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Imiuwa ME, Baynes A, Routledge EJ. Understanding target-specific effects of antidepressant drug pollution on molluscs: A systematic review protocol. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287582. [PMID: 37368915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The environmental prevalence of widely prescribed human pharmaceuticals that target key evolutionary conserved biomolecules present across phyla is concerning. Antidepressants, one of the most widely consumed pharmaceuticals globally, have been developed to target biomolecules modulating monoaminergic neurotransmission, thus interfering with the endogenous regulation of multiple key neurophysiological processes. Furthermore, rising prescription and consumption rates of antidepressants caused by the burgeoning incidence of depression is consistent with increasing reports of antidepressant detection in aquatic environments worldwide. Consequently, there are growing concerns that long-term exposure to environmental levels of antidepressants may cause adverse drug target-specific effects on non-target aquatic organisms. While these concerns have resulted in a considerable body of research addressing a range of toxicological endpoints, drug target-specific effects of environmental levels of different classes of antidepressants in non-target aquatic organisms remain to be understood. Interestingly, evidence suggests that molluscs may be more vulnerable to the effects of antidepressants than any other animal phylum, making them invaluable in understanding the effects of antidepressants on wildlife. Here, a protocol for the systematic review of literature to understand drug target-specific effects of environmental levels of different classes of antidepressants on aquatic molluscs is described. The study will provide critical insight needed to understand and characterize effects of antidepressants relevant to regulatory risk assessment decision-making, and/or direct future research efforts. METHODS The systematic review will be conducted in line with the guidelines by the Collaboration for Environmental Evidence (CEE). A literature search on Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, as well as grey literature databases, will be carried out. Using predefined criteria, study selection, critical appraisal and data extraction will be done by multiple reviewers with a web-based evidence synthesis platform. A narrative synthesis of outcomes of selected studies will be presented. The protocol has been registered in the Open Science Framework (OSF) registry with the registration DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/P4H8W.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice E Imiuwa
- Faculty of life Sciences, Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
- College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Baynes
- College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edwin J Routledge
- College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
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Souza JFD, Mello ADA, Portal TM, Nunes-da-Fonseca R, Monteiro de Barros C. Novel insights about the ascidian dopamine system: Pharmacology and phylogenetics of catecholaminergic receptors on the Phallusia nigra immune cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 109:41-50. [PMID: 33285170 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is an important molecule that plays a role in the nervous and immune systems. DA is produced by a wide variety of animals and it is considered one of the oldest neurotransmitters. However, its specific function in immune cells has not been completely revealed. In a group of chordate animals, the ascidians, DA is reported to be produced by cells in the central nervous system (CNS); however, no dopaminergic receptor in their genomes has been described until now. Because this is an integrating characteristic of the ascidian dopamine system, here it was investigated the pharmacology, function, and phylogeny of DA and dopaminergic receptors (DRs) in the modulation of nitric oxide (NO) in the Phallusia nigra immune cells. The data disclosed, for the first time, that DA modulates NO production by immune cells. Its modulation probably occurs though adrenergic receptors, which display a special characteristic, in that they are capable of binding to noradrenaline (NA) and DA. A pharmacological analysis revealed that receptors present on the ascidian immune cells showed a high affinity to butaclamol, a non-selective D2-class receptor, increasing NO production. In addition, calcium intracellular mobilization was observed when DA was added to immune cells. In conclusion, the data revealed novel insights about the presence of catecholaminergic receptors (CRs) on the P. nigra immune cells, indicating that ascidian CRs have special pharmacological characteristics that are worth highlighting from an evolutionary point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Fernandes de Souza
- Laboratório Integrado de Biociências Translacionais, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade - NUPEM, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, RJ, Brazil; Pós-Graduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus UFRJ- Macaé, Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andressa de Abreu Mello
- Laboratório Integrado de Biociências Translacionais, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade - NUPEM, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, RJ, Brazil; Pós-Graduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus UFRJ- Macaé, Macaé, RJ, Brazil; Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Biofísica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro- UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Taynan Motta Portal
- Laboratório Integrado de Biociências Translacionais, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade - NUPEM, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, RJ, Brazil; Pós-Graduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus UFRJ- Macaé, Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Nunes-da-Fonseca
- Laboratório Integrado de Ciências Morfofuncionais, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade - NUPEM, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cintia Monteiro de Barros
- Laboratório Integrado de Biociências Translacionais, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade - NUPEM, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, RJ, Brazil; Pós-Graduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus UFRJ- Macaé, Macaé, RJ, Brazil.
