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Uppalapati VK, Nag DS. A Comparative Analysis of AI Models in Complex Medical Decision-Making Scenarios: Evaluating ChatGPT, Claude AI, Bard, and Perplexity. Cureus 2024; 16:e52485. [PMID: 38371109 PMCID: PMC10874112 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.52485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This study rigorously evaluates the performance of four artificial intelligence (AI) language models - ChatGPT, Claude AI, Google Bard, and Perplexity AI - across four key metrics: accuracy, relevance, clarity, and completeness. We used a strong mix of research methods, getting opinions from 14 scenarios. This helped us make sure our findings were accurate and dependable. The study showed that Claude AI performs better than others because it gives complete responses. Its average score was 3.64 for relevance and 3.43 for completeness compared to other AI tools. ChatGPT always did well, and Google Bard had unclear responses, which varied greatly, making it difficult to understand it, so there was no consistency in Google Bard. These results give important information about what AI language models are doing well or not for medical suggestions. They help us use them better, telling us how to improve future tech changes that use AI. The study shows that AI abilities match complex medical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deb Sanjay Nag
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tata Main Hospital, Jamshedpur, IND
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2
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Budiansky AS, Hjartarson EP, Polis T, Krolczyk G, Sinclair J. Emerging anesthesia techniques for managing intraoperative rupture of cerebral aneurysms. Int Anesthesiol Clin 2023; 61:64-72. [PMID: 37218511 DOI: 10.1097/aia.0000000000000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adele S Budiansky
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emma P Hjartarson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tomasz Polis
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory Krolczyk
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Sinclair
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Ahmed R, Muirhead W, Williams SC, Bagchi B, Datta P, Gupta P, Salvadores Fernandez C, Funnell JP, Hanrahan JG, Davids JD, Grover P, Tiwari MK, Murphy M, Marcus HJ. A synthetic model simulator for intracranial aneurysm clipping: validation of the UpSurgeOn AneurysmBox. Front Surg 2023; 10:1185516. [PMID: 37325417 PMCID: PMC10264641 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2023.1185516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives In recent decades, the rise of endovascular management of aneurysms has led to a significant decline in operative training for surgical aneurysm clipping. Simulation has the potential to bridge this gap and benchtop synthetic simulators aim to combine the best of both anatomical realism and haptic feedback. The aim of this study was to validate a synthetic benchtop simulator for aneurysm clipping (AneurysmBox, UpSurgeOn). Methods Expert and novice surgeons from multiple neurosurgical centres were asked to clip a terminal internal carotid artery aneurysm using the AneurysmBox. Face and content validity were evaluated using Likert scales by asking experts to complete a post-task questionnaire. Construct validity was evaluated by comparing expert and novice performance using the modified Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (mOSATS), developing a curriculum-derived assessment of Specific Technical Skills (STS), and measuring the forces exerted using a force-sensitive glove. Results Ten experts and eighteen novices completed the task. Most experts agreed that the brain looked realistic (8/10), but far fewer agreed that the brain felt realistic (2/10). Half the expert participants (5/10) agreed that the aneurysm clip application task was realistic. When compared to novices, experts had a significantly higher median mOSATS (27 vs. 14.5; p < 0.01) and STS score (18 vs. 9; p < 0.01); the STS score was strongly correlated with the previously validated mOSATS score (p < 0.01). Overall, there was a trend towards experts exerting a lower median force than novices, however, these differences were not statistically significant (3.8 N vs. 4.0 N; p = 0.77). Suggested improvements for the model included reduced stiffness and the addition of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and arachnoid mater. Conclusion At present, the AneurysmBox has equivocal face and content validity, and future versions may benefit from materials that allow for improved haptic feedback. Nonetheless, it has good construct validity, suggesting it is a promising adjunct to training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razna Ahmed
- Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences (WEISS), University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William Muirhead
- Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences (WEISS), University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon C. Williams
- Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences (WEISS), University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Biswajoy Bagchi
- Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences (WEISS), University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Nanoengineered Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Priyankan Datta
- Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences (WEISS), University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Nanoengineered Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Priya Gupta
- Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences (WEISS), University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Nanoengineered Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen Salvadores Fernandez
- Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences (WEISS), University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Nanoengineered Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P. Funnell
- Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences (WEISS), University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - John G. Hanrahan
- Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences (WEISS), University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph D. Davids
- Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Global Health Innovation and Hamlyn Centre for Robotics Surgery, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Grover
- Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Manish K. Tiwari
- Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences (WEISS), University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Nanoengineered Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Murphy
- Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hani J. Marcus
- Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences (WEISS), University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
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Zhou J, Muirhead W, Williams SC, Stoyanov D, Marcus HJ, Mazomenos EB. Shifted-windows transformers for the detection of cerebral aneurysms in microsurgery. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 2023:10.1007/s11548-023-02871-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11548-023-02871-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Microsurgical Aneurysm Clipping Surgery (MACS) carries a high risk for intraoperative aneurysm rupture. Automated recognition of instances when the aneurysm is exposed in the surgical video would be a valuable reference point for neuronavigation, indicating phase transitioning and more importantly designating moments of high risk for rupture. This article introduces the MACS dataset containing 16 surgical videos with frame-level expert annotations and proposes a learning methodology for surgical scene understanding identifying video frames with the aneurysm present in the operating microscope’s field-of-view.
