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Chen C, Xie Y, Pu M, Deng L, Li Z, Yang T, Yin H, Zhang Z, Lv X, Liu X, Cheng J, Li Q. Age-related differences in risk factors, clinical characteristics, and outcomes for intracerebral hemorrhage. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1264124. [PMID: 38020784 PMCID: PMC10655109 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1264124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a severe form of stroke that remains understudied in the young adults. We aimed to investigate the clinical presentation, and risk factors associated with ICH in this age group and compare them to older patients. Methods Our study included ICH patients admitted between March 2016 and December 2021 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from our ongoing prospective cohort database. Demographic characteristics, etiology, risk factors, and clinical outcomes were compared between elderly and young patients. Furthermore, logistic regression analysis was employed to explore risk factors associated with the functional outcome at 3-months. Results We selected 1,003 patients (mean age, 59.9 ±13.8 years old), 746 (74.4%) patients were aged >50 years. The logistic regression analysis showed young patients have a higher proportion of secondary ICH, higher white blood cell count and higher body mass index (BMI), but less diabetes mellitus. Of all patients, predictors of 3-month functional independence was first-ever ICH and age ≤50 years. The history of nephropathy and stroke, higher baseline NIHSS score, larger hematoma volume, and the presence of hydrocephalus were associated with poor outcomes. And the white blood cell count could significantly influence the prognosis among young ICH patients. Three-month functional outcome based on modified Rankin scale score was better in young patients than the elderly (OR, 1.232; 95% CI, 1.095-1.388; p < 0.001). Conclusions The highest incidence of ICH occurs in the age groups of 50-59 and 60-69. ICH in young adults had higher white blood cell and BMI compared to the elderly, and differs in etiological distribution. The young patients also had similar short-term mortality but more favorable functional outcomes than the elderly. Furthermore, NIHSS score and larger hematoma volumes were associated with poor outcome in all patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Chen
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanfang Xie
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Mingjun Pu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lan Deng
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zuoqiao Li
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tiannan Yang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Yin
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhehao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinni Lv
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xueyun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Zhang GJ, Wang H, Gao LC, Zhao JY, Zhang T, You C, Wang XY. Constructing and Validating a Nomogram for Survival in Patients without Hypertension in Hypertensive Intracerebral Hemorrhage-Related Locations. World Neurosurg 2023; 172:e256-e266. [PMID: 36627017 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the risk factors for patients, who had hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)-specific location hemorrhage without hypertensive history, to elucidate a novel and detailed understanding. METHODS We conducted a retrospective review to identify patients diagnosed with hemorrhage in hypertensive ICH-specific locations without hypertensive history between January 2011 and December 2019 from West China Hospital. A least absolute shrinkage and selector operation (LASSO) algorithm was used to select the optimal prognostic factors, and then we performed a multivariable logistic analysis. To verify the accuracy of the nomogram in predicting patient outcome, we used Harrell's statistics, area under the curve, and a calibration as well as decision curves. RESULTS The LASSO method, at a tenfold cross-validation for 7-day mortality, 90-day mortality, and 90-day morbidity, was applied to construct the prognosis-predicting models. Both a higher Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score at admission and larger hematoma volume ≥13.64 mL were independently associated with better survival at 7 days and 90 days in multivariate analysis. Lactic dehydrogenase >250 IU/L and neutrophilic granulocyte/lymphocyte ratio in 1 increase were significantly associated with poor outcome at 90 days. Only one factor (GCS score at 7 days) influencing 90-day morbidity remained in a LASSO model. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the GCS score, hematoma volume, and other laboratory factors (Lactic dehydrogenase and neutrophilic granulocyte/lymphocyte ratio) were related to survival. Our current findings of the specific location ICH need to be proven by a large randomized controlled trial study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Intensive Care Unit, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Li-Chuan Gao
- Operating Room, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie-Yi Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chao You
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Wan Y, Holste KG, Hua Y, Keep RF, Xi G. Brain edema formation and therapy after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 176:105948. [PMID: 36481437 PMCID: PMC10013956 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for about 10% of all strokes in the United States of America causing a high degree of disability and mortality. There is initial (primary) brain injury due to the mechanical disruption caused by the hematoma. There is then secondary injury, triggered by the initial injury but also the release of various clot-derived factors (e.g., thrombin and hemoglobin). ICH alters brain fluid homeostasis. Apart from the initial hematoma mass, ICH causes blood-brain barrier disruption and parenchymal cell swelling, which result in brain edema and intracranial hypertension affecting patient prognosis. Reducing brain edema is a critical part of post-ICH care. However, there are limited effective treatment methods for reducing perihematomal cerebral edema and intracranial pressure in ICH. This review discusses the mechanisms underlying perihematomal brain edema formation, the effects of sex and age, as well as how edema is resolved. It examines progress in pharmacotherapy, particularly focusing on drugs which have been or are currently being investigated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfeng Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Watson N, Bonsack F, Sukumari-Ramesh S. Intracerebral Hemorrhage: The Effects of Aging on Brain Injury. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:859067. [PMID: 35547620 PMCID: PMC9082316 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.859067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating subtype of stroke with high rates of mortality and morbidity. ICH patients often suffer devastating and debilitating neurological impairments, from which the majority of victims are unable to fully recover to functional independence. Unfortunately, there is no established medical therapy for ICH, which is partly attributed to the lack of understanding of the complex pathology of the disorder. Despite advanced age being a major risk factor of ICH, most preclinical studies on ICH employed young animal subjects. Due to this discrepancy, the molecular level changes in the aging brain after ICH are largely unknown, limiting the translation of preclinical studies into potential human treatments. The purpose of this review is to highlight the effects of advanced age on ICH- induced brain injury and recovery and to draw attention to current knowledge gaps, which warrant further investigation.
