1
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Gjoni V, Marchessaux G, Glazier DS, Wesner JS, Bosch-Belmar M, Mancuso FP, Tantillo MF, Marsiglia N, Sarà G. Metabolic scaling of an invasive mussel depends on temperature and chemical cues from an invasive predator. Biol Lett 2024; 20:20240066. [PMID: 38836647 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2024.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolism drives various biological processes, potentially influencing the ecological success and evolutionary fitness of species. Understanding diverse metabolic rates is fundamental in biology. Mechanisms underlying adaptation to factors like temperature and predation pressure remain unclear. Our study explored the role of temperature and predation pressure in shaping the metabolic scaling of an invasive mussel species (Brachidontes pharaonis). Specifically, we performed laboratory-based experiments to assess the effects of phenotypic plasticity on the metabolic scaling by exposing the mussels to water conditions with and without predator cues from another invasive species (the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus) across various temperature regimes. We found that temperature effects on metabolic scaling of the invasive mussels are mediated by the presence of chemical cues of an invasive predator, the blue crab. Investigating temperature-predator interactions underscores the importance of studying the ecological effects of global warming. Our research advances our understanding of how environmental factors jointly impact physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gjoni
- Department of Earth and Marine Science (DiSTeM), University of Palermo , Palermo, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center , Palermo, Italy
| | - G Marchessaux
- Department of Earth and Marine Science (DiSTeM), University of Palermo , Palermo, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center , Palermo, Italy
| | - D S Glazier
- Department of Biology, Juniata College , Huntingdon, PA, USA
| | - J S Wesner
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota , Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - M Bosch-Belmar
- Department of Earth and Marine Science (DiSTeM), University of Palermo , Palermo, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center , Palermo, Italy
| | - F P Mancuso
- Department of Earth and Marine Science (DiSTeM), University of Palermo , Palermo, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center , Palermo, Italy
| | - M F Tantillo
- Department of Earth and Marine Science (DiSTeM), University of Palermo , Palermo, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center , Palermo, Italy
| | - N Marsiglia
- Department of Earth and Marine Science (DiSTeM), University of Palermo , Palermo, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center , Palermo, Italy
| | - G Sarà
- Department of Earth and Marine Science (DiSTeM), University of Palermo , Palermo, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center , Palermo, Italy
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2
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Zamora-Camacho FJ. Keep the ball rolling: sexual differences in conglobation behavior of a terrestrial isopod under different degrees of perceived predation pressure. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16696. [PMID: 38144184 PMCID: PMC10740659 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antipredator behaviors are theoretically subjected to a balance by which their display should be minimized when their benefits do not outweigh their costs. Such costs may be not only energetic, but also entail a reduction in the time available for other fitness-enhancing behaviors. However, these behaviors are only beneficial under predation risk. Therefore, antipredator behaviors are predicted to be maximized under strong predation risk. Moreover, predation pressure can differ among individuals according to traits such as sex or body size, if these traits increase vulnerability. Antipredator behaviors are expected to be maximized in individuals whose traits make them more conspicuous to predators. However, how sex, body size and antipredator behaviors interact is not always understood. Methods In this work, I tested the interaction between sex, body size and antipredator behavior in the common pill woodlouse (Armadillidium vulgare), which conglobate (i.e., they roll up their bodies almost conforming a sphere that conceals their appendages) in response to predator attacks. Specifically, I tested whether latency to unroll after a standardized mechanical induction was greater in animals exposed to predator chemical cues (toad feces) than in conspecifics exposed to cues of non-predatory animals (rabbits) or no chemical cues whatsoever (distilled water), incorporating sex and body mass in the analyses. Results In agreement with my prediction, latency to unroll was greater in individuals exposed to predator chemical cues. In other words, these animals engage in conglobation for longer under perceived predator vicinity. However, this result was only true for males. This sexual dimorphism in antipredator behavior could result from males being under greater predation risk than females, thus having evolved more refined antipredator strategies. Indeed, males of this species are known to actively search for females, which makes them more prone to superficial ground mobility, and likely to being detected by predators. Body size was unrelated to latency to unroll. As a whole, these results support the hypothesis that antipredator behavior is tuned to predator cues in a way consistent with a balance between costs and benefits, which might differ between the sexes.
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3
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Jiang B, Yao Y, Mauersberger R, Mikolajewski DJ. Allometry of Defense: Predator Shift Alters Ontogenetic Growth Patterns in an Antipredator Trait. INSECTS 2023; 14:712. [PMID: 37623422 PMCID: PMC10456028 DOI: 10.3390/insects14080712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Predation is a major factor driving prey trait diversification and promoting ecological speciation. Consequently, antipredator traits are widely studied among prey species. However, comparative studies that examine how different predators shape the ontogenetic growth of antipredator traits are scarce. In larval dragonflies, abdominal spines are effective traits against predatory fish in fish lakes, which prefer larger prey. However, defensive spines increase mortality in habitats dominated by invertebrate predators (invertebrate lakes), which prefer smaller prey. Thus, species from fish lakes may accelerate spine growth at a later body size compared to species from invertebrate lakes when growing into the preferred prey size range of predatory fish. In this study, we constructed the allometric relationship between spine length and body size and compared the inflexion point of those growth curves in five species of Leucorrhinia dragonfly larvae. We found that fish-lake Leucorrhinia species accelerated spine growth at a larger body size than congenerics from invertebrate lakes. Further, rather than extending spine length constantly through development, fish-lake species rapidly accelerated spine growth at a larger body size. This is likely to be adaptive for avoiding invertebrate predation at an early life stage, which are also present in fish lakes, though in smaller numbers. Our results highlight that comparative studies of ontogenetic patterns in antipredator traits might be essential to develop an integrated understanding of predator-prey interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jiang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Important Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China;
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Yu Yao
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Important Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China;
| | - Rüdiger Mauersberger
- Förderverein Feldberg-Uckermärkische Seenlandschaft e.V., 17268 Templin, Germany;
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4