Methods
Despite the dataset imbalance (80% no presence, 20% presence) and developed without explicit annotations, we demonstrate the applicability of Transformer-based deep learning architectures (MACSSwin-T, vidMACSSwin-T) to detect the aneurysm and classify MACS frames accordingly. We evaluate the proposed models in multiple-fold cross-validation experiments with independent sets and in an unseen set of 15 images against 10 human experts (neurosurgeons).
Results
Average (across folds) accuracy of 80.8% (range 78.5–82.4%) and 87.1% (range 85.1–91.3%) is obtained for the image- and video-level approach, respectively, demonstrating that the models effectively learn the classification task. Qualitative evaluation of the models’ class activation maps shows these to be localized on the aneurysm’s actual location. Depending on the decision threshold, MACSWin-T achieves 66.7–86.7% accuracy in the unseen images, compared to 82% of human raters, with moderate to strong correlation.
Conclusions
Proposed architectures show robust performance and with an adjusted threshold promoting detection of the underrepresented (aneurysm presence) class, comparable to human expert accuracy. Our work represents the first step towards landmark detection in MACS with the aim to inform surgical teams to attend to high-risk moments, taking precautionary measures to avoid rupturing.
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Baldvinsdóttir B, Kronvall E, Ronne-Engström E, Enblad P, Lindvall P, Aineskog H, Friðriksson S, Klurfan P, Svensson M, Alpkvist P, Hillman J, Eneling J, Nilsson OG. Adverse events associated with microsurgial treatment for ruptured intracerebral aneurysms: a prospective nationwide study on subarachnoid haemorrhage in Sweden. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2023:jnnp-2022-330982. [PMID: 36931713 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2022-330982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse events (AEs) or complications may arise secondary to the treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). The aim of this study was to identify AEs associated with microsurgical occlusion of ruptured aneurysms, as well as to analyse their risk factors and impact on functional outcome. METHODS Patients with aneurysmal SAH admitted to the neurosurgical centres in Sweden were prospectively registered during a 3.5-year period (2014-2018). AEs were categorised as intraoperative or postoperative. A range of variables from patient history and SAH characteristics were explored as potential risk factors for an AE. Functional outcome was assessed approximately 1 year after the bleeding using the extended Glasgow Outcome Scale. RESULTS In total, 1037 patients were treated for ruptured aneurysms, of which, 322 patients were treated with microsurgery. There were 105 surgical AEs in 97 patients (30%); 94 were intraoperative AEs in 79 patients (25%). Aneurysm rerupture occurred in 43 patients (13%), temporary occlusion of the parent artery >5 min in 26 patients (8%) and adjacent vessel injury in 25 patients (8%). High Fisher grade and brain oedema on CT were related to increased risk of AEs. At follow-up, 38% of patients had unfavourable outcome. Patients suffering AEs were more likely to have unfavourable outcome (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.10 to 4.69). CONCLUSION Intraoperative AEs occurred in 25% of patients treated with microsurgery for ruptured intracerebral aneurysm in this nationwide survey. Although most operated patients had favourable outcome, AEs were associated with increased risk of unfavourable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik Kronvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurosurgery, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Per Enblad
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Lindvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurosurgery, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Helena Aineskog
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurosurgery, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Steen Friðriksson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paula Klurfan
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Svensson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Alpkvist
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Hillman
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johanna Eneling
