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Kondhare KR, Patil NS, Siddappa S, Banerjee AK, Hannapel DJ. Tandem Expression of a Mobile RNA and Its RNA-Binding Protein(s) Enhances Tuber Productivity in Potato. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15754. [PMID: 37958738 PMCID: PMC10647900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant number of discoveries in past two decades have established the importance of long-distance signaling in controlling plant growth, development, and biotic and abiotic stress responses. Numerous mobile signals, such as mRNAs, proteins, including RNA-binding proteins, small RNAs, sugars, and phytohormones, are shown to regulate various agronomic traits such as flowering, fruit, seed development, and tuberization. Potato is a classic model tuber crop, and several mobile signals are known to govern tuber development. However, it is unknown if these mobile signals have any synergistic effects on potato crop improvement. Here, we employed a simple innovative strategy to test the cumulative effects of a key mobile RNA, StBEL5, and its RNA-binding proteins, StPTB1, and -6 on tuber productivity of two potato cultivars, Solanum tuberosum cv. Désirée and subspecies andigena, using a multi-gene stacking approach. In this approach, the coding sequences of StBEL5 and StPTB1/6 are driven by their respective native promoters to efficiently achieve targeted expression in phloem for monitoring tuber productivity. We demonstrate that this strategy resulted in earliness for tuberization and enhanced tuber productivity by 2-4 folds under growth chamber, greenhouse, and field conditions. This multi-gene stacking approach could be adopted to other crops, whose agronomic traits are governed by mobile macromolecules, expanding the possibilities to develop crops with improved traits and enhanced yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirtikumar R. Kondhare
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India; (K.R.K.); (N.S.P.)
| | - Nikita S. Patil
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India; (K.R.K.); (N.S.P.)
| | - Sundaresha Siddappa
- Crop Improvement Division, Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI), Shimla 171001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anjan K. Banerjee
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India; (K.R.K.); (N.S.P.)
| | - David J. Hannapel
- Plant Biology Major, 253 Horticulture Hall, Iowa State University (ISU), Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Tomkins M, Hoerbst F, Gupta S, Apelt F, Kehr J, Kragler F, Morris RJ. Exact Bayesian inference for the detection of graft-mobile transcripts from sequencing data. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220644. [PMID: 36514890 PMCID: PMC9748499 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-distance transport of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) has been shown to be important for several developmental processes in plants. A popular method for identifying travelling mRNAs is to perform RNA-Seq on grafted plants. This approach depends on the ability to correctly assign sequenced mRNAs to the genetic background from which they originated. The assignment is often based on the identification of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between otherwise identical sequences. A major challenge is therefore to distinguish SNPs from sequencing errors. Here, we show how Bayes factors can be computed analytically using RNA-Seq data over all the SNPs in an mRNA. We used simulations to evaluate the performance of the proposed framework and demonstrate how Bayes factors accurately identify graft-mobile transcripts. The comparison with other detection methods using simulated data shows how not taking the variability in read depth, error rates and multiple SNPs per transcript into account can lead to incorrect classification. Our results suggest experimental design criteria for successful graft-mobile mRNA detection and show the pitfalls of filtering for sequencing errors or focusing on single SNPs within an mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Tomkins
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR47UH, UK
| | - Franziska Hoerbst
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR47UH, UK
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Max Planck Institute, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Federico Apelt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Max Planck Institute, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Julia Kehr
- Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, Hamburg 22609, Germany
| | - Friedrich Kragler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Max Planck Institute, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Richard J. Morris
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR47UH, UK
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3
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Li W, Chen S, Liu Y, Wang L, Jiang J, Zhao S, Fang W, Chen F, Guan Z. Long-distance transport RNAs between rootstocks and scions and graft hybridization. PLANTA 2022; 255:96. [PMID: 35348893 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03863-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present review addresses the advances of the identification methods, functions, and transportation mechanism of long-distance transport RNAs between rootstock and scion. In addition, we highlight the cognitive processes and potential mechanisms of graft hybridization. Phloem, the main transport channel of higher plants, plays an important role in the growth and development of plants. Numerous studies have identified a large number of RNAs, including mRNAs, miRNAs, siRNAs, and lncRNAs, in the plant phloem. They can not only be transported to long distances across the grafting junction in the phloem, but also act as signal molecules