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Mori T, Machida K, Kudou Y, Kimishima M, Sassa K, Goto-Inoue N, Minei R, Ogura A, Kobayashi Y, Kamiya K, Nakaya D, Yamamoto N, Kashiwagi A, Kashiwagi K. Novel predator-induced phenotypic plasticity by hemoglobin and physiological changes in the brain of Xenopus tropicalis. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1178869. [PMID: 37346489 PMCID: PMC10279953 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1178869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Organisms adapt to changes in their environment to survive. The emergence of predators is an example of environmental change, and organisms try to change their external phenotypic systems and physiological mechanisms to adapt to such changes. In general, prey exhibit different phenotypes to predators owing to historically long-term prey-predator interactions. However, when presented with a novel predator, the extent and rate of phenotypic plasticity in prey are largely unknown. Therefore, exploring the physiological adaptive response of organisms to novel predators is a crucial topic in physiology and evolutionary biology. Counterintuitively, Xenopus tropicalis tadpoles do not exhibit distinct external phenotypes when exposed to new predation threats. Accordingly, we examined the brains of X. tropicalis tadpoles to understand their response to novel predation pressure in the absence of apparent external morphological adaptations. Principal component analysis of fifteen external morphological parameters showed that each external morphological site varied nonlinearly with predator exposure time. However, the overall percentage change in principal components during the predation threat (24 h) was shown to significantly (p < 0.05) alter tadpole morphology compared with that during control or 5-day out treatment (5 days of exposure to predation followed by 5 days of no exposure). However, the adaptive strategy of the altered sites was unknown because the changes were not specific to a particular site but were rather nonlinear in various sites. Therefore, RNA-seq, metabolomic, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses were performed on the entire brain to investigate physiological changes in the brain, finding that glycolysis-driven ATP production was enhanced and ß-oxidation and the tricarboxylic acid cycle were downregulated in response to predation stress. Superoxide dismutase was upregulated after 6 h of exposure to new predation pressure, and radical production was reduced. Hemoglobin was also increased in the brain, forming oxyhemoglobin, which is known to scavenge hydroxyl radicals in the midbrain and hindbrain. These suggest that X. tropicalis tadpoles do not develop external morphological adaptations that are positively correlated with predation pressure, such as tail elongation, in response to novel predators; however, they improve their brain functionality when exposed to a novel predator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Mori
- Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Machida
- Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Yuki Kudou
- Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Masaya Kimishima
- Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Kaito Sassa
- Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Naoko Goto-Inoue
- Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Minei
- Department of Computer Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ogura
- Department of Computer Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Naoyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Keiko Kashiwagi
- Hiroshima University Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima, Japan
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5
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Nielsen ME, Papaj DR. Why study plasticity in multiple traits? New hypotheses for how phenotypically plastic traits interact during development and selection. Evolution 2022; 76:858-869. [PMID: 35274745 PMCID: PMC9313899 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Organisms can often respond adaptively to a change in their environment through phenotypic plasticity in multiple traits, a phenomenon termed as multivariate plasticity. These different plastic responses could interact and affect each other's development as well as selection on each other, but the causes and consequences of these interactions have received relatively little attention. Here, we propose a new conceptual framework for understanding how different plastic responses can affect each other's development and why organisms should have multiple plastic responses. A plastic change in one trait could alter the phenotype of a second plastic trait by changing either the cue received by the organism (cue-mediated effect) or the response to that cue (response-mediated effect). Multivariate plasticity could benefit the organism either because the plastic responses work better when expressed together (synergy) or because each response is more effective under different environmental circumstances (complementarity). We illustrate these hypotheses with case studies, focusing on interactions between behavior and morphology, plastic traits that differ in their reversibility. Future empirical and theoretical research should investigate the consequences of these interactions for additional factors important for the evolution of plasticity, such as the limits and costs of plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Nielsen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizona85721,Zoology DepartmentStockholm UniversityStockholm11419Sweden
| | - Daniel R. Papaj
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizona85721
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6
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Adaptive plasticity in activity modes and food web stability. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267444. [PMID: 35446908 PMCID: PMC9022794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural ecosystems are comprised of diverse species and their interspecific interactions, in contrast to an ecological theory that predicts the instability of large ecological communities. This apparent gap has led ecologists to explore the mechanisms that allow complex communities to stabilize, even via environmental changes. A standard approach to tackling this complexity-stability problem is starting with a description of the ecological network of species and their interaction links, exemplified by a food web. This traditional description is based on the view that each species is in an active state; that is, each species constantly forages and reproduces. However, in nature, species’ activities can virtually stop when hiding, resting, and diapausing or hibernating, resulting in overlooking another situation where they are inactive. Here I theoretically demonstrate that adaptive phenotypic change in active and inactive modes may be the key to understanding food web dynamics. Accurately switching activity modes can greatly stabilize otherwise unstable communities in which coexistence is impossible, further maintaining strong stabilization, even in a large complex community. I hypothesize that adaptive plastic change in activity modes may play a key role in maintaining ecological communities.
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7
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Okamiya H, Kishida O. Proximate stimuli: An overlooked driving force for risk‐induced trait responses affecting interactions in aquatic ecosystems. POPUL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/1438-390x.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Okamiya
- Department of Biological Sciences Graduate School of Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University Hachioji Tokyo Japan
| | - Osamu Kishida
- Tomakomai Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University Takaoka Tomakomai Japan
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8
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Boutry J, Mistral J, Berlioz L, Klimovich A, Tökölyi J, Fontenille L, Ujvari B, Dujon AM, Giraudeau M, Thomas F. Tumors (re)shape biotic interactions within ecosystems: Experimental evidence from the freshwater cnidarian Hydra. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:149923. [PMID: 34487898 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
While it is often assumed that oncogenic processes in metazoans can influence species interactions, empirical evidence is lacking. Here, we use the cnidarian Hydra oligactis to experimentally explore the consequences of tumor associated phenotypic alterations for its predation ability, relationship with commensal ciliates and vulnerability to predators. Unexpectedly, hydra's predation ability was higher in tumorous polyps compared to non-tumorous ones. Commensal ciliates colonized preferentially tumorous hydras than non-tumorous ones, and had a higher replication rate on the former. Finally, in a choice experiment, tumorous hydras were preferentially eaten by a fish predator. This study, for the first time, provides evidence that neoplastic growth has the potential, through effect(s) on host phenotype, to alter biotic interactions within ecosystems and should thus be taken into account by ecologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Boutry
- CREEC/CANECEV (CREES), MIVEGEC, Unité Mixte de Recherches, IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Juliette Mistral
- CREEC/CANECEV (CREES), MIVEGEC, Unité Mixte de Recherches, IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Berlioz
- CREEC/CANECEV (CREES), MIVEGEC, Unité Mixte de Recherches, IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Jácint Tökölyi
- MTA-DE Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Laura Fontenille
