomirskia baicalensis by using cell cultures of primmorphs. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9080. [PMID: 32518718 PMCID: PMC7258933 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endemic sponges (Demosponges, Lubomirskiidae) dominate the fauna of the littoral zone of Lake Baikal. These freshwater sponges live in symbiosis with diverse eukaryotes and prokaryotes, including chlorophyll-containing microalgae. Within the last 5 years, the incidence of sponge disease and mortality events in Lake Baikal has increased. The etiology and ecology of these events remain unknown, in part because of the lack of models to study sponge-microbe interactions. In this work, we tested the use of primmorph cell cultures of Lubomirskia baicalensis as a tool for investigating the microbiomes of sponges. We infected primmorphs, cultured in vitro, with samples from diseased sponges and observed, by microscopy, disease symptoms, including loss of green symbionts, associated with mass die-off events. Subsequent sequencing of 16S rRNA gene fragments revealed that the microbiome community of healthy sponge and primmorphs formed a group separate from the community of diseased sponges and infected primmorphs. This confirms the suitability of the primmorph cell culture as a model sponge system. We also discovered mass mortality of green symbionts (Chlorophyta) was associated with a shift in the microbial communities of sponges/primmorphs. Microbes in diseased sponges, and infected primmorphs, belonged mainly to the phyla Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria and these families Flavobacteriaceae, Burkholderiaceae, and Moraxellaceae. Primmorphs cell culture may provide a model to study interactions between these bacteria and their host and elucidate the cause of mass mortality events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Igor Khanaev
- Limnological Institute of the SB RAS, Irkutsk, Russia
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7
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Washing soda induced alteration of the differential cell count, nonself surface adhesion efficacy and nuclear morphology of the polyphenotypic cells of a freshwater sponge of India. Interdiscip Toxicol 2018; 11:155-168. [PMID: 31719787 PMCID: PMC6829681 DOI: 10.2478/intox-2018-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Washing soda has been identified as a precarious contaminant of the freshwater ponds and lakes, the natural habitat of Eunapius carteri. Treatment of sublethal concentrations of washing soda for 384 hours exhibited a significant decrease in the densities of blast like cells, small and large amoebocytes. The percentage occurrence of granular cells and archaeocytes yielded a marked increase against the experimental concentrations of washing soda. Washing soda mediated alterations in the differential cell densities of E. carteri indicative of a state of physiological stress and an undesirable shift in the cellular homeostasis of the organism distributed in polluted environment. Experimental exposure of washing soda yielded a significant increase in the cellular dimensions of large amoebocytes and archaeocytes. Prolonged treatment with washing soda presented a gross reduction in nonself surface adhesion efficacy of E. carteri cells. Experimental concentrations of washing soda resulted in a dose dependent increment in the frequencies of binucleation and micronucleation in the cells of E. carteri. The data were indicative of a high level of genotoxicity of washing soda in E. carteri. The present investigation provides an important information base in understanding the toxin induced chemical stress on the archaic immune defense of a primitive urmetazoa.
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8
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Coutinho CC, Rosa IDA, Teixeira JDDO, Andrade LR, Costa ML, Mermelstein C. Cellular migration, transition and interaction during regeneration of the sponge Hymeniacidon heliophila. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178350. [PMID: 28542651 PMCID: PMC5444830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sponges have a high capacity for regeneration and this process improves biomass production in some species, thus contributing to a solution for the biomass supply problem for biotechnological applications. The aim of this work is to characterize the dynamics of cell behavior during the initial stages of sponge regeneration, using bright-field microscopy, confocal microscopy and SEM. We focused on the first 20 h of regeneration, during which blastema formation and epithelium initialization occur. An innovative sponge organotypic culture of the regenerating internal region is described and investigated by confocal microscopy, cell transplantation and vital staining. Cell-cell interaction and cell density are shown to affect events in morphogenesis such as epithelial/mesenchymal and mesenchymal/epithelial transitions as well as distinct cell movements required for regeneration. Extracellular matrix was organized according to the morphogenetic process observed, with evidence for cell-signaling instructions and remodeling. These data and the method of organotypic culture described here provide support for the development of viable sponge biomass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano C. Coutinho
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ivone de Andrade Rosa
