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Mahfouz M, Mahfouz Y, Harmouche-Karaki M, Matta J, Younes H, Helou K, Finan R, Abi-Tayeh G, Meslimani M, Moussa G, Chahrour N, Osseiran C, Skaiki F, Narbonne JF. Utilizing machine learning to classify persistent organic pollutants in the serum of pregnant women: a predictive modeling approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-34684-x. [PMID: 39168932 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34684-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that remain detrimental to critical subpopulations, namely pregnant women. Required tests for biomonitoring are quite expensive. Moreover, statistical models aiming to discover the relationships between pollutants levels and human characteristics have their limitations. Therefore, the objective of this study is to use machine learning predictive models to further examine the pollutants' predictors, while comparing them. Levels of 33 congeners were measured in the serum of 269 pregnant women, from whom data was collected regarding sociodemographic, dietary, environmental, and anthropometric characteristics. Several machine learning algorithms were compared using "Python" for each pollutant: support vector machine (SVM), random forest, XGBoost, and neural networks. The aforementioned characteristics were included in the model as features. Prediction, accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, area under the ROC curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity were retrieved to compare the models between them and among pollutants. The highest performing model for all pollutants was Random Forest. Results showed a moderate to acceptable performance and discriminative power among all POPs, with OCPs' model performing slightly better than all other models. Top related features for each model were also presented using SHAP analysis, detailing the predictors' negative or positive impact on the model. In conclusion, developing such a tool is of major importance in a context of limited financial and research resources. Nevertheless, machine learning models should always be interpreted with caution by exploring all evaluation metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Mahfouz
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Sciences Campus, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Damascus RoadRiad Solh, P.O. Box 115076, Beirut, 1107 2180, Lebanon.
| | - Yara Mahfouz
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Sciences Campus, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Damascus RoadRiad Solh, P.O. Box 115076, Beirut, 1107 2180, Lebanon
| | - Mireille Harmouche-Karaki
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Sciences Campus, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Damascus RoadRiad Solh, P.O. Box 115076, Beirut, 1107 2180, Lebanon
| | - Joseph Matta
- Industrial Research Institute, Lebanese University Campus, Baabda, Hadath, Lebanon, P.O. Box 112806
| | - Hassan Younes
- Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Collège Santé, Equipe PANASH, Membre de l'ULR 7519, Université d'Artois, 19 Rue Pierre Waguet, 60026, Beauvais, France
| | - Khalil Helou
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Sciences Campus, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Damascus RoadRiad Solh, P.O. Box 115076, Beirut, 1107 2180, Lebanon
| | - Ramzi Finan
- Hotel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University of Beirut Hospital, Blvd Alfred Naccache, Beirut, Lebanon, P.O. Box 166830
| | - Georges Abi-Tayeh
- Hotel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University of Beirut Hospital, Blvd Alfred Naccache, Beirut, Lebanon, P.O. Box 166830
| | | | - Ghada Moussa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chtoura Hospital, Beqaa, Lebanon
| | - Nada Chahrour
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, SRH University Hospital, Nabatieh, Lebanon
| | - Camille Osseiran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kassab Hospital, Saida, Lebanon
| | - Farouk Skaiki
- Department of Molecular Biology, General Management, Al Karim Medical Laboratories, Saida, Lebanon
| | - Jean-François Narbonne
- Laboratoire de Physico-Toxico Chimie Des Systèmes Naturels, University of Bordeaux, 33405, Talence, CEDEX, France
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Brunner PH, Morf LS. Waste to energy, indispensable cornerstone for circular economy: A mini-review. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2024:734242X241227376. [PMID: 38282576 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x241227376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
This mini-review aims at proving that waste-to-energy (WtE) is an essential cornerstone for circular economy (CE). Based on literature, the history of thermal waste treatment over the last 150 years is investigated, from open burning to WtE with resource recovery and final sink function. The results show that in the past incineration solved the issues it was designed for but often created new and sometimes even worse problems: The introduction of incineration in the 19th century improved urban sanitation, decreased waste volume and prolonged operational life of landfills. But it also polluted the environment, triggering an unprecedented scientific and engineering effort of all stakeholders. Today, WtE is one of the best investigated and optimized technologies in waste management. It enables the recovery of energy as heat and electric power and facilitates the 'cleaning' of cycles by the destruction of hazardous organic substances. Recent developments in resource recovery from WtE residues allow to recycle metals and, in the case of sewage sludge, even phosphorus by thermal recycling. Combined with carbon capture and storage technology, WtE stands for a quantifiable contribution to greenhouse gas reduction. Today, WtE is indispensable to reach the goals of CE, namely recycling of energy and materials, supplying safe final sinks for persistent organic substances and minimizing the need for sinks for hazardous inorganic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H Brunner