- AZELEAD, 377 Rue du Professeur Blayac, 34080 Montpellier, France
| | - Beata Ujvari
- CREEC/CANECEV (CREES), MIVEGEC, Unité Mixte de Recherches, IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antoine M Dujon
- CREEC/CANECEV (CREES), MIVEGEC, Unité Mixte de Recherches, IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mathieu Giraudeau
- CREEC/CANECEV (CREES), MIVEGEC, Unité Mixte de Recherches, IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; LIENSs, UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle, France
| | - Frédéric Thomas
- CREEC/CANECEV (CREES), MIVEGEC, Unité Mixte de Recherches, IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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9
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Katayama N, Okamura K, Tanimura K. Phenotypic Plasticity of Salamander Hatchlings in the Pre-Feeding Stage in Response to Future Prey. Zoolog Sci 2021; 38:397-404. [PMID: 34664914 DOI: 10.2108/zs210006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vulnerability of animals immediately after hatching may induce plasticity in early ontology that becomes important for subsequent survival and growth. Ezo salamanders (Hynobius retardatus) are amphibians inhabiting ponds in Hokkaido, Japan where ezo brown frogs (Rana pirica) spawn on occasion. The salamander larvae must achieve sufficient size in order to successfully capture frog tadpoles, and we examined whether the presence of tadpoles causes development of greater body and/or gape size in newly hatched salamander larvae, which will in turn result in advantageous future prey-predator interactions. To examine this hypothesis, we conducted three laboratory experiments to demonstrate the phenotypic plasticity of salamander hatchlings in response to the presence or absence of frog tadpoles and to screen the type of signals involved in the expression of the phenotypic plasticity. First, salamander hatchlings were reared alone or with tadpoles, and the growth and morphological traits of the hatchlings were compared. The results showed that hatchling larvae grew faster with a more developed gape in the presence of tadpoles. Next, to identify the type of signals inducing this plasticity, two separate experiments with manipulated chemical and visual signals from tadpoles were conducted. The findings showed that faster growth and a more developed gape were induced by chemical but not visual signals. This plasticity may be an adaptive strategy because it increases the likelihood of preying on tadpoles in future prey-predator interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Katayama
- General Education, Faculty of Commerce, Otaru University of Commerce, Otaru, Hokkaido 047-8501, Japan,
| | - Kakeru Okamura
- General Education, Faculty of Commerce, Otaru University of Commerce, Otaru, Hokkaido 047-8501, Japan
| | - Keina Tanimura
- General Education, Faculty of Commerce, Otaru University of Commerce, Otaru, Hokkaido 047-8501, Japan
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10
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Resetarits WJ, Pintar MR, Bohenek JR. Complex multi‐predator effects on demographic habitat selection and community assembly in colonizing aquatic insects. ECOL MONOGR 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William J. Resetarits
- Department of Biology Centers for Water and Wetlands Resources, and Conservation and Biodiversity Research The University of Mississippi University Mississippi 38677‐1848 USA
| | - Matthew R. Pintar
- Department of Biology Centers for Water and Wetlands Resources, and Conservation and Biodiversity Research The University of Mississippi University Mississippi 38677‐1848 USA
| | - Jason R. Bohenek
- Department of Biology Centers for Water and Wetlands Resources, and Conservation and Biodiversity Research The University of Mississippi University Mississippi 38677‐1848 USA
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11
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Raised by aliens: constant exposure to an invasive predator triggers morphological but not behavioural plasticity in a threatened species tadpoles. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02603-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDuring biotic invasions, native communities are abruptly exposed to novel and often severe selective pressures. The lack of common evolutionary history with invasive predators can hamper the expression of effective anti-predator responses in native prey, potentially accelerating population declines. Nonetheless, rapid adaptation and phenotypic plasticity may allow native species to cope with the new ecological pressures. We tested the hypothesis that phenotypic plasticity is fostered when facing invasive species and evaluated whether plasticity offers a pool of variability that might help the fixation of adaptive phenotypes. We assessed behavioural and morphological trait variation in tadpoles of the Italian agile frog (Rana latastei) in response to the invasive crayfish predator, Procambarus clarkii, by rearing tadpoles under different predation-risk regimes: non-lethal crayfish presence and crayfish absence. After two-month rearing, crayfish-exposed tadpoles showed a plastic shift in their body shape and increased tail muscle size, while behavioural tests showed no effect of crayfish exposure on tadpole behaviour. Furthermore, multivariate analyses revealed weak divergence in morphology between invaded and uninvaded populations, while plasticity levels were similar between invaded and uninvaded populations. Even if tadpoles displayed multiple plastic responses to the novel predator, none of these shifts underwent fixation after crayfish arrival (10–15 years). Overall, these findings highlight that native prey can finely tune their responses to invasive predators through plasticity, but the adaptive value of these responses in whitstanding the novel selective pressures, and the long-term consequences they can entail remain to be ascertained.
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12
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Oda Y, Nakamura H, Tokishita S, Mano H, Chang K, Sakamoto M. Phenotypic changes in
Daphnia pulex
under oxygen deficiency, resource limitation and predation risk. Ecol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Oda
- Department of Science and Technology Shinshu University Suwa Japan
| | - Hitomi Nakamura
- School of Life Sciences Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science Hachioji Japan
| | - Shinichi Tokishita
- School of Life Sciences Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science Hachioji Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mano
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba Japan
| | - Kwang‐Hyeon Chang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Kyung Hee University Yongin Republic of Korea
| | - Masaki Sakamoto
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering Toyama Prefectural University Imizu Japan
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13
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Anticipatory plastic response of the cellular immune system in the face of future injury: chronic high perceived predation risk induces lymphocytosis in a cichlid fish. Oecologia 2020; 194:597-607. [PMID: 33095316 PMCID: PMC7683483 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04781-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate cellular immunity displays substantial variation among taxa and environments. Hematological parameters such as white blood-cell counts have emerged as a valuable tool to understand this variation by assessing the immunological status of individuals. These tools have long revealed that vertebrate cellular immune systems are highly plastic and respond to injury and infection. However, cellular immune systems may also be able to anticipate a high risk of injury from environmental cues (e.g., predation-related cues) and respond plastically ahead of time. We studied white blood-cell (leukocyte) profiles in African cichlids Pelvicachromis taeniatus that were raised for 4 years under different levels of perceived predation risk. In a split-clutch design, we raised fish from hatching onwards under chronic exposure to either conspecific alarm cues (communicating high predation risk) or a distilled water control treatment. Differential blood analysis revealed that alarm cue-exposed fish had twice as many lymphocytes in peripheral blood as did controls, a condition called lymphocytosis. The presence of a higher number of lymphocytes makes the cellular immune response more potent, which accelerates the removal of invading foreign antigens from the bloodstream, and, therefore, may be putatively beneficial in the face of injury. This observed lymphocytosis after long-term exposure to conspecific alarm cues constitutes first evidence for an anticipatory and adaptive plastic response of the cellular immune system to future immunological challenges.