to regulate the growth, development, and stress resistance of remote cells or tissues, resulting in changes in the traits of rootstocks and scions. Many mobile RNAs have been discovered, but their detection methods, functions, and long-distance transport mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In addition, grafting hybridization, a phenomenon that has been questioned before, and which has an important role in selecting for superior traits, is gradually being recognized with the emergence of new evidence and the prevalence of horizontal gene transfer between parasitic plants. In this review, we outline the species, functions, identification methods, and potential mechanisms of long-distance transport RNAs between rootstocks and scions after grafting. In addition, we summarize the process of recognition and the potential mechanisms of graft hybridization. This study aimed to emphasize the role of grafting in the study of long-distance signals and selection for superior traits and to provide ideas and clues for further research on long-distance transport RNAs and graft hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Sumei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Likai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weimin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhiyong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Calderón-Pérez B, Ramírez-Pool JA, Núñez-Muñoz LA, Vargas-Hernández BY, Camacho-Romero A, Lara-Villamar M, Jiménez-López D, Xoconostle-Cázares B, Ruiz-Medrano R. Engineering Macromolecular Trafficking Into the Citrus Vasculature. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:818046. [PMID: 35178061 PMCID: PMC8844563 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.818046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The plant vasculature is a central organ for long-distance transport of nutrients and signaling molecules that coordinate vegetative and reproductive processes, and adaptation response mechanisms to biotic and abiotic stress. In angiosperms, the sieve elements are devoid of nuclei, thus depending on the companion cells for the synthesis of RNA and proteins, which constitute some of the systemic signals that coordinate these processes. Massive analysis approaches have identified proteins and RNAs that could function as long-range signals in the phloem translocation stream. The selective translocation of such molecules could occur as ribonucleoprotein complexes. A key molecule facilitating this movement in Cucurbitaceae is the phloem protein CmPP16, which can facilitate the movement of RNA and other proteins into the sieve tube. The CmPP16 ortholog in Citrus CsPP16 was characterized in silico to determine its potential capacity to associate with other mobile proteins and its enrichment in the vascular tissue. The systemic nature of CsPP16 was approached by evaluating its capacity to provide phloem-mobile properties to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), important in the innate immune defense. The engineering of macromolecular trafficking in the vasculature demonstrated the capacity to mobilize translationally fused peptides into the phloem stream for long-distance transport. The translocation into the phloem of AMPs could mitigate the growth of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, with important implications for crop defense; this system also opens the possibility of translocating other molecules to modulate traits, such as plant growth, defense, and plant productivity.
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Song J, Bian J, Xue N, Xu Y, Wu J. Inter-species mRNA transfer among green peach aphids, dodder parasites, and cucumber host plants. PLANT DIVERSITY 2022; 44:1-10. [PMID: 35281124 PMCID: PMC8897176 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
mRNAs are transported within a plant through phloem. Aphids are phloem feeders and dodders (Cuscuta spp.) are parasites which establish phloem connections with host plants. When aphids feed on dodders, whether there is trafficking of mRNAs among aphids, dodders, and host plants and if aphid feeding affects the mRNA transfer between dodders and hosts are unclear. We constructed a green peach aphid (GPA, Myzus persicae)-dodder (Cuscuta australis)-cucumber (Cucumis sativus) tritrophic system by infesting GPAs on C. australis, which parasitized cucumber hosts. We found that GPA feeding activated defense-related phytohormonal and transcriptomic responses in both C. australis and cucumbers and large numbers of mRNAs were found to be transferred between C. australis and cucumbers and between C. australis and GPAs; importantly, GPA feeding on C. australis greatly altered inter-species mobile mRNA profiles. Furthermore, three cucumber mRNAs and three GPA mRNAs could be respectively detected in GPAs and cucumbers. Moreover, our statistical analysis indicated that mRNAs with high abundances and long transcript lengths are likely to be mobile. This study reveals the existence of inter-species and even inter-kingdom mRNA movement among insects, parasitic plants, and parasite hosts, and suggests complex regulation of mRNA trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Song
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinge Bian
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Na Xue
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuxing Xu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Omics Profiles of Non-transgenic Scion Grafted on Transgenic RdDM Rootstock. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2022; 10:13-31. [PMID: 35510071 PMCID: PMC9008877 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.d-21-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Grafting of commercial varieties onto transgenic stress-tolerant rootstocks is attractive
approach, because fruit from the non-transgenic plant body does not contain foreign genes.