- TU Wien, Institute of Water Quality and Resource Management, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leo S Morf
- Baudirektion Kanton Zürich, Amt für Abfall, Wasser, Energie und Luft, Zürich, Switzerland
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Kearns KA, Naeher LP, McCracken JP, Boyd Barr D, Saikawa E, Hengstermann M, Mollinedo E, Panuwet P, Yakimavets V, Lee GE, Thompson LM. Estimating personal exposures to household air pollution and plastic garbage burning among adolescent girls in Jalapa, Guatemala. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 348:140705. [PMID: 37981014 PMCID: PMC10714129 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Waste collection services are uncommon in rural areas of low-resource countries, causing waste accumulation and subsequent dumping and burning of garbage. Air pollution from household garbage burning, including plastics, has been observed in Jalapa, Guatemala in addition to household air pollution (HAP) from cooking. Adolescent girls often help with these cooking and household tasks, but little is known about their exposures. We characterized 24-h exposures to HAP and household garbage burning in adolescent girls by measuring fine particulate matter (PM2.5), black carbon (BC), urinary biomarkers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), bisphenol A (BPA), and phthalates. We recruited 60 girls between 13 and 17 years of age who helped with cooking activities and lived with participants of the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) trial. We recruited n = 30 girls each from the control (wood-burning stove) and intervention (liquefied petroleum gas stove) arms. We also measured real-time kitchen concentrations of BC in 20 homes (33%). PM2.5 and BC were measured in n = 21 control and n = 20 intervention participants. Median concentrations of personal PM2.5 and BC and kitchen BC were lower (p < 0.05) in the intervention arm by 87%, 80%, and 85%, respectively. PAH metabolite concentrations were lower (p < 0.001) for all nine metabolites in intervention (n = 26) compared to control participants (n = 29). Urinary BPA concentrations were 66% higher in participants who reported using cosmetics (p = 0.02), and phthalate concentrations were 63% higher in participants who had reported using hair products during the sample period (p = 0.05). Our results suggest that gas stoves can reduce HAP exposures among adolescents who are not primary cooks at home. Biomarkers of plastic exposure were not associated with intervention status, but some were elevated compared to age- and sex-matched participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Kearns
- University of Georgia, Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Luke P Naeher
- University of Georgia, Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, Athens, GA, USA
| | - John P McCracken
- University of Georgia, Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, Athens, GA, USA; Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eri Saikawa
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mayari Hengstermann
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Erick Mollinedo
- University of Georgia, Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, Athens, GA, USA; Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Parinya Panuwet
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Volha Yakimavets
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Grace E Lee
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lisa M Thompson
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Wilson DC. Learning from the past to plan for the future: An historical review of the evolution of waste and resource management 1970-2020 and reflections on priorities 2020-2030 - The perspective of an involved witness. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2023; 41:1754-1813. [PMID: 37732707 PMCID: PMC10693744 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x231178025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Improving waste and resource management (WaRM) around the world can halve the weight of plastics entering the oceans, significantly mitigate global heating and contribute directly to 12 of 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs). Achieving such results demands understanding and learning from historical evolution of WaRM. The baseline is 1970, prior to environmental legislation. Early steps in the Global North focused on the 'technical fix' within strictly enforced legal frameworks, first bringing hazardous wastes and municipal solid wastes (MSW) under control, then gradually ramping up environmental standards. Using modern technologies to the Global South often failed due to institutional and financial constraints. From 1990, focus switched to integrating technical and governance aspects: local institutional coherence, financial sustainability, provider inclusivity, user inclusivity, national legislative and policy framework. The Global North rediscovered recycling, using policy measures to promote segregation at source; this relied on new markets in emerging economies, which had largely disappeared by 2020. The Global South is making progress on bringing wastes under control, but around 2.7 billion people lack access to waste collection, while ~40% of collected MSW is open dumped or burned - a continuing global waste emergency. So, much remains to be done to move further towards a circular economy. Three policy priorities are critical for all countries: access to sustainable financing, rethinking sustainable recycling and worldwide extended producer responsibility with teeth. Extending services to unserved communities (SDG11.6.1) requires a people-centred approach, working with communities to provide both quality services and decent livelihoods for collection and recycling workers.
