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Beyond the Usual Suspects: Physiological Roles of the Arabidopsis Amidase Signature (AS) Superfamily Members in Plant Growth Processes and Stress Responses. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081207. [PMID: 34439873 PMCID: PMC8393822 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversification of land plants largely relies on their ability to cope with constant environmental fluctuations, which negatively impact their reproductive fitness and trigger adaptive responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this limiting landscape, cumulative research attention has centred on deepening the roles of major phytohormones, mostly auxins, together with brassinosteroids, jasmonates, and abscisic acid, despite the signaling networks orchestrating the crosstalk among them are so far only poorly understood. Accordingly, this review focuses on the Arabidopsis Amidase Signature (AS) superfamily members, with the aim of highlighting the hitherto relatively underappreciated functions of AMIDASE1 (AMI1) and FATTY ACID AMIDE HYDROLASE (FAAH), as comparable coordinators of the growth-defense trade-off, by balancing auxin and ABA homeostasis through the conversion of their likely bioactive substrates, indole-3-acetamide and N-acylethanolamine.
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Malka SK, Cheng Y. Possible Interactions between the Biosynthetic Pathways of Indole Glucosinolate and Auxin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2131. [PMID: 29312389 PMCID: PMC5735125 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GLS) are a group of plant secondary metabolites mainly found in Cruciferous plants, share a core structure consisting of a β-thioglucose moiety and a sulfonated oxime, but differ by a variable side chain derived from one of the several amino acids. These compounds are hydrolyzed upon cell damage by thioglucosidase (myrosinase), and the resulting degradation products are toxic to many pathogens and herbivores. Human beings use these compounds as flavor compounds, anti-carcinogens, and bio-pesticides. GLS metabolism is complexly linked to auxin homeostasis. Indole GLS contributes to auxin biosynthesis via metabolic intermediates indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOx) and indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN). IAOx is proposed to be a metabolic branch point for biosynthesis of indole GLS, IAA, and camalexin. Interruption of metabolic channeling of IAOx into indole GLS leads to high-auxin production in GLS mutants. IAN is also produced as a hydrolyzed product of indole GLS and metabolized to IAA by nitrilases. In this review, we will discuss current knowledge on involvement of GLS in auxin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva K. Malka
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Youfa Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Azizi P, Rafii M, Maziah M, Abdullah S, Hanafi M, Latif M, Rashid A, Sahebi M. Understanding the shoot apical meristem regulation: A study of the phytohormones, auxin and cytokinin, in rice. Mech Dev 2015; 135:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sánchez-Parra B, Frerigmann H, Alonso MMP, Loba VC, Jost R, Hentrich M, Pollmann S. Characterization of Four Bifunctional Plant IAM/PAM-Amidohydrolases Capable of Contributing to Auxin Biosynthesis. PLANTS 2014; 3:324-47. [PMID: 27135507 PMCID: PMC4844348 DOI: 10.3390/plants3030324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Amidases [EC 3.5.1.4] capable of converting indole-3-acetamide (IAM) into the major plant growth hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) are assumed to be involved in auxin de novo biosynthesis. With the emerging amount of genomics data, it was possible to identify over forty proteins with substantial homology to the already characterized amidases from Arabidopsis and tobacco. The observed high conservation of amidase-like proteins throughout the plant kingdom may suggest an important role of theses enzymes in plant development. Here, we report cloning and functional analysis of four, thus far, uncharacterized plant amidases from Oryza sativa, Sorghum bicolor, Medicago truncatula, and Populus trichocarpa. Intriguingly, we were able to demonstrate that the examined amidases are also capable of converting phenyl-2-acetamide (PAM) into phenyl-2-acetic acid (PAA), an auxin endogenous to several plant species including Arabidopsis. Furthermore, we compared the subcellular localization of the enzymes to that of Arabidopsis AMI1, providing further evidence for similar enzymatic functions. Our results point to the presence of a presumably conserved pathway of auxin biosynthesis via IAM, as amidases, both of monocot, and dicot origins, were analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Sánchez-Parra
- Center for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics (U.P.M.-I.N.I.A.), Technical University Madrid, Montegancedo Campus, Crta. M-40, km 38, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain.
| | - Henning Frerigmann
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Marta-Marina Pérez Alonso
- Center for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics (U.P.M.-I.N.I.A.), Technical University Madrid, Montegancedo Campus, Crta. M-40, km 38, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain.
| | - Víctor Carrasco Loba
- Center for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics (U.P.M.-I.N.I.A.), Technical University Madrid, Montegancedo Campus, Crta. M-40, km 38, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain.
| | - Ricarda Jost
- School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Mathias Hentrich
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Stephan Pollmann
- Center for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics (U.P.M.-I.N.I.A.), Technical University Madrid, Montegancedo Campus, Crta. M-40, km 38, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain.
