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Kyselová L, Vítová M, Řezanka T. Very long chain fatty acids. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 87:101180. [PMID: 35810824 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are important components of various lipid classes in most organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and mammals, including humans. VLCFAs, or very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs), can be defined as fatty acids with 23 or more carbon atoms in the molecule. The main emphasis in this review is on the analysis of these acids, including obtaining standards from natural sources or their synthesis. Furthermore, the occurrence and analysis of these compounds in both lower (bacteria, invertebrates) and higher organisms (flowering plants or mammals) are discussed in detail. Attention is paid to their biosynthesis, especially the elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein (ELOVL4). This review deals with papers describing these very interesting compounds, whose chemical, biochemical and biological properties have not been fully explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Kyselová
- Research Institute of Brewing and Malting, Lípová 511, 120 44 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Milada Vítová
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre for Phycology, Dukelská 135, 379 01 Třeboň, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomáš Řezanka
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Koutsouveli V, Balgoma D, Checa A, Hedeland M, Riesgo A, Cárdenas P. Oogenesis and lipid metabolism in the deep-sea sponge Phakellia ventilabrum (Linnaeus, 1767). Sci Rep 2022; 12:6317. [PMID: 35428825 PMCID: PMC9012834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sponges contain an astounding diversity of lipids that serve in several biological functions, including yolk formation in their oocytes and embryos. The study of lipid metabolism during reproduction can provide information on food-web dynamics and energetic needs of the populations in their habitats, however, there are no studies focusing on the lipid metabolism of sponges during their seasonal reproduction. In this study, we used histology, lipidome profiling (UHPLC-MS), and transcriptomic analysis (RNA-seq) on the deep-sea sponge Phakellia ventilabrum (Demospongiae, Bubarida), a key species of North-Atlantic sponge grounds, with the goal to (i) assess the reproductive strategy and seasonality of this species, (ii) examine the relative changes in the lipidome signal and the gene expression patterns of the enzymes participating in lipid metabolism during oogenesis. Phakellia ventilabrum is an oviparous and most certainly gonochoristic species, reproducing in May and September in the different studied areas. Half of the specimens were reproducing, generating two to five oocytes per mm2. Oocytes accumulated lipid droplets and as oogenesis progressed, the signal of most of the unsaturated and monounsaturated triacylglycerides increased, as well as of a few other phospholipids. In parallel, we detected upregulation of genes in female tissues related to triacylglyceride biosynthesis and others related to fatty acid beta-oxidation. Triacylglycerides are likely the main type of lipid forming the yolk in P. ventilabrum since this lipid category has the most marked changes. In parallel, other lipid categories were engaged in fatty acid beta-oxidation to cover the energy requirements of female individuals during oogenesis. In this study, the reproductive activity of the sponge P. ventilabrum was studied for the first time uncovering their seasonality and revealing 759 lipids, including 155 triacylglycerides. Our study has ecological and evolutionary implications providing essential information for understanding the molecular basis of reproduction and the origins and formation of lipid yolk in early-branching metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Koutsouveli
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum of London, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK.
- Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, BMC, Husargatan 3, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
- RD3 Marine Symbioses, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
| | - David Balgoma
- Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
- Unidad de Excelencia, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Antonio Checa
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17165, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Hedeland
- Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ana Riesgo
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum of London, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Calle de José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paco Cárdenas
- Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, BMC, Husargatan 3, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
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Giant sponge grounds of Central Arctic seamounts are associated with extinct seep life. Nat Commun 2022; 13:638. [PMID: 35136058 PMCID: PMC8826442 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Central Arctic Ocean is one of the most oligotrophic oceans on Earth because of its sea-ice cover and short productive season. Nonetheless, across the peaks of extinct volcanic seamounts of the Langseth Ridge (87°N, 61°E), we observe a surprisingly dense benthic biomass. Bacteriosponges are the most abundant fauna within this community, with a mass of 460 g C m−2 and an estimated carbon demand of around 110 g C m−2 yr−1, despite export fluxes from regional primary productivity only sufficient to provide <1% of this required carbon. Observed sponge distribution, bulk and compound-specific isotope data of fatty acids suggest that the sponge microbiome taps into refractory dissolved and particulate organic matter, including remnants of an extinct seep community. The metabolic profile of bacteriosponge fatty acids and expressed genes indicate that autotrophic symbionts contribute significantly to carbon assimilation. We suggest that this hotspot ecosystem is unique to the Central Arctic and associated with extinct seep biota, once fueled by degassing of the volcanic mounts. This study reports the discovery of dense sponge gardens across the peaks of permanently ice-covered, extinct volcanic seamounts of the Langseth Ridge and on the remnants of a now extinct seep ecosystem. Using approaches to sample and infer food and energy sources to this ice-covered community, the authors suggest that the sponges use refractory organic matter trapped in the extinct seep community on which they sit.