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Ravhe IS, Krishnan A, Manoj N. Evolutionary history of histamine receptors: Early vertebrate origin and expansion of the H 3-H 4 subtypes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 154:106989. [PMID: 33059072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Histamine receptors belonging to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate the diverse biological effects of biogenic histamine. They are classified into four phylogenetically distinct subtypes H1-H4, each with a different binding affinity for histamine and divergent downstream signaling pathways. Here we present the evolutionary history of the histamine receptors using a phylogenetic approach complemented with comparative genomics analyses of the sequences, gene structures, and synteny of gene neighborhoods. The data indicate the earliest emergence of histamine-mediated GPCR signaling by a H2 in a prebilaterian ancestor. The analyses support a revised classification of the vertebrate H3-H4 receptor subtypes. We demonstrate the presence of the H4 across vertebrates, contradicting the currently held notion that H4 is restricted to mammals. These non-mammalian vertebrate H4 orthologs have been mistaken for H3. We also identify the presence of a new H3 subtype (H3B), distinct from the canonical H3 (H3A), and propose that the H3A, H3B, and H4 likely emerged from a H3 progenitor through the 1R/2R whole genome duplications in an ancestor of the vertebrates. It is apparent that the ability of the H1, H2, and H3-4 to bind histamine was acquired convergently. We identified genomic signatures suggesting that the H1 and H3-H4 shared a last common ancestor with the muscarinic receptor in a bilaterian predecessor whereas, the H2 and the α-adrenoreceptor shared a progenitor in a prebilaterian ancestor. Furthermore, site-specific analysis of the vertebrate subtypes revealed potential residues that may account for the functional divergence between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Infant Sagayaraj Ravhe
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Arunkumar Krishnan
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Narayanan Manoj
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
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D’Aniello E, Paganos P, Anishchenko E, D’Aniello S, Arnone MI. Comparative Neurobiology of Biogenic Amines in Animal Models in Deuterostomes. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.587036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Yamamoto K, Fontaine R, Pasqualini C, Vernier P. Classification of Dopamine Receptor Genes in Vertebrates: Nine Subtypes in Osteichthyes. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2015; 86:164-75. [PMID: 26613258 DOI: 10.1159/000441550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine neurotransmission regulates various brain functions, and its regulatory roles are mediated by two families of G protein-coupled receptors: the D1 and D2 receptor families. In mammals, the D1 family comprises two receptor subtypes (D1 and D5), while the D2 family comprises three receptor subtypes (D2, D3 and D4). Phylogenetic analyses of dopamine receptor genes strongly suggest that the common ancestor of Osteichthyes (bony jawed vertebrates) possessed four subtypes in the D1 family and five subtypes in the D2 family. Mammals have secondarily lost almost half of the ancestral dopamine receptor genes, whereas nonmammalian species kept many of them. Although the mammalian situation is an exception among Osteichthyes, the current classification and characterization of dopamine receptors are based on mammalian features, which have led to confusion in the identification of dopamine receptor subtypes in nonmammalian species. Here we begin by reviewing the history of the discovery of dopamine receptors in vertebrates. The recent genome sequencing of coelacanth, gar and elephant shark led to the proposal of a refined scenario of evolution of dopamine receptor genes. We also discuss a current problem of nomenclature of dopamine receptors. Following the official nomenclature of mammalian dopamine receptors from D1 to D5, we propose to name newly identified receptor subtypes from D6 to D9 in order to facilitate the use of an identical name for orthologous genes among different species. To promote a nomenclature change which allows distinguishing the two dopamine receptor families, a nomenclature consortium is needed. This comparative perspective is crucial to correctly interpret data obtained in animal studies on dopamine-related brain disorders, and more fundamentally, to understand the characteristics of dopamine neurotransmission in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Yamamoto