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14
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Tariel J, Plénet S, Luquet É. Transgenerational Plasticity in the Context of Predator-Prey Interactions. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.548660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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15
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Nagano M, Yoshida T. Size‐selective predation accounts for intra‐ and inter‐specific variation of inducible morphological defense of
Daphnia. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Nagano
- Department of General Systems Studies University of Tokyo 3‐8‐1 Komaba Meguro Tokyo153‐8902Japan
| | - Takehito Yoshida
- Department of General Systems Studies University of Tokyo 3‐8‐1 Komaba Meguro Tokyo153‐8902Japan
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature 457‐4 Motoyama, Kamigamo Kita‐ku Kyoto603‐8047Japan
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16
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Mori T, Kitani Y, Hatakeyama D, Machida K, Goto-Inoue N, Hayakawa S, Yamamoto N, Kashiwagi K, Kashiwagi A. Predation threats for a 24-h period activated the extension of axons in the brains of Xenopus tadpoles. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11737. [PMID: 32678123 PMCID: PMC7367293 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67975-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The threat of predation is a driving force in the evolution of animals. We have previously reported that Xenopus laevis enhanced their tail muscles and increased their swimming speeds in the presence of Japanese larval salamander predators. Herein, we investigated the induced gene expression changes in the brains of tadpoles under the threat of predation using 3′-tag digital gene expression profiling. We found that many muscle genes were expressed after 24 h of exposure to predation. Ingenuity pathway analysis further showed that after 24 h of a predation threat, various signal transduction genes were stimulated, such as those affecting the actin cytoskeleton and CREB pathways, and that these might increase microtubule dynamics, axonogenesis, cognition, and memory. To verify the increase in microtubule dynamics, DiI was inserted through the tadpole nostrils. Extension of the axons was clearly observed from the nostril to the diencephalon and was significantly increased (P ≤ 0.0001) after 24 h of exposure to predation, compared with that of the control. The dynamic changes in the signal transductions appeared to bring about new connections in the neural networks, as suggested by the microtubule dynamics. These connections may result in improved memory and cognition abilities, and subsequently increase survivability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Mori
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Yoichiro Kitani
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, 252-0880, Japan.,Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Den Hatakeyama
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Machida
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Naoko Goto-Inoue
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hayakawa
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keiko Kashiwagi
- Amphibian Research Center (Building M), Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kashiwagi
- Amphibian Research Center (Building M), Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Gjoni V, Basset A, Glazier DS. Temperature and predator cues interactively affect ontogenetic metabolic scaling of aquatic amphipods. Biol Lett 2020; 16:20200267. [PMID: 32673549 PMCID: PMC7423044 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2020.0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A common belief is that body mass scaling of metabolic rate results chiefly from intrinsic body-design constraints. However, several studies have shown that multiple ecological factors affect metabolic scaling. The mechanistic basis of these effects is largely unknown. Here, we explore whether abiotic and biotic environmental factors have interactive effects on metabolic scaling. To address this question, we studied the simultaneous effects of temperature and predator cues on the ontogenetic metabolic scaling of amphipod crustaceans inhabiting two different aquatic ecosystems, a freshwater spring and a saltwater lagoon. We assessed effects of phenotypic plasticity on metabolic scaling by exposing amphipods in the laboratory to water with and without fish cues at multiple temperatures. Temperature interacts significantly with predator cues to affect metabolic scaling. Our results suggest that metabolic scaling is highly malleable in response to short-term acclimation. The interactive effects of temperature and predators show the importance of studying effects of global warming in realistic ecological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Gjoni
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, Ecotekne 73100, LE, Italy
| | - A. Basset
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, Ecotekne 73100, LE, Italy
| | - D. S. Glazier
- Department of Biology, Juniata College, Huntingdon, PA 16652, USA
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19
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Predation risk induces age- and sex-specific morphological plastic responses in the fathead minnow Pimephales promelas. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15378. [PMID: 31653876 PMCID: PMC6814781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51591-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although comprehending the significance of phenotypic plasticity for evolution is of major interest in biology, the pre-requirement for that, the understanding of variance in plasticity, is still in its infancy. Most researchers assess plastic traits at single developmental stages and pool results between sexes. Here, we study variation among sexes and developmental stages in inducible morphological defences, a well-known instance of plasticity. We raised fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas, under different levels of background predation risk (conspecific alarm cues or distilled water) in a split-clutch design and studied morphology in both juveniles and adults. In accordance with the theory that plasticity varies across ontogeny and sexes, geometric morphometry analyses revealed significant shape differences between treatments that varied across developmental stages and sexes. Alarm cue-exposed juveniles and adult males developed deeper heads, deeper bodies, longer dorsal fin bases, shorter caudal peduncles and shorter caudal fins. Adult alarm cue-exposed males additionally developed a larger relative eye size. These responses represent putative adaptive plasticity as they are linked to reduced predation risk. Perhaps most surprisingly, we found no evidence for inducible morphological defences in females. Understanding whether similar variation occurs in other taxa and their environments is crucial for modelling evolution.
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Cadier M, Andersen KH, Visser AW, Kiørboe T. Competition–defense tradeoff increases the diversity of microbial plankton communities and dampens trophic cascades. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Cadier
- Centre for Ocean Life, DTU Aqua, Technical Univ. of Denmark 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Ken H. Andersen
- Centre for Ocean Life, DTU Aqua, Technical Univ. of Denmark 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Andre W. Visser
- Centre for Ocean Life, DTU Aqua, Technical Univ. of Denmark 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Thomas Kiørboe
- Centre for Ocean Life, DTU Aqua, Technical Univ. of Denmark 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
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Meuthen D, Bakker TC, Thünken T. Predatory developmental environments shape loser behaviour in animal contests. BEHAVIOUR 2019. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
High predation risk during development induces phenotypic changes in animals. However, little is known about how these plastic responses affect signalling and competitiveness during contests. Herein, we have studied the consequences of anti-predator plasticity during the intra-sexual competition of Pelvicachromis taeniatus, a cichlid fish with mutual mate choice. We staged contests between adult size-matched siblings of the same sex derived from different environments: one fish was regularly exposed to conspecific alarm cues since the larval stage (simulating predator presence), the other fish to control conditions. Rearing environment did not affect the winner of contests or total aggression within a fight. However, contest behaviour differed between treatments. The effects were especially pronounced in alarm cue-exposed fish that lost a contest: they generally displayed lower aggression than winners but also lower aggression than losers of the control treatment. Thus, perceived predator presence modulates intra-sexual competition behaviour by increasing the costs associated with fighting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Meuthen
- aInstitute for Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
- bDepartment of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5E2
| | - Theo C.M. Bakker
- aInstitute for Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Timo Thünken
- aInstitute for Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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Yamamichi M, Klauschies T, Miner BE, Velzen E. Modelling inducible defences in predator–prey interactions: assumptions and dynamical consequences of three distinct approaches. Ecol Lett 2018; 22:390-404. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Yamamichi
- Department of General Systems Studies University of Tokyo 3‐8‐1 Komaba Meguro Tokyo153‐8902 Japan
| | - Toni Klauschies
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Modelling Institute of Biochemistry and Biology University of Potsdam Am Neuen Palais 10 Potsdam 14469 Germany
| | - Brooks E. Miner
- Department of Biology Ithaca College 953 Danby Rd. Ithaca NY14850 USA
| | - Ellen Velzen
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Modelling Institute of Biochemistry and Biology University of Potsdam Am Neuen Palais 10 Potsdam 14469 Germany