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de Kluijver A, Nierop KGJ, Morganti TM, Bart MC, Slaby BM, Hanz U, de Goeij JM, Mienis F, Middelburg JJ. Bacterial precursors and unsaturated long-chain fatty acids are biomarkers of North-Atlantic deep-sea demosponges. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0241095. [PMID: 33503057 PMCID: PMC7840048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sponges produce distinct fatty acids (FAs) that (potentially) can be used as chemotaxonomic and ecological biomarkers to study endosymbiont-host interactions and the functional ecology of sponges. Here, we present FA profiles of five common habitat-building deep-sea sponges (class Demospongiae, order Tetractinellida), which are classified as high microbial abundance (HMA) species. Geodia hentscheli, G. parva, G. atlantica, G. barretti, and Stelletta rhaphidiophora were collected from boreal and Arctic sponge grounds in the North-Atlantic Ocean. Bacterial FAs dominated in all five species and particularly isomeric mixtures of mid-chain branched FAs (MBFAs, 8- and 9-Me-C16:0 and 10- and 11-Me-C18:0) were found in high abundance (together ≥ 20% of total FAs) aside more common bacterial markers. In addition, the sponges produced long-chain linear, mid- and a(i)-branched unsaturated FAs (LCFAs) with a chain length of 24‒28 C atoms and had predominantly the typical Δ5,9 unsaturation, although the Δ9,19 and (yet undescribed) Δ11,21 unsaturations were also identified. G. parva and S. rhaphidiophora each produced distinct LCFAs, while G. atlantica, G. barretti, and G. hentscheli produced similar LCFAs, but in different ratios. The different bacterial precursors varied in carbon isotopic composition (δ13C), with MBFAs being more enriched compared to other bacterial (linear and a(i)-branched) FAs. We propose biosynthetic pathways for different LCFAs from their bacterial precursors, that are consistent with small isotopic differences found in LCFAs. Indeed, FA profiles of deep-sea sponges can serve as chemotaxonomic markers and support the concept that sponges acquire building blocks from their endosymbiotic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna de Kluijver
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- * E-mail: , (ADK); (KGJN)
| | - Klaas G. J. Nierop
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- * E-mail: , (ADK); (KGJN)
| | | | - Martijn C. Bart
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Beate M. Slaby
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulrike Hanz
- NIOZ-Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University, Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands
| | - Jasper M. de Goeij
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Furu Mienis
- NIOZ-Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University, Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands
| | - Jack J. Middelburg
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Bennett H, Bell JJ, Davy SK, Webster NS, Francis DS. Elucidating the sponge stress response; lipids and fatty acids can facilitate survival under future climate scenarios. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:3130-3144. [PMID: 29505691 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ocean warming (OW) and ocean acidification (OA) are threatening coral reef ecosystems, with a bleak future forecast for reef-building corals, which are already experiencing global declines in abundance. In contrast, many coral reef sponge species are able to tolerate climate change conditions projected for 2100. To increase our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning this tolerance, we explored the lipid and fatty acid (FA) composition of four sponge species with differing sensitivities to climate change, experimentally exposed to OW and OA levels predicted for 2100, under two CO2 Representative Concentration Pathways. Sponges with greater concentrations of storage lipid, phospholipids, sterols and elevated concentrations of n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated FA (LC PUFA), were more resistant to OW. Such biochemical constituents likely contribute to the ability of these sponges to maintain membrane function and cell homeostasis in the face of environmental change. Our results suggest that n-3 and n-6 LC PUFA are important components of the sponge stress response potentially via chain elongation and the eicosanoid stress-signalling pathways. The capacity for sponges to compositionally alter their membrane lipids in response to stress was also explored using a number of specific homeoviscous adaptation (HVA) indicators. This revealed a potential mechanism via which additional CO2 could facilitate the resistance of phototrophic sponges to thermal stress through an increased synthesis of membrane-stabilizing sterols. Finally, OW induced an increase in FA unsaturation in phototrophic sponges but a decrease in heterotrophic species, providing support for a difference in the thermal response pathway between the sponge host and the associated photosymbionts. Here we have shown that sponge lipids and FA are likely to be an important component of the sponge stress response and may play a role in facilitating sponge survival under future climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Bennett
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - James J Bell
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Simon K Davy
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Nicole S Webster