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (UMR 9197), CNRS - Universitx00E9; Paris-Sud, Universitx00E9; Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Bayliss AL, Evans PD. Characterisation of AmphiAmR11, an amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae) D2-dopamine-like G protein-coupled receptor. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80833. [PMID: 24265838 PMCID: PMC3827198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of the biogenic amine signalling system in vertebrates is unclear. However, insights can be obtained from studying the structures and signalling properties of biogenic amine receptors from the protochordate, amphioxus, which is an invertebrate species that exists at the base of the chordate lineage. Here we describe the signalling properties of AmphiAmR11, an amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae) G protein-coupled receptor which has structural similarities to vertebrate α2-adrenergic receptors but which functionally acts as a D2 dopamine-like receptor when expressed in Chinese hamster ovary -K1 cells. AmphiAmR11 inhibits forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP levels with tyramine, phenylethylamine and dopamine being the most potent agonists. AmphiAmR11 also increases mitogen-activated protein kinase activity and calcium mobilisation, and in both pathways, dopamine was found to be more potent than tyramine. Thus, differences in the relative effectiveness of various agonists in the different second messenger assay systems suggest that the receptor displays agonist-specific coupling (biased agonism) whereby different agonists stabilize different conformations of the receptor which lead to the enhancement of one signalling pathway over another. The present study provides insights into the evolution of α2-adrenergic receptor signalling and support the hypothesis that α2-adrenergic receptors evolved from D2-dopamine receptors. The AmphiAmR11 receptor may represent a transition state between D2-dopamine receptors and α2-adrenergic receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Adenylyl Cyclases/metabolism
- Animals
- CHO Cells
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Cricetulus
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists
- Lancelets/genetics
- Lancelets/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Pertussis Toxin/pharmacology
- Receptors, Biogenic Amine/agonists
- Receptors, Biogenic Amine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Biogenic Amine/genetics
- Receptors, Biogenic Amine/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/agonists
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha L. Bayliss
- The Signalling Laboratory, the Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter D. Evans
- The Signalling Laboratory, the Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Yamamoto K, Mirabeau O, Bureau C, Blin M, Michon-Coudouel S, Demarque M, Vernier P. Evolution of dopamine receptor genes of the D1 class in vertebrates. Mol Biol Evol 2012. [PMID: 23197594 PMCID: PMC3603308 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/mss268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptors of the dopamine neurotransmitter belong to two unrelated classes named D1 and D2. For the D1 receptor class, only two subtypes are found in mammals, the D1A and D1B, receptors, whereas additional subtypes, named D1C, D1D, and D1X, have been found in other vertebrate species. Here, we analyzed molecular phylogeny, gene synteny, and gene expression pattern of the D1 receptor subtypes in a large range of vertebrate species, which leads us to propose a new view of the evolution of D1 dopamine receptor genes. First, we show that D1C and D1D receptor sequences are encoded by orthologous genes. Second, the previously identified Cypriniform D1X sequence is a teleost-specific paralog of the D1B sequences found in all groups of jawed vertebrates. Third, zebrafish and several sauropsid species possess an additional D1-like gene, which is likely to form another orthology group of vertebrate ancestral genes, which we propose to name D1E. Ancestral jawed vertebrates are