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Bourtsalas ACT, Yepes IM, Tian Y. U.S. plastic waste exports: A state-by-state analysis pre- and post-China import ban. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 344:118604. [PMID: 37459814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzes the regional implications of China's 2017 import ban on plastic waste by examining U.S. census data. A statistically significant decrease in total U.S. plastic waste exports was found, dropping from about 1.4 million tons to 0.6 million tons in the post-ban period. California remained the top exporter, throughout both pre- and post-ban periods, while South Carolina exhibited the highest per capita exports. Malaysia emerged as the largest importer of U.S. plastic waste, followed by Vietnam, Indonesia, and Thailand. The ban also led to a change in the composition of the exported plastic waste. Ethylene polymers increased from 32.6% of total exports in the pre-ban period to 46.9% in the post-ban period. Other plastics (vinyl chloride polymers, styrene polymers, and for plastics not elsewhere specified or included) decreased from 67.4% of total exports in the pre-ban period to 53.1% in the post-ban period. Moreover, we found that exporting plastic waste has significant environmental and human health impacts. For example, the Global Warming Potential (GWP) decreased from 20 million tons CO2-eq in the scenario where 100% of plastics are exported, or 25 million tons exported from the U.S. since 2002, to -11.1 million tons CO2-eq in the scenario where 100% of plastics are treated domestically. Transportation exacerbates these impacts for exported waste scenarios, increasing to 5.4 million tons CO2-eq when plastics are exported by ship while decreasing to 0.9 million tons CO2-eq for domestic treatment. Although exporting plastic waste is initially cost-effective, our study highlights that investing in domestic waste management can yield significant long-term benefits, considering the environmental and public health impacts. Therefore, it is crucial to prioritize context-specific solutions to address the challenges of the evolving global plastic waste landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Thanos Bourtsalas
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Isabela Maria Yepes
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Yixi Tian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Waleed Makki H, Waleed Makki H, Mohamed TSA, Omer Hamad Abd El‑Raheem G, Bashir Abdel Mahmoud AZ, Mustafa Elfadul M, Homeida M, Noma M. Health Impact of Household Waste Burning in Khartoum State, Sudan. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2023; 16:1297-1307. [PMID: 37484704 PMCID: PMC10362879 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s395694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Waste disposal and management is a global concern affecting both high- and low-income countries. This research assessed the health impact of burning household waste in Khartoum State, Sudan. Methods An online community-based cross-sectional study was implemented on a sample of 844 participants selected through a stratified random sampling technique across Khartoum State. The data were collected through a standardized pre tested online questionnaire. The data file was georeferenced through Google Earth Pro and analysed with SPSS 23 and ArcGIS 10.3. The data were summarized numerically and graphically. The appropriate frequency tables were used in ArcGIS to generate geographical distribution maps of household waste burning and predictive health risk maps of waste burning in Khartoum State. Statistical tests performed for association carried out were Chi-square and ANOVA. A binary regression analysis established the relationship between burning of household waste and its associated factors. All statistical tests were considered significant when p < 0.05. Results The practice of burning household waste was performed by 74.5% (619/831) of the participants with 50.8% (311/612) who reported burning the waste weekly. The health conditions related to household waste burning were predominately asthma (57.0%) and respiratory manifestations (38.0%). Of the ten contributing factors of health risks related to burning household waste, the two statistically significant were the frequency of waste collection (OR = 0.720, 95% [CI: 0.593-0.875], p = 0.001) and the place of waste disposal (OR = 0.791, 95% [CI: 0.651-0.961], p = 0.018). Conclusion The practice of burning household waste in Khartoum State was a public health concern. Sociodemographic and managerial factors exposing residents to health risks appeal political, health authorities and communities to establish a partnership to manage household waste for public safety and good quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Waleed Makki
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Hana Waleed Makki
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Tala Siefuddin Awadelkarim Mohamed
- Postgraduate Diploma Research Methodology & Biostatistics, Graduate College, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ghada Omer Hamad Abd El‑Raheem
- Soba University Hospital & Research Methodology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Maisa Mustafa Elfadul
- Public Health, Graduate College, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mamoun Homeida