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David S Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Moitinho-Silva L, Díez-Vives C, Batani G, Esteves AIS, Jahn MT, Thomas T. Integrated metabolism in sponge-microbe symbiosis revealed by genome-centered metatranscriptomics. THE ISME JOURNAL 2017; 11:1651-1666. [PMID: 28338677 PMCID: PMC5520145 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2017.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite an increased understanding of functions in sponge microbiomes, the interactions among the symbionts and between symbionts and host are not well characterized. Here we reconstructed the metabolic interactions within the sponge Cymbastela concentrica microbiome in the context of functional features of symbiotic diatoms and the host. Three genome bins (CcPhy, CcNi and CcThau) were recovered from metagenomic data of C. concentrica, belonging to the proteobacterial family Phyllobacteriaceae, the Nitrospira genus and the thaumarchaeal order Nitrosopumilales. Gene expression was estimated by mapping C. concentrica metatranscriptomic reads. Our analyses indicated that CcPhy is heterotrophic, while CcNi and CcThau are chemolithoautotrophs. CcPhy expressed many transporters for the acquisition of dissolved organic compounds, likely available through the sponge's filtration activity and symbiotic carbon fixation. Coupled nitrification by CcThau and CcNi was reconstructed, supported by the observed close proximity of the cells in fluorescence in situ hybridization. CcPhy facultative anaerobic respiration and assimilation by diatoms may consume the resulting nitrate. Transcriptional analysis of diatom and sponge functions indicated that these organisms are likely sources of organic compounds, for example, creatine/creatinine and dissolved organic carbon, for other members of the symbiosis. Our results suggest that organic nitrogen compounds, for example, creatine, creatinine, urea and cyanate, fuel the nitrogen cycle within the sponge. This study provides an unprecedented view of the metabolic interactions within sponge-microbe symbiosis, bridging the gap between cell- and community-level knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Moitinho-Silva
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cristina Díez-Vives
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Giampiero Batani
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ana IS Esteves
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martin T Jahn
- Marine Microbiology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany
| | - Torsten Thomas
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Rix L, Goeij JM, Oevelen D, Struck U, Al‐Horani FA, Wild C, Naumann MS. Differential recycling of coral and algal dissolved organic matter via the sponge loop. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rix
- Coral Reef Ecology Group (CORE) Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT) Fahrenheitstr. 6 Bremen 28359 Germany
| | - Jasper M. Goeij
- Department of Aquatic Environmental Ecology Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics University of Amsterdam PO Box 94248 Amsterdam 1090 GE The Netherlands
| | - Dick Oevelen
- Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research Utrecht University PO Box 140 Yerseke 4400 AC The Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Struck
- Museum für Naturkunde Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science Invalidenstr. 43 Berlin 10115 Germany
| | - Fuad A. Al‐Horani
- The University of Jordan – Aqaba and Marine Science Station PO Box 2595 Aqaba 77110 Jordan
| | - Christian Wild
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry (FB 2) University of Bremen NW 2/Leobener Str. Bremen 28359 Germany
| | - Malik S. Naumann
- Coral Reef Ecology Group (CORE) Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT) Fahrenheitstr. 6 Bremen 28359 Germany
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Rix L, de Goeij JM, Mueller CE, Struck U, Middelburg JJ, van Duyl FC, Al-Horani FA, Wild C, Naumann MS, van Oevelen D. Coral mucus fuels the sponge loop in warm- and cold-water coral reef ecosystems. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18715. [PMID: 26740019 PMCID: PMC4703987 DOI: 10.1038/srep18715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Shallow warm-water and deep-sea cold-water corals engineer the coral reef framework and fertilize reef communities by releasing coral mucus, a source of reef dissolved organic matter (DOM). By transforming DOM into particulate detritus, sponges play a key role in transferring the energy and nutrients in DOM to higher trophic levels on Caribbean reefs via the so-called sponge loop. Coral mucus may be a major DOM source for the sponge loop, but mucus uptake by sponges has not been demonstrated. Here we used laboratory stable isotope tracer experiments to show the transfer of coral mucus into the bulk tissue and phospholipid fatty acids of the warm-water sponge Mycale fistulifera and cold-water sponge Hymedesmia coriacea, demonstrating a direct trophic link between corals and reef sponges. Furthermore, 21–40% of the mucus carbon and 32–39% of the nitrogen assimilated by the sponges was subsequently released as detritus, confirming a sponge loop on Red Sea warm-water and north Atlantic cold-water coral reefs. The presence of a sponge loop in two vastly different reef environments suggests it is a ubiquitous feature of reef ecosystems contributing to the high biogeochemical cycling that may enable coral reefs to thrive in nutrient-limited (warm-water) and energy-limited (cold-water) environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rix
- Coral Reef Ecology Group (CORE), Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT), Fahrenheitstr. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jasper M de Goeij
- Department of Aquatic Environmental Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christina E Mueller
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ-Yerseke), PO Box 140, 4400 AC Yerseke, the Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Struck
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstr. 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jack J Middelburg
- Department of Earth Sciences - Geochemistry, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.021, 3508 TA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Fleur C van Duyl
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ-Texel), PO Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, the Netherlands
| | - Fuad A Al-Horani
- University of Jordan - Aqaba and Marine Science Station (MSS), PO Box 2595, Aqaba 77110, Jordan
| | - Christian Wild
- Coral Reef Ecology Group (CORE), Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT), Fahrenheitstr. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany.,Faculty of Biology and Chemistry (FB 2), University of Bremen, NW 2/Leobener Str., 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Malik S Naumann
- Coral Reef Ecology Group (CORE), Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT), Fahrenheitstr. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Dick van Oevelen
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ-Yerseke), PO Box 140, 4400 AC Yerseke, the Netherlands
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