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Mano Y, Nemoto K. The pathway of auxin biosynthesis in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:2853-72. [PMID: 22447967 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin, which is predominantly represented by indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), is involved in the regulation of plant growth and development. Although IAA was the first plant hormone identified, the biosynthetic pathway at the genetic level has remained unclear. Two major pathways for IAA biosynthesis have been proposed: the tryptophan (Trp)-independent and Trp-dependent pathways. In Trp-dependent IAA biosynthesis, four pathways have been postulated in plants: (i) the indole-3-acetamide (IAM) pathway; (ii) the indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPA) pathway; (iii) the tryptamine (TAM) pathway; and (iv) the indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOX) pathway. Although different plant species may have unique strategies and modifications to optimize their metabolic pathways, plants would be expected to share evolutionarily conserved core mechanisms for auxin biosynthesis because IAA is a fundamental substance in the plant life cycle. In this review, the genes now known to be involved in auxin biosynthesis are summarized and the major IAA biosynthetic pathway distributed widely in the plant kingdom is discussed on the basis of biochemical and molecular biological findings and bioinformatics studies. Based on evolutionarily conserved core mechanisms, it is thought that the pathway via IAM or IPA is the major route(s) to IAA in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Mano
- Graduate School of Bioscience, Tokai University, 317 Nishino, Numazu, Shizuoka 410-0321, Japan.
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Abstract
Monocots are known to respond differently to auxinic herbicides; hence, certain herbicides kill broadleaf (i.e., dicot) weeds while leaving lawns (i.e., monocot grasses) intact. In addition, the characters that distinguish monocots from dicots involve structures whose development is controlled by auxin. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling auxin biosynthesis, homeostasis, transport, and signal transduction appear, so far, to be conserved between monocots and dicots, although there are differences in gene copy number and expression leading to diversification in function. This article provides an update on the conservation and diversification of the roles of genes controlling auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signal transduction in root, shoot, and reproductive development in rice and maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula McSteen
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
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Mano Y, Nemoto K, Suzuki M, Seki H, Fujii I, Muranaka T. The AMI1 gene family: indole-3-acetamide hydrolase functions in auxin biosynthesis in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:25-32. [PMID: 19887500 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Novel genes that function in the conversion of indole-3-acetamide (IAM) into indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which were previously thought to exist only in the bacterial genome, have been isolated from plants. The finding of the AtAMI1 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana and the NtAMI1 gene in Nicotiana tabacum, which encode indole-3-acetamide hydrolase, indicates the existence of a new pathway for auxin biosynthesis in plants. This review summarizes the characteristics of these genes involved in auxin biosynthesis and discusses the possibility of the AMI1 gene family being widely distributed in the plant kingdom. Its evolutionary relationship to bacterial indole-3-acetamide hydrolase, based on phylogenetic analyses, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Mano
- Graduate School of Bioscience, Tokai University, 317 Nishino, Numazu, Shizuoka 410-0321, Japan.
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Abstract
Amidase 1 (AMI1), a specific indole-3-acetamide amidohydrolase, is an Arabidopsis thaliana amidase signature enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of indole-3-acetic acid from indole-3-acetamide. Amidase signature family members catalyze a diverse range of enzymatic reactions and are found widespread in nature, for instance in bacteria, mammals, and plants. At the protein level, the family members share a conserved stretch of approximately 50-130 amino acids, the name-giving amidase signature. Elucidation of the crystal structures of a mammalian fatty acid amide hydrolase and the bacterial malonamidase E2 revealed an unusual Ser-cisSer-Lys catalytic triad in proteins of this family. In addition, other members, such as the amidase from Rhodococcus rhodochrous strain J1 or Sulfolobus solfataricus, seem to use an accessory Cys-cisSer-Lys center. AMI1 possesses all conserved amino-acid residues of the Ser-cisSer-Lys triad, but lacks the CX(3)C motif and therefore the Cys-cisSer-Lys catalytic site. Using a set of point-mutated variants of AMI1 and chemical modifications, we analyzed the relative importance of single amino-acid residues of AMI1 with respect to substrate conversion. These experiments revealed that a specific serine residue, Ser137, is essential for AMI1 enzymatic activity. We also report structural and functional differences of AMI1 from other amidase signature enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Neu
- Lehrstuhl für Pflanzenphysiologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany
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Pollmann S, Neu D, Lehmann T, Berkowitz O, Schäfer T, Weiler EW. Subcellular localization and tissue specific expression of amidase 1 from Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTA 2006; 224:1241-53. [PMID: 16738862 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-006-0304-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2005] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Amidase 1 (AMI1) from Arabidopsis thaliana converts indole-3-acetamide (IAM), into indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). AMI1 is part of a small isogene family comprising seven members in A. thaliana encoding proteins which share a conserved glycine- and serine-rich amidase-signature. One member of this family has been characterized as an N-acylethanolamine-cleaving fatty acid amidohydrolase (FAAH) and two other members are part of the preprotein translocon of the outer envelope of chloroplasts (Toc complex) or mitochondria (Tom complex) and presumably lack enzymatic activity. Among the hitherto characterized proteins of this family, AMI1 is the only member with indole-3-acetamide hydrolase activity, and IAM is the preferred substrate while N-acylethanolamines and oleamide are not hydrolyzed significantly, thus suggesting a role of AMI1 in auxin biosynthesis. Whereas the enzymatic function of AMI1 has been determined in vitro, the subcellular localization of the enzyme remained unclear. By using different GFP-fusion constructs and an A. thaliana transient expression system, we show a cytoplasmic localization of AMI1. In addition, RT-PCR and anti-amidase antisera were used to examine tissue specific expression of AMI1 at the transcriptional and translational level, respectively. AMI1-expression is strongest in places of highest IAA content in the plant. Thus, it is concluded that AMI1 may be involved in de novo IAA synthesis in A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Pollmann
- Department of Plant Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, ND 2/27, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
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