- University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mounkaila Noma
- Postgraduate Diploma Research Methodology & Biostatistics, Graduate College, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
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Kováts N, Hubai K, Sainnokhoi TA, Eck-Varanka B, Hoffer A, Tóth Á, Teke G. Ecotoxicity of PM 10 emissions generated during controlled burning of waste PET. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 99:104118. [PMID: 37011741 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Domestic waste is often burned either as fuel for winter heating or in open areas, simply to get rid of waste. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) represents an important component of plastics usage as well as of plastic waste produced. While most studies attempt to characterize environmental risk of open burning of mixed household waste, present work evaluates chemical and ecotoxicological parameters of particulate matter (PM) produced during controlled burning of PET samples. In the PM10 samples, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and heavy metal concentrations were measured, ecotoxicity was evaluated using the kinetic Vibrio fischeri bioassay. Both chemical composition and ecotoxicity of the 4 samples showed significant correlation, regardless of the colored or colorless nature of the original PET sample. Antimony was found in considerable concentrations, in the range of 6.93-16.9 mg/kg. PAHs profiles of the samples were very similar, showing the dominance of 4-and 5-ring PAHs, including carcinogenic benzo(a)pyrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Kováts
- University of Pannonia, Centre for Natural Sciences, Egyetem str. 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary.
| | - Katalin Hubai
- University of Pannonia, Centre for Natural Sciences, Egyetem str. 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Tsend-Ayush Sainnokhoi
- University of Pannonia, Centre for Natural Sciences, Egyetem str. 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary; Mongolian University of Life Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Khan-Uul district, Zaisan 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Bettina Eck-Varanka
- University of Pannonia, Centre for Natural Sciences, Egyetem str. 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - András Hoffer
- MTA-PE Air Chemistry Research Group, Egyetem str. 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Ádám Tóth
- MTA-PE Air Chemistry Research Group, Egyetem str. 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Gábor Teke
- ELGOSCAR-2000 Environmental Technology and Water Management Ltd., 8184 Balatonfuzfo, Hungary
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Alnawajha MM, Kurniawan SB, Imron MF, Abdullah SRS, Hasan HA, Othman AR. Plant-based coagulants/flocculants: characteristics, mechanisms, and possible utilization in treating aquaculture effluent and benefiting from the recovered nutrients. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:58430-58453. [PMID: 35759099 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21631-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The increasing intensification of the aquaculture industry requires the development of new strategies to reduce the negative impacts of wastewater on the environment. Plant-based coagulants/flocculants, regarded as one of the environmentally friendly technologies for wastewater treatment, show good performance in the removal of suspended solids from wastewater. The aforementioned technology involves the utilization of plants as coagulants/flocculants in the treatment process and produces nontoxic sludge as treatment by-products. The produced sludge could be converted into valuable compounds used in agriculture. This review summarizes coagulation-flocculation by using plant-based coagulants/flocculants, its mechanisms, operational factors that control the treatment process, and its application in the treatment of wastewater, especially aquaculture effluent. Moreover, this work discusses the potential utilization of aquaculture sludge as a valuable compound used in agriculture. The presented review aims to emphasize the potential of using plant-based coagulants/flocculants in the treatment of aquaculture effluent and explore the potential of using the produced sludge as fertilizer for plants to solve problems related to sludge handling and the toxicity of inorganic coagulants in a recirculating aquaculture system. This paper concluded that utilization of recovered nutrients in the form of solids is feasible for agricultural purposes, while a hydroponic system can be used to reclaim the nutrients in the form of solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mohammad Alnawajha
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Setyo Budi Kurniawan
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Fauzul Imron
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Study Program of Environmental Engineering, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C UNAIR, Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia.
| | - Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Hassimi Abu Hasan
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Research Centre for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Razi Othman
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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