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo R. Andrade
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Manoel Luis Costa
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia Mermelstein
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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9
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Li H, Liu B, Huang G, Fan S, Zhang B, Su J, Yu D. Characterization of transcriptome and identification of biomineralization genes in winged pearl oyster (Pteria penguin) mantle tissue. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2017; 21:67-76. [PMID: 28103531 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The winged pearl oyster Pteria penguin is a commercially important marine pearl oyster species, with pearls that are quite different from those of other pearl oysters. Among such species, mantle tissue is the main organ responsible for shell and pearl formation, a biomineralization process that is regulated by a series of genes, most of which remain unknown. In this study, we sequenced and characterized the transcriptome of P. penguin mantle tissue using the HiSeq 2000 sequencing platform. A total of 93,204 unique transcripts were assembled from 51,580,076 quality reads, with a mean length of 608bp, and 40,974 unigenes were annotated. The sequence data enabled the identification of 79,702 potential single nucleotide polymorphism loci and 4345 putative simple sequence repeat loci. A total of 71 unique transcripts were identified homologous to known biomineralization genes, including mantle gene, nacrein, pearlin, pif, chitinase, and shematrin, of which only 3 were previously reported in P. penguin. qPCR analysis indicated that 10 randomly selected biomineralization genes were much more highly expressed in mantle tissue than in the other tissues. In addition, 30 unique sequences were identified as highly expressed, with FPKM values of >3000, and most of these were biomineralization-related genes, including shematrin family genes, a jacalin-related lectin synthesis gene, calponin-2, and paramyosin. These findings will be useful for future studies of biomineralization in P. penguin, as well as in other Pteria species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimei Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, Guangdong, China; Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Baosuo Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, Guangdong, China
| | - Guiju Huang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, Guangdong, China
| | - Sigang Fan
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, Guangdong, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaqi Su
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, Guangdong, China
| | - Dahui Yu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, Guangdong, China; Qinzhou University, Qinzhou 535011, China.
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10
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Mukherjee S, Ray M, Ray S. Shift in aggregation, ROS generation, antioxidative defense, lysozyme and acetylcholinesterase activities in the cells of an Indian freshwater sponge exposed to washing soda (sodium carbonate). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 187:19-31. [PMID: 27178357 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Washing soda, chemically identified as anhydrous sodium carbonate, is a popular cleaning agent among the rural and urban populations of India which often contaminates the freshwater ponds and lakes, the natural habitat of sponge Eunapius carteri. Present investigation deals with estimation of cellular aggregation, generation of ROS and activities of antioxidant enzymes, lysozyme and acetylcholinesterase in the cells of E. carteri under the environmentally realistic concentrations of washing soda. Prolonged treatment of washing soda inhibited the degree of cellular aggregation. Experimental exposure of 8 and 16mg/l of sodium carbonate for 48h elevated the physiological level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the agranulocytes, semigranulocytes and granulocytes of E. carteri, whereas, treatment of 192h inhibited the ROS generation in three cellular morphotypes. Activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase were recorded to be inhibited under prolonged exposure of washing soda. Washing soda mediated inhibition of ROS generation and depletion in the activities of antioxidant enzymes were indicative to an undesirable shift in cytotoxic status and antioxidative defense in E. carteri. Inhibition in the activity of lysozyme under the treatment of sodium carbonate was suggestive to a severe impairment of the innate immunological efficiency of E. carteri distributed in the washing soda contaminated habitat. Washing soda mediated inhibition in the activity of acetylcholinesterase indicated its neurotoxicity in E. carteri. Washing soda, a reported environmental contaminant, affected adversely the immunophysiological status of E. carteri with reference to cellular aggregation, oxidative stress, antioxidative defense, lysozyme and acetylcholinesterase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumalya Mukherjee
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India.
| | - Mitali Ray
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India.
| | - Sajal Ray
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India.