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Šigutová H, Šigut M, Dolný A. Phenotypic plasticity in specialists: How long-spined larval Sympetrum depressiusculum (Odonata: Libellulidae) responds to combined predator cues. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201406. [PMID: 30089145 PMCID: PMC6082560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is a common defensive strategy in species experiencing variable predation risk, such as habitat generalists. Larvae of generalist dragonflies can elongate their abdominal spines in environments with fish, but long spines render larvae susceptible to invertebrate predators. Long-spined specialists adapted to fish-heavy habitats are not expected to have phenotypic plasticity in this defence trait, but no empirical studies have been undertaken. Moreover, in comparison to prey responding to multiple predators that induce similar phenotypes, relatively little is known regarding how species react to combinations of predators that favour opposing traits. We examined plasticity of larval dragonfly Sympetrum depressiusculum, a long-spined habitat specialist. In a rearing experiment, larvae were exposed to four environments: (i) no predator control, (ii) fish cues (Carassius auratus), (iii) invertebrate cues (Anax imperator), as well as (iv) a combination of (ii) and (iii). Compared with the control, fish but not invertebrate cues resulted in longer spines for two (one lateral, one dorsal) of the six spines measured. Interestingly, the combined-cue treatment led to the elongation of all four dorsal spines compared with the fish treatment alone, whereas lateral spines showed no response. Our experiment provided evidence of morphological plasticity in a long-spined specialist dragonfly. We showed that nearly all spines can elongate, but also react differently under specific predator settings. Therefore, while spine plasticity evolved in direct response to a single predator type (fish), plasticity was maintained against invertebrate predators as long as fish were also present. Selective spine induction under the combined condition suggests that S. depressiusculum can successfully survive in environments with both predators. Therefore, phenotypic plasticity may be an effective strategy for habitat generalists and specialists. Although more studies are necessary to fully understand how selection shapes the evolution of phenotypic plasticity, we demonstrated that in dragonflies, presence or absence of a specific predator is not the only factor that determines plastic defence responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Šigutová
- Institute of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Martin Šigut
- Institute of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Dolný
- Institute of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
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24
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Nielsen ME, Levin E, Davidowitz G, Papaj DR. Colour plasticity alters thermoregulatory behaviour in Battus philenor caterpillars by modifying the cue received. Anim Behav 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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25
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Abstract
Trait-based community ecology promises an understanding of the factors that determine species abundances and distributions across habitats. However, ecologists are often faced with large suites of potentially important traits, making generalizations across ecosystems and species difficult or even impossible. Here, we hypothesize that key traits structuring ecological communities may be causally dependent on common physiological mechanisms and that elucidating these mechanisms can help us understand the distributions of traits and species across habitats. We test this hypothesis by investigating putatively causal relationships between physiological and behavioral traits at the species and community levels in larvae of 17 species of dragonfly that co-occur at the landscape scale but segregate among lakes. We use tools borrowed from phenotypic selection analyses to show that physiological traits underlie activity rate, which has opposing effects on foraging and predator avoidance behaviors. The effect of activity on these behaviors ultimately shapes species distributions and community composition in habitats with either large-bodied fish or invertebrates as top predators. Remarkably, despite the inherent complexity of ecological communities, the expression of just two biomolecules accounts for a high proportion of the variation in behavioral traits and hence, dragonfly community composition between habitats. We suggest that causal relationships among traits can drive species distributions and community assembly.
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Meuthen D, Baldauf SA, Bakker TCM, Thünken T. Neglected Patterns of Variation in Phenotypic Plasticity: Age- and Sex-Specific Antipredator Plasticity in a Cichlid Fish. Am Nat 2018; 191:475-490. [DOI: 10.1086/696264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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27
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Mori T, Yanagisawa Y, Kitani Y, Yamamoto G, Goto-Inoue N, Kimura T, Kashiwagi K, Kashiwagi A. The constant threat from a non-native predator increases tail muscle and fast-start swimming performance in Xenopus tadpoles. Biol Open 2017; 6:1726-1733. [PMID: 29141955 PMCID: PMC5703619 DOI: 10.1242/bio.029926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Predator-induced phenotypic plasticity is the ability of prey to adapt to their native predator. However, owing to environmental changes, encounters with unknown predators are inevitable. Therefore, study of prey and non-native predator interaction will reveal the primary stages of adaptive strategies in prey-predator interactions in the context of evolutionary processes. Here, Xenopus tadpoles exposed to a non-native predator, a larval salamander, showed a significant increase in body weight and tail length to body length ratio. The Tmax2 test indicated a significant enhancement of the tail muscle and decrease in the relative ventral fin height in tadpoles exposed to predation risk, leading to significantly higher average swimming speeds. The analysis of muscle-related metabolites revealed that sarcosine increased significantly in tadpoles exposed to non-native predators. Multiple linear regression analysis of the fast-start swimming pattern showed that the fast-start swimming speed was determined by the time required for a tadpole to bend its body away from the threat (C-start) and the angle at which it was bent. In conclusion, morphological changes in tadpoles were functionally adaptive and induced by survival behaviors of Xenopus tadpoles against non-native predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Mori
- The Department of Marine Biology, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Yukio Yanagisawa
- The Department of Marine Biology, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kitani
- The Department of Marine Biology, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Goshi Yamamoto
- The Department of Marine Biology, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Naoko Goto-Inoue
- The Department of Marine Biology, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kimura
- Cellular Glycome-targeted Technology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Keiko Kashiwagi
- Hiroshima University Amphibian Research Center, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kashiwagi
- Hiroshima University Amphibian Research Center, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Hiroshima, Japan
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Griffiths JI, Petchey OL, Pennekamp F, Childs DZ. Linking intraspecific trait variation to community abundance dynamics improves ecological predictability by revealing a growth–defence trade‐off. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason I. Griffiths
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Owen L. Petchey
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Frank Pennekamp
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Dylan Z. Childs
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of Sheffield Sheffield UK
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Heynen M, Bunnefeld N, Borcherding J. Facing different predators: adaptiveness of behavioral and morphological traits under predation. Curr Zool 2017; 63:249-257. [PMID: 29491983 PMCID: PMC5804173 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zow056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Predation is thought to be one of the main structuring forces in animal communities. However, selective predation is often measured on isolated traits in response to a single predatory species, but only rarely are selective forces on several traits quantified or even compared between different predators naturally occurring in the same system. In the present study, we therefore measured behavioral and morphological traits in young-of-the-year Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis and compared their selective values in response to the 2 most common predators, adult perch and pike Esox lucius. Using mixed effects models and model averaging to analyze our data, we quantified and compared the selectivity of the 2 predators on the different morphological and behavioral traits. We found that selection on the behavioral traits was higher than on morphological traits and perch predators preyed overall more selectively than pike predators. Pike tended to positively select shallow bodied and nonvigilant individuals (i.e. individuals not performing predator inspection). In contrast, perch predators selected mainly for bolder juvenile perch (i.e. individuals spending more time in the open, more active), which was most important. Our results are to the best of our knowledge the first that analyzed behavioral and morphological adaptations of juvenile perch facing 2 different predation strategies. We found that relative specific predation intensity for the divergent traits differed between the predators, providing some additional ideas why juvenile perch display such a high degree of phenotypic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Heynen
- Department of General Ecology and Limnology, Ecological Field Station Grietherbusch, Zoological Institute of the University of Cologne, Rees, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nils Bunnefeld
- Department of Life Sciences, Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Jost Borcherding
- Department of General Ecology and Limnology, Ecological Field Station Grietherbusch, Zoological Institute of the University of Cologne, Rees, Germany
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30
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Nielsen ME, Papaj DR. Why Have Multiple Plastic Responses? Interactions between Color Change and Heat Avoidance Behavior in Battus philenor Larvae. Am Nat 2017; 189:657-666. [PMID: 28514633 DOI: 10.1086/691536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Having multiple plastic responses to a change in the environment, such as increased temperature, can be adaptive for two major reasons: synergy (the plastic responses perform better when expressed simultaneously) or complementarity (each plastic response provides a greater net benefit in a different environmental context). We investigated these hypotheses for two forms of temperature-induced plasticity of Battus philenor caterpillars in southern Arizona populations: color change (from black to red at high temperatures) and heat avoidance behavior (movement from host to elevated refuges at high host temperatures). Field assays using aluminum models showed that the cooling effect of the red color is greatly reduced in a refuge position relative to that on a host. Field assays with live caterpillars demonstrated that refuge seeking is much more important for survival under hot conditions than coloration; however, in those assays, red coloration reduced the need to seek refuges. Our results support the complementarity hypothesis: refuge seeking facilitates survival during daily temperature peaks, while color change reduces the need to leave the host over longer warm periods. We propose that combinations of rapid but costly short-term behavioral responses and slow but efficient long-term morphological responses may be common when coping with temperature change.