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Novikova L, Akopian A, Latypova R. Etiopathogenetic features, course and outcome of hemorrhagic stroke in young people. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2022; 122:5-10. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20221220325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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DNA Hypomethylation of DOCK1 Leading to High Expression Correlates with Neurologic Deterioration and Poor Function Outcomes after Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:1186458. [PMID: 34616473 PMCID: PMC8490027 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1186458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a blood clot arising in the brain parenchyma in the absence of trauma or surgery and accounts for 10% to 15% of all strokes, leading to higher rates of mortality and morbidity than either ischemic stroke or subarachnoid hemorrhage. We sought to investigate the potential association of DOCK1 with neurological deficits and outcomes in patients with spontaneous ICH. Methods Identification of methylation-regulated differentially expressed genes (MeDEGs) between ICH patients and matched controls was performed by analyzing the raw data from the GSE179759 and GSE125512 datasets deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus. A total of 114 patients who were admitted to our hospital for spontaneous ICH were retrospectively analyzed, with 108 healthy volunteers who had received physical examinations at the same period as controls. The mRNA expression of DOCK1 was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The hematoma volume was calculated according to the Coniglobus formula. The severity of neurological deficits was evaluated using National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores and function outcomes were evaluated by modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores. Results A total of 15 MeDEGs between ICH patients and matched controls were identified. The mRNA expression of DOCK1 was remarkably higher in the serum samples of patients with spontaneous ICH than in the healthy controls. According to hematoma volume after ICH attack, small (<10 mL), medium (10 to 30 mL), and large (>30 mL) groups were arranged. The proportions of male patients and patients aged ≥60 years were significantly higher in the large group than in the small and medium groups (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression of DOCK1 was significantly higher in the large group than in the small and medium groups (P < 0.05). According to NIHSS scores, mild (NIHSS scores ≤15), moderate (NIHSS scores from 16 to 30), and severe (NIHSS scores from 31 to 45) groups were classified. It was observed that the severe group had higher proportions of male patients and patients aged ≥60 years than the mild and moderate groups (P < 0.05). The severe group exhibited a higher mRNA expression of DOCK1 than the mild and moderate groups (P < 0.05). According to mRS scores, higher proportions of male patients and patients aged ≥60 years were observed in the unfavorable group than the favorable group (P < 0.05). The patients in the unfavorable group showed an elevated DOCK1 mRNA expression compared to those in the favorable group (P < 0.05). Conclusion The study provided evidence that male gender, older age, and higher DOCK1 mRNA expression were related to higher admission hematoma volume, neurologic deterioration, and poor function outcomes in patients with spontaneous ICH.