RNA silencing can modulate gene expression and protect host plants from viruses and
insects, and small RNAs (sRNAs), key molecules of RNA silencing, can move systemically.
Here, to evaluate the safety of foods obtained from sRNA-recipient plant bodies, we
investigated the effects of rootstock-derived sRNAs involved in mediating RNA-directed DNA
methylation (RdDM) on non-transgenic scions. We used tobacco rootstocks showing RdDM
against the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. When scions harboring CaMV 35S
promoter sequence were grafted onto RdDM-inducing rootstocks, we found that RdDM-inducing
sRNAs were only weakly transported from the rootstocks to the scion, and we observed a low
level of DNA methylation of the CaMV 35S promoter in the scion. Next, wild-type (WT)
tobacco scions were grafted onto RdDM-inducing rootstocks (designated NT) or WT rootstocks
(designated NN), and scion leaves were subjected to multi-omics analyses. Our
transcriptomic analysis detected 55 differentially expressed genes between the NT and NN
samples. A principal component analysis of proteome profiles showed no significant
differences. In the positive and negative modes of LC-ESI-MS and GC-EI-MS analyses, we
found a large overlap between the metabolomic clusters of the NT and NN samples. In
contrast, the negative mode of a LC-ESI-MS analysis showed separation of clusters of NT
and NN metabolites, and we detected 6 peak groups that significantly differed. In
conclusion, we found that grafting onto RdDM-inducing rootstocks caused a low-level
transmission of sRNAs, resulting in limited DNA methylation in the scion. However, the
causal relationships between sRNA transmission and the very slight changes in the
transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles of the scions remains unclear. The safety
assessment points for grafting with RdDM rootstocks are discussed.
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7
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Effect of Transgenic Rootstock Grafting on the Omics Profiles in Tomato. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2021; 9:32-47. [PMID: 34249588 PMCID: PMC8254850 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.d-20-00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Grafting of non-transgenic scion onto genetically modified (GM) rootstocks provides superior
agronomic traits in the GM rootstock, and excellent fruits can be produced for consumption. In
such grafted plants, the scion does not contain any foreign genes, but the fruit itself is
likely to be influenced directly or indirectly by the foreign genes in the rootstock. Before
market release of such fruit products, the effects of grafting onto GM rootstocks should be
determined from the perspective of safety use. Here, we evaluated the effects of a transgene
encoding β-glucuronidase (GUS) on the grafted tomato fruits as a model case. An edible tomato
cultivar, Stella Mini Tomato, was grafted onto GM Micro-Tom tomato plants that had been
transformed with the GUS gene. The grafted plants showed no difference in
their fruit development rate and fresh weight regardless of the presence or absence of the
GUS gene in the rootstock. The fruit samples were subjected to transcriptome
(NGS-illumina), proteome (shotgun LC-MS/MS), metabolome (LC-ESI-MS and GC-EI-MS), and general
food ingredient analyses. In addition, differentially detected items were identified between
the grafted plants onto rootstocks with or without transgenes (more than two-fold). The
transcriptome analysis detected approximately 18,500 expressed genes on average, and only 6
genes were identified as differentially expressed. Principal component analysis of 2,442 peaks
for peptides in proteome profiles showed no significant differences. In the LC-ESI-MS and
GC-EI-MS analyses, a total of 93 peak groups and 114 peak groups were identified, respectively,
and only 2 peak groups showed more than two-fold differences. The general food ingredient
analysis showed no significant differences in the fruits of Stella scions between GM and non-GM
Micro-Tom rootstocks. These multiple omics data showed that grafting on the rootstock harboring
the GUS transgene did not induce any genetic or metabolic variation in the
scion.