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11
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Immunomodulatory effects of temperature and pH of water in an Indian freshwater sponge. J Therm Biol 2016; 59:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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12
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Lavrov AI, Kosevich IA. Sponge cell reaggregation: Cellular structure and morphogenetic potencies of multicellular aggregates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 325:158-77. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey I. Lavrov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology; Lomonosov Moscow State University; Moscow Russia
| | - Igor A. Kosevich
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology; Lomonosov Moscow State University; Moscow Russia
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13
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Mukherjee S, Ray M, Dutta MK, Acharya A, Mukhopadhyay SK, Ray S. Morphological alteration, lysosomal membrane fragility and apoptosis of the cells of Indian freshwater sponge exposed to washing soda (sodium carbonate). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 122:331-342. [PMID: 26313128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Washing soda is chemically known as sodium carbonate and is a component of laundry detergent. Domestic effluent, drain water and various anthropogenic activities have been identified as major routes of sodium carbonate contamination of the freshwater ecosystem. The freshwater sponge, Eunapius carteri, bears ecological and evolutionary significance and is considered as a bioresource in aquatic ecosystems. The present study involves estimation of morphological damage, lysosomal membrane integrity, activity of phosphatases and apoptosis in the cells of E. carteri under the environmentally realistic concentrations of washing soda. Exposure to washing soda resulted in severe morphological alterations and damages in cells of E. carteri. Fragility and destabilization of lysosomal membranes of E. carteri under the sublethal exposure was indicative to toxin induced physiological stress in sponge. Prolonged exposure to sodium carbonate resulted a reduction in the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases in the cells of E. carteri. Experimental concentration of 8 mg/l of washing soda for 192 h yielded an increase in the physiological level of cellular apoptosis among the semigranulocytes and granulocytes of E. carteri, which was suggestive to possible shift in apoptosis mediated immunoprotection. The results were indicative of an undesirable shift in the immune status of sponge. Contamination of the freshwater aquifers by washing soda thus poses an alarming ecotoxicological threat to sponges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumalya Mukherjee
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India.
| | - Mitali Ray
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India.
| | - Manab Kumar Dutta
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India.
| | - Avanti Acharya
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India.
| | - Sandip Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India.
| | - Sajal Ray
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India.
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14
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Ereskovsky AV, Chernogor LI, Belikov SI. Ultrastructural description of development and cell composition of primmorphs in the endemic Baikal sponge Lubomirskia baicalensis. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-015-0289-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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15
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MicroRNA expression during demosponge dissociation, reaggregation, and differentiation and a evolutionarily conserved demosponge miRNA expression profile. Dev Genes Evol 2015; 225:341-51. [PMID: 26553380 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-015-0520-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Demosponges share eight orthologous microRNAs (miRNAs), with none in common with Bilateria. Biological functions of these demosponge miRNAs are unknown. Bilaterian miRNAs are key regulators of cellular processes including cell cycle, differentiation, and metabolism. Resolving if demosponge miRNAs participate in such biological functions will provide clues whether these functions are convergent, evidence on the mode of evolution of cellular developmental processes. Here, a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay was developed and used to test for differential miRNA expression during dissociation and reaggregation in Spongosorites, compare expression profiles between choanosome and cortex in Spongosorites, and compare undifferentiated gemmules to differentiated juveniles in Ephydatia. During Spongosorites dissociation and reaggregation, miRNA expression showed a global decrease in expression across a range of reaggregating cell densities. miRNA differential response could be related to various general cellular responses, potentially related to nutrient-poor conditions of the minimal artificial seawater media, stress response from tissue dissociation, or loss of cell-cell or cell-matrix contact. In Ephydatia, overall increase in miRNA expression in gemmule-hatched stage 4/5 juveniles relative to gemmules is observed, indicating that increased miRNA expression may be related to increased cellular activity such as migration, cell cycle, and/or differentiation. Observed differential miRNA expression of miRNA during dissociation in Spongosorites (lowered global expression), and during activation, and differentiation of Ephydatia gemmules (increased global expression) could indicate that miRNA expression is associated with cell cycle, differentiation, or metabolism pathways. Interspecies comparison was performed, results indicating that orthologous miRNAs share similar relative expression pattern between the four species tested (Spongosorites, Cinachyrella, Haliclona, and Ephydatia), demonstrating and evolutionarily conserved miRNA expression profile across Demospongia. While these results do not elucidate specific molecular and cellular pathways, together they provide a broad survey of miRNA expression in demosponge systems.