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Suzuki K, Yamauchi Y, Yoshida T. Interplay between microbial trait dynamics and population dynamics revealed by the combination of laboratory experiment and computational approaches. J Theor Biol 2017; 419:201-210. [PMID: 28212786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Filament formation is a common bacterial defense mechanism and possibly has a broad impact on microbial community dynamics. In order to examine the impact of filament formation on population dynamics, we developed an experimental system with a filamentous bacterium Flectobacillus sp. MWH38 and a ciliate predator Tetrahymena pyriformis. In this system, the effective defense of Flectobacillus resulted in the extinction of Tetrahymena by allowing almost no population growth. The result of a kairomone experiment suggested the existence of chemical signals for filament formation. To examine the mechanism further, we developed a quantitative mechanistic model and optimized the model for the experimental result using the simulated annealing method. We also performed a global parameter sensitivity analysis using an approximated Bayesian computation based on the sequential Monte Carlo method to reveal parameters to which the model behavior is sensitive to. Our model reproduced the population dynamics, as well as the cell size dynamics of Flectobacillus. The model behavior is sensitive to the nutrient uptake of Flectobacillus and the propensity of filament formation. It robustly predicts the extinction of Tetrahymena at the condition used in the experiment and predicts the transition from equilibrium to population cycle at higher nutrient conditions. Contrary to the previous study that disproved the presence of chemical signals for filament formation, our result suggested the importance of chemical signals at low predator density, suggesting the variety in bacterial resistance mechanisms that act at different stages of predator-prey interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Suzuki
- Department of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yuji Yamauchi
- Department of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehito Yoshida
- Department of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Takatsu K, Rudolf VHW, Kishida O. Giant cannibals drive selection for inducible defence in heterospecific prey. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kunio Takatsu
- Division of Biosphere Science; Graduate School of Environmental Science; Hokkaido University; Toikanbetsu Horonobe Hokkaido 098-2943 Japan
| | - Volker H. W. Rudolf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Rice University; Houston TX 77005 USA
| | - Osamu Kishida
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere; Hokkaido University; Takaoka Tomakomai Hokkaido 053-0035 Japan
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Bennett A, Murray D. Carryover effects of phenotypic plasticity: embryonic environment and larval response to predation risk in Wood Frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) and Northern Leopard Frogs (Lithobates pipiens). CAN J ZOOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2015-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Limitations of phenotypic plasticity affect the success of individuals and populations in changing environments. We assessed the plasticity-history limitation on predator-induced defenses in anurans (Wood Frogs, Lithobates sylvaticus (LeConte, 1825), and Northern Leopard Frogs, Lithobates pipiens (Schreber, 1782)), predicting that plastic responses to predation risk by dragonfly larvae (family Aeshnidae) in the embryonic environment would limit the defensive response to predators in the larval environment. Predator-conditioned Wood Frog embryos increased relative tail depth in response to those same cues as larvae, whereas predator-naive tadpoles did not. However, no carryover effect was noted in the behavioural response of Wood Frog tadpoles to predation risk. Predator-naive Northern Leopard Frog tadpoles increased relative tail depth in response to predation risk in the larval environment. Predator-conditioned Northern Leopard Frog embryos hatched with, and maintained, a marginal increase in tail depth as larvae in the absence of predation risk. Predator-conditioned Northern Leopard Frog embryos exposed to predation risk as larvae showed no morphological response. While we find no strong support for the plasticity-history limitation per se, carryover effects across embryonic and larval life-history stages were noted in both Wood Frog and Northern Leopard Frog, suggesting that predation risk early in ontogeny can influence the outcome of future interactions with predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.M. Bennett
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Environmental Science Building, Suite A211, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - D.L. Murray
- Department of Biology, Life and Health Sciences Building, Block D, Trent University, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
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Abstract
Although natural populations consist of individuals with different traits, and the degree of phenotypic variation varies among populations, the impact of phenotypic variation on ecological interactions has received little attention, because traditional approaches to community ecology assume homogeneity of individuals within a population. Stage structure, which is a common way of generating size and developmental variation within predator populations, can drive cannibalistic interactions, which can affect the strength of predatory effects on the predator's heterospecific prey. Studies have shown that predator cannibalism weakens predatory effects on heterospecific prey by reducing the size of the predator population and by inducing less feeding activity of noncannibal predators. We predict, however, that predator cannibalism, by promoting rapid growth of the cannibals, can also intensify predation pressure on heterospecific prey, because large predators have large resource requirements and may utilize a wider variety of prey species. To test this hypothesis, we conducted an experiment in which we created carnivorous salamander (Hynobius retardatus) populations with different stage structures by manipulating the salamander's hatch timing (i.e., populations with large or small variation in the timing of hatching), and explored the resultant impacts on the abundance, behavior, morphology, and life history of the salamander's large heterospecific prey, Rana pirica frog tadpoles. Cannibalism was rare in salamander populations having small hatch-timing variation, but was frequent in those having large hatch-timing variation. Thus, giant salamander cannibals occurred only in the latter. We clearly showed that salamander giants exerted strong predation pressure on frog tadpoles, which induced large behavioral and morphological defenses in the tadpoles and caused them to metamorphose late at large size. Hence, predator cannibalism arising from large variation in the timing of hatching can strengthen predatory effects on heterospecific prey and can have impacts on various, traits of both predator and prey. Because animals commonly broaden their diet as they grow, such negative impacts of predator cannibalism on the heterospecific prey may be common in interactions between predators and prey species of similar size.