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ola G Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurosurgery, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Yeung EHL, Piper K, Farooq J, Zhang J, Agazzi S, Van Loveren H, Lau T. Robotic Arm-Protected Microsurgical Pericallosal and Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysm Clipping: A Technical Note and Case Series. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2023; 24:88-93. [PMID: 36519882 DOI: 10.1227/ons.0000000000000447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Managing intraoperative aneurysm rupture (IAR) during intracranial aneurysm clipping can be challenging given the excessive hemorrhage and limited field of view under the microscope for visualizing the proximal artery and safe temporary clipping. OBJECTIVE To describe the first known use of robotic arm for safeguarding IAR in microsurgical aneurysm clipping. METHODS A robotic arm was used to safeguard 3 microsurgical clipping cases (1 pericallosal and 2 middle cerebral artery) performed by a single surgeon. The device was installed onto the side rail of the operating table along with the clip applier attachment. After dissecting the cerebral artery segment proximal to the aneurysm, a temporary aneurysm clip was loaded and established at the appropriate segment before dissecting distally toward the aneurysm. RESULTS Setup for the robotic arm and temporary clip was simple, quick, precise, and without any unforeseen accommodations needed in all 3 instances. The temporary clip acted as an emergency gate and could be deployed either manually or remotely through a controller. IAR occurred in case 1, and the robotic-assisted temporary clip deployment achieved immediate hemostasis without complications. This method bypassed the need for significant suctioning, packing, and further exploration for safe temporary clipping. Case 2 and 3 demonstrated the feasibility for middle cerebral artery protection and ease of intraoperative readjustment. CONCLUSION This technical note highlights the feasibility and relative ease of using a robotic arm as a safeguard device, and it enables on-demand control of proximal blood flow and may enhance the safety of microsurgical aneurysm procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elton H L Yeung
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Keaton Piper
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jeffrey Farooq
- USF Health, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jianjian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siviero Agazzi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Harry Van Loveren
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Tsz Lau
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Muirhead WR, Layard Horsfall H, Khan DZ, Koh C, Grover PJ, Toma AK, Castanho P, Stoyanov D, Marcus HJ, Murphy M. Microsurgery for intracranial aneurysms: A qualitative survey on technical challenges and technological solutions. Front Surg 2022; 9:957450. [PMID: 35990100 PMCID: PMC9386123 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.957450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Microsurgery for the clipping of intracranial aneurysms remains a technically challenging and high-risk area of neurosurgery. We aimed to describe the technical challenges of aneurysm surgery, and the scope for technological innovations to overcome these barriers from the perspective of practising neurovascular surgeons. Materials and Methods Consultant neurovascular surgeons and members of the British Neurovascular Group (BNVG) were electronically invited to participate in an online survey regarding surgery for both ruptured and unruptured aneurysms. The free text survey asked three questions: what do they consider to be the principal technical barriers to aneurysm clipping? What technological advances have previously contributed to improving the safety and efficacy of aneurysm clipping? What technological advances do they anticipate improving the safety and efficacy of aneurysm clipping in the future? A qualitative synthesis of responses was performed using multi-rater emergent thematic analysis. Results The most significant reported historical advances in aneurysm surgery fell into five themes: (1) optimising clip placement, (2) minimising brain retraction, (3) tissue handling, (4) visualisation and orientation, and (5) management of intraoperative rupture. The most frequently reported innovation by far was indocyanine green angiography (84% of respondents). The three most commonly cited future advances were hybrid surgical and endovascular techniques, advances in intraoperative imaging, and patient-specific simulation and planning. Conclusions While some surgeons perceive that the rate of innovation in aneurysm clipping has been dwarfed in recent years by endovascular techniques, surgeons surveyed highlighted a broad range of future technologies that have the potential to continue to improve the safety of aneurysm surgery in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. R. Muirhead
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
- The Wellcome Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - H. Layard Horsfall
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
- The Wellcome Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - D. Z. Khan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
- The Wellcome Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - C. Koh
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