thus likely to have possessed four classes of D1 receptor genes—D1A, D1B(X), D1C(D), and D1E—which arose from large-scale gene duplications. The D1C receptor gene would have been secondarily lost in the mammalian lineage, whereas the D1E receptor gene would have been lost independently in several lineages of modern vertebrates. The D1A receptors are well conserved throughout jawed vertebrates, whereas sauropsid D1C receptors have rapidly diverged, to the point that they were misidentified as D1D. The functional significance of the D1C receptor loss is not known. It is possible that the function may have been substituted with D1A or D1B receptors in mammals, following the disappearance of D1C receptors in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Yamamoto
- Neurobiology & Development (UPR 3294), Institute of Neurobiology Alfred Fessard, CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Bayliss A, Evans PD. Characterisation of AmphiAmR4, an amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae) α₂-adrenergic-like G-protein-coupled receptor. INVERTEBRATE NEUROSCIENCE 2012. [PMID: 23183848 DOI: 10.1007/s10158-012-0145-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the evolutionary relationship between vertebrate adrenergic receptors and invertebrate octopamine and tyramine receptors. The complexity of the adrenergic signalling system is believed to be an innovation of the vertebrate lineage but the presence of noradrenaline has been reported in some invertebrate species. The cephalochordate, amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae), is an ideal model organism for studying the evolution of vertebrate GPCRs, given its unique position at the base of the chordate lineage. Here, we describe the pharmacological characterisation and second messenger coupling abilities of AmphiAmR4, which clusters with α₂-adrenergic receptors in a phylogenetic tree but also shares a high sequence similarity to invertebrate octopamine/tyramine receptors in both BLAST and Hidden Markov Model analyses. Thus, it was of particular interest to determine if AmphiAmR4 displayed similar functional properties to the vertebrate α₂-adrenergic receptors or to invertebrate octopamine or tyramine receptors. When stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, noradrenaline couples the receptor to both the activation of adenylyl cyclase and to the activation of the MAPKinase pathway. Pharmacological studies with a wide range of agonists and antagonists suggest that AmphiAmR4 functions as an α₂-adrenergic-like receptor when expressed in CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Bayliss
- The Inositide Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, The Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
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Amphioxus expresses both vertebrate-type and invertebrate-type dopamine D(1) receptors. INVERTEBRATE NEUROSCIENCE 2010; 10:93-105. [PMID: 21113730 DOI: 10.1007/s10158-010-0111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The cephalochordate amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae) has recently been placed as the most basal of all the chordates, which makes it an ideal organism for studying the molecular basis of the evolutionary transition from invertebrates to vertebrates. The biogenic amine, dopamine regulates many aspects of motor control in both vertebrates and invertebrates, and in both cases, its receptors can be divided into two main groups (D1 and D2) based on sequence similarity, ligand affinity and effector coupling. A bioinformatic study shows that amphioxus has at least three dopamine D1-like receptor sequences. We have recently characterized one of these receptors, AmphiD1/β, which was found to have high levels of sequence similarity to both vertebrate D1 receptors and to β-adrenergic receptors, but functionally appeared to be a vertebrate-type dopamine D(1) receptor. Here, we report on the cloning of two further dopamine D(1) receptors (AmphiAmR1 and AmphiAmR2) from adult amphioxus cDNA libraries and their pharmacological characterisation subsequent to their expression in cell lines. AmphiAmR1 shows closer structural similarities to vertebrate D(1)-like receptors but shows some pharmacological similarities to invertebrate "DOP1" dopamine D(1)-like receptors. In contrast, AmphiAmR2 shows closer structural and pharmacological similarities to invertebrate "INDR"-like dopamine D(1)-like receptors.