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Matsunami M, Kitano J, Kishida O, Michimae H, Miura T, Nishimura K. Transcriptome analysis of predator- and prey-induced phenotypic plasticity in the Hokkaido salamander (Hynobius retardatus). Mol Ecol 2015; 24:3064-76. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Matsunami
- Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences; Hokkaido University; Hakodate 041-8611 Japan
- Laboratory of Ecological Genetics; Graduate School of Environmental Science; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
| | - Jun Kitano
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory; National Institute of Genetics; Mishima 411-8540 Japan
| | - Osamu Kishida
- Teshio Experimental Forest; Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere; Hokkaido University; Toikanbetsu Horonobe 098-2943 Japan
| | - Hirofumi Michimae
- School of Pharmacy; Department of Clinical Medicine (Biostatistics); Kitasato University; Tokyo 108-8641 Japan
| | - Toru Miura
- Laboratory of Ecological Genetics; Graduate School of Environmental Science; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
| | - Kinya Nishimura
- Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences; Hokkaido University; Hakodate 041-8611 Japan
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Mori T, Yanagisawa Y, Kitani Y, Sugiyama M, Kishida O, Nishimura K. Gene expression profiles in Rana pirica tadpoles following exposure to a predation threat. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:258. [PMID: 25886855 PMCID: PMC4403775 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1389-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rana pirica tadpoles show morphological changes in response to a predation threat: larvae of the dragonfly Aeshna nigroflava induce heightened tail depth, whereas larval salamander Hynobius retardatus induce a bulgy morphology with heightened tail depth. Although both predators induce similar tail morphologies, it is possible that there are functional differences between these tail morphs. Results Here, we performed a discriminant microarray analysis using Xenopus laevis genome arrays to compare tail tissues of control and predator-exposed tadpoles. We identified 9 genes showing large-scale changes in their expression profile: ELAV-like1, methyltransferase like 7A, dolichyl-phosphate mannosyltransferase, laminin subunit beta-1, gremlin 1, BCL6 corepressor-like 1, and three genes of unknown identity. A further 80 genes showed greater than 5 fold differences in expression after exposure to dragonfly larvae and 81 genes showed altered expression after exposure to larval salamanders. Predation-threat responsive genes were identified by selecting genes that reverted to control levels of expression following removal of the predator. Thirteen genes were induced specifically by dragonfly larvae, nine others were salamander-specific, and sixteen were induced by both. Functional analyses indicated that some of the genes induced by dragonfly larvae caused an increase in laminins necessary for cell adhesion in the extracellular matrix. The higher expression of gremlin 1 and HIF1a genes after exposure to dragonfly larvae indicated an in vivo hypoxic reaction, while down-regulation of syndecan-2 may indicate impairment of angiogenesis. Exposure to larval salamanders caused down-regulation of XCIRP-1, which is known to inhibit expression of adhesion molecules; the tadpoles showed reduced expression of cα(E)-catenin, small muscle protein, dystrophin, and myosin light chain genes. Conclusion The connective tissue of tadpoles exposed to larval salamanders may be looser. The differences in gene expression profiles induced by the two predators suggest that there are functional differences between the altered tail tissues of the two groups of tadpoles. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1389-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Mori
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Yukio Yanagisawa
- Department of Liberal Art, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Yoichiro Kitani
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Manabu Sugiyama
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Osamu Kishida
- Teshio Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Horonobe, Hokkaido, 098-2943, Japan.
| | - Kinya Nishimura
- Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, 041-8611, Japan.
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Nonadditive impacts of temperature and basal resource availability on predator-prey interactions and phenotypes. Oecologia 2015; 178:1215-25. [PMID: 25820751 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3302-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Predicting the impacts of climate change on communities requires understanding how temperature affects predator-prey interactions under different biotic conditions. In cases of size-specific predation, environmental influences on the growth rate of one or both species can determine predation rates. For example, warming increases top-down control of food webs, although this depends on resource availability for prey, as increased resources may allow prey to reach a size refuge. Moreover, because the magnitude of inducible defenses depends on predation rates and resource availability for prey, temperature and resource levels also affect phenotypic plasticity. To examine these issues, we manipulated the presence/absence of predatory Hynobius retardatus salamander larvae and herbivorous Rana pirica tadpoles at two temperatures and three basal resource levels. and measured their morphology, behavior, growth and survival. Prior work has shown that both species express antagonistic plasticity against one another in which salamanders enlarge their gape width and tadpoles increase their body width to reach a size-refuge. We found that increased temperatures increased predation rates, although this was counteracted by high basal resource availability, which further decreased salamander growth. Surprisingly, salamanders caused tadpoles to grow larger and express more extreme defensive phenotypes as resource levels decreased under warming, most likely due to their increased risk of predation. Thus, temperature and resources influenced defensive phenotype expression and its impacts on predator and prey growth by affecting their interaction strength. Our results indicate that basal resource levels can modify the impacts of increased temperatures on predator-prey interactions and its consequences for food webs.
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Kishida O, Tezuka A, Ikeda A, Takatsu K, Michimae H. Adaptive acceleration in growth and development of salamander hatchlings in cannibalistic situations. Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Kishida
- Teshio Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere Hokkaido University Toikanbetsu 131 Horonobe, Hokkaido 098‐2943 Japan
| | - Ayumi Tezuka
- Teshio Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere Hokkaido University Toikanbetsu 131 Horonobe, Hokkaido 098‐2943 Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics Kyushu Institute of Technology Kawazu 680‐4 Iizuka Fukuoka 820‐8502 Japan
| | - Akiko Ikeda
- Graduate School of Environmental Science Hokkaido University Toikanbetsu 131 Horonobe Hokkaido 098‐2943 Japan
| | - Kunio Takatsu
- Graduate School of Environmental Science Hokkaido University Toikanbetsu 131 Horonobe Hokkaido 098‐2943 Japan
| | - Hirofumi Michimae
- Division of Biostatistics School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kitasato University Shirokane 5‐9‐1Minato‐ku Tokyo 108‐8641 Japan
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Nosaka M, Katayama N, Kishida O. Feedback between size balance and consumption strongly affects the consequences of hatching phenology in size-dependent predator-prey interactions. OIKOS 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.01662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Nosaka
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido Univ.; Toikanbetsu, Horonobe JP-098-2943 Hokkaido Japan
| | - Noboru Katayama
- Teshio Experimental Forest, Field Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido Univ.; Toikanbetsu, Horonobe JP-098-2943 Hokkaido Japan
| | - Osamu Kishida
- Teshio Experimental Forest, Field Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido Univ.; Toikanbetsu, Horonobe JP-098-2943 Hokkaido Japan
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Kimberly DA, Salice CJ. Complex interactions between climate change and toxicants: evidence that temperature variability increases sensitivity to cadmium. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 23:809-817. [PMID: 24623389 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-014-1221-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projects that global climate change will have significant impacts on environmental conditions including potential effects on sensitivity of organisms to environmental contaminants. The objective of this study was to test the climate-induced toxicant sensitivity (CITS) hypothesis in which acclimation to altered climate parameters increases toxicant sensitivity. Adult Physa pomilia snails were acclimated to a near optimal 22 °C or a high-normal 28 °C for 28 days. After 28 days, snails from each temperature group were challenged with either low (150 μg/L) or high (300 μg/L) cadmium at each temperature (28 or 22 °C). In contrast to the CITS hypothesis, we found that acclimation temperature did not have a strong influence on cadmium sensitivity except at the high cadmium test concentration where snails acclimated to 28 °C were more cadmium tolerant. However, snails that experienced a switch in temperature for the cadmium challenge, regardless of the switch direction, were the most sensitive to cadmium. Within the snails that were switched between temperatures, snails acclimated at 28 °C and then exposed to high cadmium at 22 °C exhibited significantly greater mortality than those snails acclimated to 22 °C and then exposed to cadmium at 28 °C. Our results point to the importance of temperature variability in increasing toxicant sensitivity but also suggest a potentially complex cost of temperature acclimation. Broadly, the type of temporal stressor exposures we simulated may reduce overall plasticity in responses to stress ultimately rendering populations more vulnerable to adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Kimberly
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, 1207 Gilbert Drive, Lubbock, TX, 79416, USA,
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Kimberly DA, Salice CJ. If you could turn back time: understanding transgenerational latent effects of developmental exposure to contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 184:419-425. [PMID: 24121266 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Latent effects result from embryonic experiences but manifest in later stages of ontogeny. Our objective was to better understand how developmental exposure to contaminants influence life history traits and tolerance to novel stress in the freshwater gastropod, Physa pomilia. Ten egg masses were exposed to each of three initial treatments including control, 2.5 μg/L cadmium (Cd), and 10 μg/L Cd; there was no effect of this initial treatment on hatching success. At hatching, snails were transferred to cadmium-free water. Three weeks later, snails were divided among four secondary treatments including control, 50 μg/L Cd, 150 μg/L Cd, and 35 °C. Developmental Cd exposure plus secondary temperature stress caused the most adverse effects. Surprisingly, developmental Cd exposure alone was enough to cause significant decreases in reproductive success a generation later. That effects can manifest as transgenerational decrements in reproductive success suggests that latent effects are important and have longer lasting consequences than previously considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Kimberly
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, 1207 Gilbert Drive, Lubbock, TX 79416, USA.