- The Wellcome Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - P. J. Grover
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - A. K. Toma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - P. Castanho
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - D. Stoyanov
- The Wellcome Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - H. J. Marcus
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
- The Wellcome Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - M. Murphy
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
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Bobeff EJ, Bukowiecka-Matusiak M, Stawiski K, Wiśniewski K, Burzynska-Pedziwiatr I, Kordzińska M, Kowalski K, Sendys P, Piotrowski M, Szczesna D, Stefańczyk L, Wozniak LA, Jaskólski DJ. Plasma Amino Acids May Improve Prediction Accuracy of Cerebral Vasospasm after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Haemorrhage. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11020380. [PMID: 35054073 PMCID: PMC8779950 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11020380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhages (aSAH) account for 5% of strokes and continues to place a great burden on patients and their families. Cerebral vasospasm (CVS) is one of the main causes of death after aSAH, and is usually diagnosed between day 3 and 14 after bleeding. Its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. To verify whether plasma concentration of amino acids have prognostic value in predicting CVS, we analysed data from 35 patients after aSAH (median age 55 years, IQR 39-62; 20 females, 57.1%), and 37 healthy volunteers (median age 50 years, IQR 38-56; 19 females, 51.4%). Fasting peripheral blood samples were collected on postoperative day one and seven. High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis was performed. The results showed that plasma from patients after aSAH featured a distinctive amino acids concentration which was presented in both principal component analysis and direct comparison. No significant differences were noted between postoperative day one and seven. A total of 18 patients from the study group (51.4%) developed CVS. Hydroxyproline (AUC = 0.7042, 95%CI 0.5259-0.8826, p = 0.0248) and phenylalanine (AUC = 0.6944, 95%CI 0.5119-0.877, p = 0.0368) presented significant CVS prediction potential. Combining the Hunt-Hess Scale and plasma levels of hydroxyproline and phenylalanine provided the model with the best predictive performance and the lowest leave-one-out cross-validation of performance error. Our results suggest that plasma amino acids may improve sensitivity and specificity of Hunt-Hess scale in predicting CVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Jan Bobeff
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Barlicki University Hospital, Kopcinskiego St. 22, 90-153 Lodz, Poland; (K.W.); (M.P.); (D.J.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-677-6770; Fax: +48-42-677-6781
| | - Malgorzata Bukowiecka-Matusiak
- Department of Structural Biology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (M.B.-M.); (I.B.-P.); (D.S.); (L.A.W.)
| | - Konrad Stawiski
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 15 Street, 92-215 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Karol Wiśniewski
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Barlicki University Hospital, Kopcinskiego St. 22, 90-153 Lodz, Poland; (K.W.); (M.P.); (D.J.J.)
| | - Izabela Burzynska-Pedziwiatr
- Department of Structural Biology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (M.B.-M.); (I.B.-P.); (D.S.); (L.A.W.)
| | - Magdalena Kordzińska
- Department of Radiology, Barlicki Memorial Teaching Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Kopcinskiego 22 Street, 90-153 Lodz, Poland; (M.K.); (L.S.)
| | - Konrad Kowalski
- Laboratorium Diagnostyczne Masdiag, ul. Żeromskiego 33, 01-882 Warszawa, Poland; (K.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Przemyslaw Sendys
- Laboratorium Diagnostyczne Masdiag, ul. Żeromskiego 33, 01-882 Warszawa, Poland; (K.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Michał Piotrowski
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Barlicki University Hospital, Kopcinskiego St. 22, 90-153 Lodz, Poland; (K.W.); (M.P.); (D.J.J.)
| | - Dorota Szczesna
- Department of Structural Biology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (M.B.-M.); (I.B.-P.); (D.S.); (L.A.W.)
| | - Ludomir Stefańczyk
- Department of Radiology, Barlicki Memorial Teaching Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Kopcinskiego 22 Street, 90-153 Lodz, Poland; (M.K.); (L.S.)
| | - Lucyna Alicja Wozniak
- Department of Structural Biology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (M.B.-M.); (I.B.-P.); (D.S.); (L.A.W.)
| | - Dariusz Jan Jaskólski
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Barlicki University Hospital, Kopcinskiego St. 22, 90-153 Lodz, Poland; (K.W.); (M.P.); (D.J.J.)
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