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Pavlicek J, Sauzet S, Besseau L, Coon SL, Weller JL, Boeuf G, Gaildrat P, Omelchenko MV, Koonin EV, Falcón J, Klein DC. Evolution of AANAT: expansion of the gene family in the cephalochordate amphioxus. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:154. [PMID: 20500864 PMCID: PMC2897805 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) family is divided into structurally distinct vertebrate and non-vertebrate groups. Expression of vertebrate AANATs is limited primarily to the pineal gland and retina, where it plays a role in controlling the circadian rhythm in melatonin synthesis. Based on the role melatonin plays in biological timing, AANAT has been given the moniker "the Timezyme". Non-vertebrate AANATs, which occur in fungi and protists, are thought to play a role in detoxification and are not known to be associated with a specific tissue. Results We have found that the amphioxus genome contains seven AANATs, all having non-vertebrate type features. This and the absence of AANATs from the genomes of Hemichordates and Urochordates support the view that a major transition in the evolution of the AANATs may have occurred at the onset of vertebrate evolution. Analysis of the expression pattern of the two most structurally divergent AANATs in Branchiostoma lanceolatum (bl) revealed that they are expressed early in development and also in the adult at low levels throughout the body, possibly associated with the neural tube. Expression is clearly not exclusively associated with the proposed analogs of the pineal gland and retina. blAANAT activity is influenced by environmental lighting, but light/dark differences do not persist under constant light or constant dark conditions, indicating they are not circadian in nature. bfAANATα and bfAANATδ' have unusually alkaline (> 9.0) optimal pH, more than two pH units higher than that of vertebrate AANATs. Conclusions The substrate selectivity profiles of bfAANATα and δ' are relatively broad, including alkylamines, arylalkylamines and diamines, in contrast to vertebrate forms, which selectively acetylate serotonin and other arylalkylamines. Based on these features, it appears that amphioxus AANATs could play several roles, including detoxification and biogenic amine inactivation. The presence of seven AANATs in amphioxus genome supports the view that arylalkylamine and polyamine acetylation is important to the biology of this organism and that these genes evolved in response to specific pressures related to requirements for amine acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Pavlicek
- Section on Neuroendocrinology, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Burman C, Reale V, Srivastava DP, Evans PD. Identification and characterization of a novel amphioxus dopamine D-like receptor. J Neurochem 2009; 111:26-36. [PMID: 19645747 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine receptors function to control many aspects of motor control and other forms of behaviour in both vertebrates and invertebrates. They can be divided into two main groups (D(1) and D(2)) based on sequence similarity, ligand affinity and effector coupling. However, little is known about the pharmacology and functionality of dopamine receptors in the deuterostomian invertebrates, such as the cephalochordate amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae) which has recently been placed as the most basal of all the chordates. A bioinformatic study shows that amphioxus has at least three dopamine D(1)-like receptor sequences. One of these receptors, AmphiD(1)/beta, was found to have high levels of sequence similarity to both vertebrate D(1) receptors and to beta-adrenergic receptors. Here, we report on the cloning of AmphiD(1)/beta from an adult amphioxus cDNA library, and its pharmacological characterization subsequent to its expression in both mammalian cell lines and Xenopus oocytes. It was found that AmphiD(1)/beta has a similar pharmacology to vertebrate D(1) receptors, including responding to benzodiazepine ligands. The pharmacology of the receptor exhibits 'agonist-specific coupling' depending upon the second messenger pathway to which it is linked. Moreover, no pharmacological characteristics were observed to suggest that AmphiD(1)/beta may be an amphioxus orthologue of vertebrate beta-adrenergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Burman
- The Inositide Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
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Nordström KJV, Fredriksson R, Schiöth HB. The amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae) genome contains a highly diversified set of G protein-coupled receptors. BMC Evol Biol 2008; 8:9. [PMID: 18199322 PMCID: PMC2246102 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-8-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are one of the largest families of genes in mammals. Branchiostoma floridae (amphioxus) is one of the species most closely related species to vertebrates. Results Mining and phylogenetic analysis of the amphioxus genome showed the presence of at least 664 distinct GPCRs distributed among all the main families of GPCRs; Glutamate (18), Rhodopsin (570), Adhesion (37), Frizzled (6) and Secretin (16). Surprisingly, the Adhesion GPCR repertoire in amphioxus includes receptors with many new domains not previously observed in this family. We found many Rhodopsin GPCRs from all main groups including many amine and peptide binding receptors and several previously uncharacterized expansions were also identified. This genome has however no genes coding for bitter taste receptors (TAS2), the sweet and umami (TAS1), pheromone (VR1 or VR2) or mammalian olfactory receptors. Conclusion The amphioxus genome is remarkably rich in various GPCR subtypes while the main GPCR groups known to sense exogenous substances (such as Taste 2, mammalian olfactory, nematode chemosensory, gustatory, vomeronasal and odorant receptors) in other bilateral species are absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J V Nordström
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 593, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
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