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Zhao J, Yuan F, Fu F, Liu Y, Xue C, Wang K, Yuan X, Li D, Liu Q, Zhang W, Jia Y, He J, Zhou J, Wang X, Lv H, Huo K, Li Z, Zhang B, Wang C, Wang X, Li H, Yang F, Jiang W. Hypertension management in elderly with severe intracerebral hemorrhage. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:2059-2069. [PMID: 34587373 PMCID: PMC8528461 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the effect of individualized blood pressure (BP)‐lowering treatment on the outcomes of elderly patients with severe intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Methods We performed an exploratory analysis of Controlling Hypertension After Severe Cerebrovascular Event (CHASE) trial, which was a multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Patients with severe ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke (defined as GCS ≤ 12 or NIHSS ≥ 11) were randomized into individualized versus standard BP‐lowering treatment in CHASE trial. In this exploratory analysis, patients with severe ICH were included. The primary outcome was the percentage of patients with 90‐day functional independence defined as modified Rankin Scale (mRS) ≤2. Results We included 242 patients with severe ICH in the present analysis, consisting of 142 patients aged <65 years and 100 patients aged ≥65 years. There were significant differences between patients aged ≥65 years and <65 years in the proportion of functional independence (47.9% vs. 15.0%, P < 0.001) and good outcome (73.9% vs. 50.0%, P < 0.001) at day 90. In patients aged ≥65 years, the adjusted individualized BP‐lowering treatment had an unequivocal effect on the functional independence at day 90 (21.6% vs. 8.2%, odds ratio [OR]: 4.309, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.040‐17.859, P = 0.044) and improved the neurological deficits at discharge (∆ NIHSS ≥ 4: 64.7% vs. 34.7%, OR: 4.300, 95% CI: 1.599‐11.563, P = 0.004). Interpretation Compared with the younger counterparts, the elderly patients (≥65 years) with acute severe ICH might benefit more from individualized BP‐lowering treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Feng Fu
- Department of Neurology, 215 Hospital of Shaanxi NI, Xianyang, 712021, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Ankang Central Hospital, Ankang, 725000, China
| | - Changhu Xue
- Department of Neurology, Xianyang Central Hospital, Xianyang, 712000, China
| | - Kangjun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Hanzhong Central Hospital, Hanzhong, 723000, China
| | - Xiangjun Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Weinan Central Hospital, Weinan, 714000, China
| | - Dingan Li
- Department of Neurology, Hanzhong Central Hospital, Hanzhong, 723000, China
| | - Qiuwu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an 141 Hospital, Xi'an, 710499, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Yi Jia
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an Gaoxin Hospital, Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - Jianbo He
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an XD Group Hospital, Xi'an, 710077, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Shangluo Central Hospital, Shangluo, 726000, China
| | - Xiaocheng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Yulin No.2 Central Hospital, Yulin, 719000, China
| | - Hua Lv
- Department of Neurology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, 710068, China
| | - Kang Huo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Zhuanhui Li
- Department of Neurology, 521 Hospital of NORINCO Group, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Chengkai Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongchuan People's Hospital, Tongchuan, China
| | - Xiaomu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hongzeng Li
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,The Shaanxi Cerebrovascular Disease Clinical Research Center, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,The Shaanxi Cerebrovascular Disease Clinical Research Center, Xi'an, 710032, China
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Pszczolkowski S, Manzano-Patrón JP, Law ZK, Krishnan K, Ali A, Bath PM, Sprigg N, Dineen RA. Quantitative CT radiomics-based models for prediction of haematoma expansion and poor functional outcome in primary intracerebral haemorrhage. Eur Radiol 2021; 31:7945-7959. [PMID: 33860831 PMCID: PMC8452575 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-021-07826-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test radiomics-based features extracted from noncontrast CT of patients with spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage for prediction of haematoma expansion and poor functional outcome and compare them with radiological signs and clinical factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven hundred fifty-four radiomics-based features were extracted from 1732 scans derived from the TICH-2 multicentre clinical trial. Features were harmonised and a correlation-based feature selection was applied. Different elastic-net parameterisations were tested to assess the predictive performance of the selected radiomics-based features using grid optimisation. For comparison, the same procedure was run using radiological signs and clinical factors separately. Models trained with radiomics-based features combined with radiological signs or clinical factors were tested. Predictive performance was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) score. RESULTS The optimal radiomics-based model showed an AUC of 0.693 for haematoma expansion and an AUC of 0.783 for poor functional outcome. Models with radiological signs alone yielded substantial reductions in sensitivity. Combining radiomics-based features and radiological signs did not provide any improvement over radiomics-based features alone. Models with clinical factors had similar performance compared to using radiomics-based features, albeit with low sensitivity for haematoma expansion. Performance of radiomics-based features was boosted by incorporating clinical factors, with time from onset to scan and age being the most important contributors for haematoma expansion and poor functional outcome prediction, respectively. CONCLUSION Radiomics-based features perform better than radiological signs and similarly to clinical factors on the prediction of haematoma expansion and poor functional outcome. Moreover, combining radiomics-based features with clinical factors improves their performance. KEY POINTS • Linear models based on CT radiomics-based features perform better than radiological signs on the prediction of haematoma expansion and poor functional outcome in the context of intracerebral haemorrhage. • Linear models based on CT radiomics-based features perform similarly to clinical factors known to be good predictors. However, combining these clinical factors with radiomics-based features increases their predictive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pszczolkowski
- Radiological Sciences, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Precision Imaging Beacon, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK. .,Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - José P Manzano-Patrón
- Radiological Sciences, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Precision Imaging Beacon, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Zhe K Law
- Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Department of Medicine, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kailash Krishnan
- Stroke, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Azlinawati Ali
- Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Philip M Bath
- Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Stroke, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nikola Sprigg
- Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Stroke, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Rob A Dineen
- Radiological Sciences, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Precision Imaging Beacon, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.,Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, UK
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