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Kishida O, Costa Z, Tezuka A, Michimae H. Inducible offences affect predator-prey interactions and life-history plasticity in both predators and prey. J Anim Ecol 2013; 83:899-906. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Kishida
- Teshio Experimental Forest; Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere; Hokkaido University; Toikanbetsu, Horonobe Hokkaido 098-2943 Japan
| | - Zacharia Costa
- Department of Biology; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA USA
| | - Ayumi Tezuka
- Teshio Experimental Forest; Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere; Hokkaido University; Toikanbetsu, Horonobe Hokkaido 098-2943 Japan
| | - Hirofumi Michimae
- Department of Clinical Medicine (Biostatistics); School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kitasato University; Tokyo Japan
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McGhee KE, Pintor LM, Bell AM. Reciprocal behavioral plasticity and behavioral types during predator-prey interactions. Am Nat 2013; 182:704-17. [PMID: 24231533 DOI: 10.1086/673526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
How predators and prey interact has important consequences for population dynamics and community stability. Here we explored how predator-prey interactions are simultaneously affected by reciprocal behavioral plasticity (i.e., plasticity in prey defenses countered by plasticity in predator offenses and vice versa) and consistent individual behavioral variation (i.e., behavioral types) within both predator and prey populations. We assessed the behavior of a predator species (northern pike) and a prey species (three-spined stickleback) during one-on-one encounters. We also measured additional behavioral and morphological traits in each species. Using structural equation modeling, we found that reciprocal behavioral plasticity as well as predator and prey behavioral types influenced how individuals behaved during an interaction. Thus, the progression and ultimate outcome of predator-prey interactions depend on both the dynamic behavioral feedback occurring during the encounter and the underlying behavioral type of each participant. We also examined whether predator behavioral type is underlain by differences in metabolism and organ size. We provide some of the first evidence that behavioral type is related to resting metabolic rate and size of a sensory organ (the eyes). Understanding the extent to which reciprocal behavioral plasticity and intraspecific behavioral variation influence the outcome of species interactions could provide insight into the maintenance of behavioral variation as well as community dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E McGhee
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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Klecka J, Boukal DS. Foraging and vulnerability traits modify predator-prey body mass allometry: freshwater macroinvertebrates as a case study. J Anim Ecol 2013; 82:1031-41. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rabus M, Söllradl T, Clausen-Schaumann H, Laforsch C. Uncovering ultrastructural defences in Daphnia magna--an interdisciplinary approach to assess the predator-induced fortification of the carapace. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67856. [PMID: 23776711 PMCID: PMC3680394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of structural defences, such as the fortification of shells or exoskeletons, is a widespread strategy to reduce predator attack efficiency. In unpredictable environments these defences may be more pronounced in the presence of a predator. The cladoceran Daphniamagna (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Cladocera) has been shown to develop a bulky morphotype as an effective inducible morphological defence against the predatory tadpole shrimp Triopscancriformis (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Notostraca). Mediated by kairomones, the daphnids express an increased body length, width and an elongated tail spine. Here we examined whether these large scale morphological defences are accompanied by additional ultrastructural defences, i.e. a fortification of the exoskeleton. We employed atomic force microscopy (AFM) based nanoindentation experiments to assess the cuticle hardness along with tapping mode AFM imaging to visualise the surface morphology for predator exposed and non-predator exposed daphnids. We used semi-thin sections of the carapace to measure the cuticle thickness, and finally, we used fluorescence microscopy to analyse the diameter of the pillars connecting the two carapace layers. We found that D. magna indeed expresses ultrastructural defences against Triops predation. The cuticle in predator exposed individuals is approximately five times harder and two times thicker than in control daphnids. Moreover, the pillar diameter is significantly increased in predator exposed daphnids. These predator-cue induced changes in the carapace architecture should provide effective protection against being crushed by the predator’s mouthparts and may add to the protective effect of bulkiness. This study highlights the potential of interdisciplinary studies to uncover new and relevant aspects even in extensively studied fields of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Rabus
- Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany.
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48
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Allen RM, Marshall DJ. Phenotypic links among life-history stages are complex and context-dependent in a marine invertebrate: interactions among offspring size, larval nutrition and postmetamorphic density. Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard M. Allen
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Dustin J. Marshall
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
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Kimberly DA, Salice CJ. Interactive effects of contaminants and climate-related stressors: high temperature increases sensitivity to cadmium. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2013; 32:1337-43. [PMID: 23427064 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
An emerging issue in environmental toxicology is in understanding how climate change will alter responses of organisms to chemical contaminants. The objective of the present study was to characterize the interactive effects of cadmium and elevated temperature on life-stage-specific responses in the freshwater snail Physa pomilia. We exposed developing eggs, juveniles, and adults to Cd (5 µg/L, 15 µg/L, and 25 µg/L for eggs, and 250 µg/L for juveniles and adults) and 2 temperatures of 25 °C (control) and 35 °C (upper range of tolerance). In the absence of Cd, time to hatch was shorter at 35 °C compared with 25 °C, demonstrating a stimulatory effect of the higher temperature. However, when egg masses were reared at 35 °C and exposed to Cd, hatching success was significantly lower, and time-to-hatching was significantly longer. The effects of the higher temperature and Cd on newly hatched neonate survival were additive, except at the highest Cd concentration, at which effects of the 2 stressors were greater than additive. Overall, within the combined stressor treatments, adult snails generally survived significantly longer than did juvenile snails, and both were more tolerant than developing snails. Many climate projection models predict future increases in global temperatures. The present study shows that combined stressors may produce greater-than-additive effects, challenging predictive power. More studies are needed to better characterize the interactive effects of chemical contaminants and stressors related to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Kimberly
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA.
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50
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Touchon JC, McCoy MW, Vonesh JR, Warkentin KM. Effects of plastic hatching timing carry over through metamorphosis in red-eyed treefrogs. Ecology 2013. [DOI: 10.1890/12-0194.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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