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Bianco F, Lombardi E, Lecce S, Marchetti A, Massaro D, Valle A, Castelli I. Supporting Children’s Second-order Recursive Thinking and Advanced ToM Abilities: A Training Study. JOURNAL OF COGNITION AND DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15248372.2021.1901712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Bianco F, Lombardi E, Massaro D, Castelli I, Valle A, Marchetti A, Lecce S. Enhancing advanced Theory of Mind skills in primary school: A training study with 7‐ to 8‐year‐olds. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.2155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bianco
- Department of Brain and Behavioural SciencesUniversity of Pavia Pavia Italy
| | | | - Davide Massaro
- Department of PsychologyUniversità Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Milan Italy
| | - Ilaria Castelli
- Department of Human and Social SciencesUniversity of Bergamo Bergamo Italy
| | - Annalisa Valle
- Department of PsychologyUniversità Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Milan Italy
| | | | - Serena Lecce
- Department of Brain and Behavioural SciencesUniversity of Pavia Pavia Italy
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Marchetti A, Baglio F, Castelli I, Griffanti L, Nemni R, Rossetto F, Valle A, Zanette M, Massaro D. Social Decision Making in Adolescents and Young Adults: Evidence From the Ultimatum Game and Cognitive Biases. Psychol Rep 2018; 122:135-154. [DOI: 10.1177/0033294118755673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
During adolescence and early adulthood, individuals deal with important developmental changes, especially in the context of complex social interactions. Previous studies demonstrated that those changes have a significant impact on the social decision making process, in terms of a progressive increase of intentionality comprehension of others, of the sensitivity to fairness, and of the impermeability to decisional biases. However, neither adolescents nor adults reach the ideal level of maximization and of rationality of the homo economicus proposed by classical economics theory, thus remaining more close to the model of the “bounded rationality” proposed by cognitive psychology. In the present study, we analyzed two aspects of decision making in 110 participants from early adolescence to young adulthood: the sensitivity to fairness and the permeability to decisional biases (Outcome Bias and Hindsight Bias). To address these questions, we adopted a modified version of the Ultimatum Game task, where participants faced fair, unfair, and hyperfair offers from proposers described as generous, selfish, or neutral. We also administered two behavioral tasks testing the influence of the Outcome Bias and of the Hindsight Bias in the evaluation of the decision. Our behavioral results highlighted that the participants are still partially consequentialist, as the decisional process is influenced by a complex balance between the outcome and the psychological description of the proposer. As regards cognitive biases, the Outcome Bias and the Hindsight Bias are present in the whole sample, with no relevant age differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Marchetti
- Research Unit on Theory of Mind, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Baglio
- Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation, Scientific Institute and University, IRCCS, Italy
| | - Ilaria Castelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umane e Sociali, Università degli Studi di Bergamo, Italy; Research Unit on Theory of Mind, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
| | - Ludovica Griffanti
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Raffaello Nemni
- Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation, Scientific Institute and University, IRCCS, Italy; Department of Physiopathology and Transplants, University of Milano, Italy
| | - Federica Rossetto
- Research Unit on Theory of Mind, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
| | - Annalisa Valle
- Research Unit on Theory of Mind, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
| | - Michela Zanette
- Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation, Scientific Institute and University, IRCCS, Italy
| | - Davide Massaro
- Research Unit on Theory of Mind, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
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Spataro P, Rossi-Arnaud C, Longobardi E. Are belief-based justifications associated with metalinguistic awareness? A cross-sectional study in school-age children. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.2048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Spataro
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology; University Sapienza of Rome; Rome Italy
| | | | - Emiddia Longobardi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology; University Sapienza of Rome; Rome Italy
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Begeer S, Bernstein DM, Aßfalg A, Azdad H, Glasbergen T, Wierda M, Koot HM. Reprint of: Equal egocentric bias in school-aged children with and without autism spectrum disorders. J Exp Child Psychol 2016; 149:134-45. [PMID: 27262614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Egocentric bias is a core feature of autism. This phenomenon has been studied using the false belief task. However, typically developing children who pass categorical (pass or fail) false belief tasks may still show subtle egocentric bias. We examined 7- to 13-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; n=76) or typical development (n=113) using tasks with a continuous response scale: a modified false belief task and a visual hindsight bias task. All children showed robust egocentric bias on both tasks, but no group effects were found. Our large sample size, coupled with our sensitive tasks and resoundingly null group effects, indicate that children with and without ASD possess more similar egocentric tendencies than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Begeer
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Section Clinical Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Daniel M Bernstein
- Department of Psychology, Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Surrey, British Columbia V3W 2M8, Canada
| | - Andre Aßfalg
- Department of Psychology, Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Surrey, British Columbia V3W 2M8, Canada; Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Halima Azdad
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Section Clinical Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa Glasbergen
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Section Clinical Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marlies Wierda
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Section Clinical Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M Koot
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Section Clinical Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Mizokawa A, Lecce S. Sensitivity to criticism and theory of mind: A cross cultural study on Japanese and Italian children. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2016.1180970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Begeer S, Bernstein DM, Aßfalg A, Azdad H, Glasbergen T, Wierda M, Koot HM. Equal egocentric bias in school-aged children with and without autism spectrum disorders. J Exp Child Psychol 2015; 144:15-26. [PMID: 26687336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Egocentric bias is a core feature of autism. This phenomenon has been studied using the false belief task. However, typically developing children who pass categorical (pass or fail) false belief tasks may still show subtle egocentric bias. We examined 7- to 13-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; n=76) or typical development (n=113) using tasks with a continuous response scale: a modified false belief task and a visual hindsight bias task. All children showed robust egocentric bias on both tasks, but no group effects were found. Our large sample size, coupled with our sensitive tasks and resoundingly null group effects, indicate that children with and without ASD possess more similar egocentric tendencies than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Begeer
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Section Clinical Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Daniel M Bernstein
- Department of Psychology, Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Surrey, British Columbia V3W 2M8, Canada
| | - Andre Aßfalg
- Department of Psychology, Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Surrey, British Columbia V3W 2M8, Canada; Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Halima Azdad
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Section Clinical Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa Glasbergen
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Section Clinical Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marlies Wierda
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Section Clinical Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M Koot
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Section Clinical Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Battistelli P, Farneti A. When the theory of mind would be very useful. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1449. [PMID: 26483716 PMCID: PMC4586351 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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Marchetti A, Castelli I, Sanvito L, Massaro D. Is a bird in the hand worth two in the future? Intertemporal choice, attachment and theory of mind in school-aged children. Front Psychol 2014; 5:483. [PMID: 24904496 PMCID: PMC4033135 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intertemporal choice is a decision-making dilemma related to outcomes of different entity located at different time points. Economic and psychological literature on this topic showed the phenomen of temporal discounting, i.e., the proclivity to devalue the outcome distant in time on the basis of the time delay necessary to obtain it. The goals of this research are to investigate two different components of intertemporal choice separately, namely time and outcome, in school-age children, and the possible link among such components and the security of attachment style and theory of mind. Ninety one children aged between 6 and 10 years performed two intertemporal choice tasks, first and second order false belief tasks and the Separation Anxiety Task in the Family and School versions. Results showed that the two components of intertemporal choice (waiting tolerance and sensitivity to delayed outcome) are stately interrelated; the quality of the attachment to the family caregiver affects the tolerance to waiting time and first order false belief understanding affects both the components of intertemporal choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Marchetti
- Research Unit on Theory of Mind, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Castelli
- Research Unit on Theory of Mind, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Sanvito
- Research Unit on Theory of Mind, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Massaro
- Research Unit on Theory of Mind, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Milan, Italy
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