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16
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Borisenko IE, Adamska M, Tokina DB, Ereskovsky AV. Transdifferentiation is a driving force of regeneration in Halisarca dujardini (Demospongiae, Porifera). PeerJ 2015; 3:e1211. [PMID: 26336645 PMCID: PMC4556153 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to regenerate is widespread in the animal kingdom, but the regenerative capacities and mechanisms vary widely. To understand the evolutionary history of the diverse regeneration mechanisms, the regeneration processes must be studied in early-evolved metazoans in addition to the traditional bilaterian and cnidarian models. For this purpose, we have combined several microscopy techniques to study mechanisms of regeneration in the demosponge Halisarca dujardini. The objectives of this work are to detect the cells and morphogenetic processes involved in Halisarca regeneration. We show that in Halisarca there are three main sources of the new exopinacoderm during regeneration: choanocytes, archaeocytes and (rarely) endopinacocytes. Here we show that epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) occur during Halisarca regeneration. EMT is the principal mechanism during the first stages of regeneration, soon after the injury. Epithelial cells from damaged and adjacent intact choanocyte chambers and aquiferous canals assume mesenchymal phenotype and migrate into the mesohyl. Together with archaeocytes, these cells form an undifferentiated cell mass beneath of wound, which we refer to as a blastema. After the blastema is formed, MET becomes the principal mechanism of regeneration. Altogether, we demonstrate that regeneration in demosponges involves a variety of processes utilized during regeneration in other animals (e.g., cell migration, dedifferentiation, blastema formation) and points to the particular importance of transdifferentiation in this process. Further studies will be needed to uncover the molecular mechanisms governing regeneration in sponges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya E. Borisenko
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maja Adamska
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Current affiliation: Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Daria B. Tokina
- Current affiliation: Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie Marine et Continentale (IMBE), CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, IRD, Avignon Université, Marseille, France
| | - Alexander V. Ereskovsky
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Current affiliation: Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie Marine et Continentale (IMBE), CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, IRD, Avignon Université, Marseille, France
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Mukherjee S, Ray M, Ray S. Immunotoxicity of washing soda in a freshwater sponge of India. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 113:112-123. [PMID: 25497767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The natural habitat of sponge, Eunapius carteri faces an ecotoxicological threat of contamination by washing soda, a common household cleaning agent of India. Washing soda is chemically known as sodium carbonate and is reported to be toxic to aquatic organisms. Domestic effluent, drain water and various human activities in ponds and lakes have been identified as the major routes of washing soda contamination of water. Phagocytosis and generation of cytotoxic molecules are important immunological responses offered by the cells of sponges against environmental toxins and pathogens. Present study involves estimation of phagocytic response and generation of cytotoxic molecules like superoxide anion, nitric oxide and phenoloxidase in E. carteri under the environmentally realistic concentrations of washing soda. Sodium carbonate exposure resulted in a significant decrease in the phagocytic response of sponge cells under 4, 8, 16 mg/l of the toxin for 96h and all experimental concentrations of the toxin for 192h. Washing soda exposure yielded an initial increase in the generation of the superoxide anion and nitric oxide followed by a significant decrease in generation of these cytotoxic agents. Sponge cell generated a high degree of phenoloxidase activity under the experimental exposure of 2, 4, 8, 16 mg/l of sodium carbonate for 96 and 192 h. Washing soda induced alteration of phagocytic and cytotoxic responses of E. carteri was indicative to an undesirable shift in their immune status leading to the possible crises of survival and propagation of sponges in their natural habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumalya Mukherjee
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India.
| | - Mitali Ray
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India.
| | - Sajal Ray
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India.
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Mukherjee S, Ray M, Ray S. Phagocytic efficiency and cytotoxic responses of Indian freshwater sponge (Eunapius carteri) cells isolated by density gradient centrifugation and flow cytometry: a morphofunctional analysis. ZOOLOGY 2014; 118:8-18. [PMID: 25547566 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The freshwater sponge Eunapius carteri (Porifera: Demospongiae: Spongillidae), a resident of Indian freshwater ecosystems, has pharmaceutical and ecological potential, but there is inadequate information on its cellular spectrum and cell-mediated immune responses. Microscopical analysis revealed the existence of eight distinct cellular variants, i.e. blast-like cells, choanocytes, small amoebocytes, granular cells, pinacocytes, large amoebocytes, archaeocytes and sclerocytes. The cells were isolated by density gradient centrifugation and flow cytometry and used for a morphofunctional analysis. We investigated the phagocytic efficiency of E. carteri cells under the challenge of yeast particles in vitro and spectrophotometrically quantified the generation of cytotoxic molecules (superoxide anions and nitric oxide) in different isolated cellular fractions. The two cell separating technologies did not yield any significant differences in the major findings on morphology, phagocytic response and generation of superoxide anions and nitric oxide. Archaeocytes, granular cells and large amoebocytes were identified as chief phagocytes with a high phagocytic potential as recorded by light microscopy. Archaeocytes were the principal generators of superoxide anions, whereas nitric oxide was recorded in the fractions rich in archaeocytes and large amoebocytes. The present investigation thus provides useful information regarding cellular variation, cytotoxic status and innate phagocytic response of the cells of E. carteri, a common but less studied sponge of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumalya Mukherjee
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Mitali Ray
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Sajal Ray
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India.
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Lavrov AI, Kosevich IA. Sponge cell reaggregation: Mechanisms and dynamics of the process. Russ J Dev Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360414040067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Mussino F, Pozzolini M, Valisano L, Cerrano C, Benatti U, Giovine M. Primmorphs cryopreservation: a new method for long-time storage of sponge cells. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 15:357-367. [PMID: 23151942 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-012-9490-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The possibility to cryopreserve cells allows for wide opportunities of flexible handling of cell cultures from different sponge species. Primmorphs model, a multicellular 3D aggregate formed by dissociated sponge cells, is considered one of the best approaches to establish sponge cell culture but, in spite of the available protocols for freezing sponge cells, there is no information regarding the ability of the latter to form primmorphs after thawing. In the present work, we demonstrate that, after a freezing and thawing cycle using dissociated Petrosia ficiformis cells as a model, cells viability was high but it was not possible to obtain primmorphs. The same protocol for cryopreservation was then used to directly freeze primmorphs. In this second case, after thawing, viability and the cellular proliferative level were similar to unfrozen standard primmorphs. Spiculogenesis in thawed primmorphs was evaluated by quantifying the silicatein gene expression level and by assaying the silica amount in the newly formed spicules, then compared with the correspondent values obtained in standard unfrozen primmorphs. Results indicate that the freezing cycle does not affect the spiculogenesis rate. Finally, the expression level of heat shock protein 70, a well-known stress marker, was assayed and the results showed no differences between frozen and unfrozen samples. These findings are likely to promote relevant improvements in sponge cell culture technique, allowing for a worldwide exchange of living biological material, paving the way for cell banking of Porifera.
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Ehrlich H, Kaluzhnaya OV, Tsurkan MV, Ereskovsky A, Tabachnick KR, Ilan M, Stelling A, Galli R, Petrova OV, Nekipelov SV, Sivkov VN, Vyalikh D, Born R, Behm T, Ehrlich A, Chernogor LI, Belikov S, Janussen D, Bazhenov VV, Wörheide G. First report on chitinous holdfast in sponges (Porifera). Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20130339. [PMID: 23677340 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A holdfast is a root- or basal plate-like structure of principal importance that anchors aquatic sessile organisms, including sponges, to hard substrates. There is to date little information about the nature and origin of sponges' holdfasts in both marine and freshwater environments. This work, to our knowledge, demonstrates for the first time that chitin is an important structural component within holdfasts of the endemic freshwater demosponge Lubomirskia baicalensis. Using a variety of techniques (near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure, Raman, electrospray ionization mas spectrometry, Morgan-Elson assay and Calcofluor White staining), we show that chitin from the sponge holdfast is much closer to α-chitin than to β-chitin. Most of the three-dimensional fibrous skeleton of this sponge consists of spicule-containing proteinaceous spongin. Intriguingly, the chitinous holdfast is not spongin-based, and is ontogenetically the oldest part of the sponge body. Sequencing revealed the presence of four previously undescribed genes encoding chitin synthases in the L. baicalensis sponge. This discovery of chitin within freshwater sponge holdfasts highlights the novel and specific functions of this biopolymer within these ancient sessile invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Ehrlich
- Institute of Experimental Physics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
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Zhao X, Wang Q, Jiao Y, Huang R, Deng Y, Wang H, Du X. Identification of genes potentially related to biomineralization and immunity by transcriptome analysis of pearl sac in pearl oyster Pinctada martensii. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 14:730-739. [PMID: 22351046 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-012-9438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Pearl oyster Pinctada martensii is cultured for production of pearl in China. It needs to implant a mantle graft cut from a donor oyster and a seed nucleus into the gonad of the host oyster to produce a pearl. Pearl sac surrounding the nucleus is formed by the proliferation of the implanted mantle graft from the outer mantle epithelial cells in the host oyster. The pearl sac is responsible for production of a cultured pearl. A comprehensive transcriptome analysis on pearl sac will help to understand the mechanism on pearl formation and immune response of host oyster after nucleus implantation. In the present study, 39,400,004 reads were produced from the pearl sac using RNA-sequence technology and then assembled into 102,762 unigenes. More than 22.4% of these unigenes were possibly involved in approximately 219 known signaling pathways. A total of 37,188 unigenes were annotated based on sequences similarities with known proteins. Fifty-one biomineralization-related unigenes and 268 immune-related unigenes were not previously detected in P. martensii. The un-annotated unigenes may be some genes specifically existed in P. martensii. These annotated or un-annotated unigenes in the present studies were valuable for the future investigation on molecular mechanism of pearl formation and immune response of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Zhao
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, 40 East Jiefang Road, Xiashan District, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong, 524025, China
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