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Lu X, Liu W, Wang T, Zhang J, Li X, Zhang W. Systemic Long-Distance Signaling and Communication Between Rootstock and Scion in Grafted Vegetables. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:460. [PMID: 32431719 PMCID: PMC7214726 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Grafting is widely used in fruit, vegetable, and flower propagation to improve biotic and abiotic stress resistance, yield, and quality. At present, the systemic changes caused by grafting, as well as the mechanisms and effects of long-distance signal transport between rootstock and scion have mainly been investigated in model plants (Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana). However, these aspects of grafting vary when different plant materials are grafted, so the study of model plants provides only a theoretical basis and reference for the related research of grafted vegetables. The dearth of knowledge about the transport of signaling molecules in grafted vegetables is inconsistent with the rapid development of large-scale vegetable production, highlighting the need to study the mechanisms regulating the rootstock-scion interaction and long-distance transport. The rapid development of molecular biotechnology and "omics" approaches will allow researchers to unravel the physiological and molecular mechanisms involved in the rootstock-scion interaction in vegetables. We summarize recent progress in the study of the physiological aspects (e.g., hormones and nutrients) of the response in grafted vegetables and focus in particular on long-distance molecular signaling (e.g., RNA and proteins). This review provides a theoretical basis for studies of the rootstock-scion interaction in grafted vegetables, as well as provide guidance for rootstock breeding and selection to meet specific demands for efficient vegetable production.
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Gaut BS, Miller AJ, Seymour DK. Living with Two Genomes: Grafting and Its Implications for Plant Genome-to-Genome Interactions, Phenotypic Variation, and Evolution. Annu Rev Genet 2019; 53:195-215. [PMID: 31424971 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-112618-043545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plant genomes interact when genetically distinct individuals join, or are joined, together. Individuals can fuse in three contexts: artificial grafts, natural grafts, and host-parasite interactions. Artificial grafts have been studied for decades and are important platforms for studying the movement of RNA, DNA, and protein. Yet several mysteries about artificial grafts remain, including the factors that contribute to graft incompatibility, the prevalence of genetic and epigenetic modifications caused by exchanges between graft partners, and the long-term effects of these modifications on phenotype. Host-parasite interactions also lead to the exchange of materials, and RNA exchange actively contributes to an ongoing arms race between parasite virulence and host resistance. Little is known about natural grafts except that they can be frequent and may provide opportunities for evolutionary innovation through genome exchange. In this review, we survey our current understanding about these three mechanisms of contact, the genomic interactions that result, and the potential evolutionary implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon S Gaut
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA;
| | - Allison J Miller
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63103, USA.,Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Danelle K Seymour
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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Morris RJ. On the selectivity, specificity and signalling potential of the long-distance movement of messenger RNA. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 43:1-7. [PMID: 29220690 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) can move through the vascular system in plants. Until recently the transport of mRNA had been demonstrated only for a few well-documented cases, leading to the suggestion that transport was selective and specific. The extent of this long-distance transport has now been shown to be on the genomic scale with thousands of transcripts covering broad regions of gene ontological space. In light of this recent data, I revisit proposed mechanisms of transport of mRNA and critically assess their potential role in signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Morris
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH Norwich, United Kingdom.
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11
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Tsutsui H, Notaguchi M. The Use of Grafting to Study Systemic Signaling in Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1291-1301. [PMID: 28961994 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Grafting has long been an important technique in agriculture. Nowadays, grafting is a widely used technique also to study systemic long-distance signaling in plants. Plants respond to their surrounding environment, and at that time many aspects of their physiology are regulated systemically; these start from local input signals and are followed by the transmission of information to the rest of the plant. For example, soil nutrient conditions, light/photoperiod, and biotic and abiotic stresses affect plants heterogeneously, and plants perceive such information in specific plant tissues or organs. Such environmental cues are crucial determinants of plant growth and development, and plants drastically change their morphology and physiology to adapt to various events in their life. Hitherto, intensive studies have been conducted to understand systemic signaling in plants, and grafting techniques have permitted advances in this field. The breakthrough technique of micrografting in Arabidopsis thaliana was established in 2002 and led to the development of molecular genetic tools in this field. Thereafter, various phenomena of systemic signaling have been identified at the molecular level, including nutrient fixation, flowering, circadian clock and defense against pathogens. The significance of grafting is that it can clarify the transmission of the stimulus and molecules. At present, many micro- and macromolecules have been identified as mobile signals, which are transported through plant vascular tissues to co-ordinate their physiology and development. In this review, we introduce the various grafting techniques that have been developed, we report on the recent advances in the field of plant systemic signaling where grafting techniques have been applied and provide insights for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Tsutsui
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Michitaka Notaguchi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
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12
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Kitagawa M, Jackson D. Plasmodesmata-Mediated Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Shoot Apical Meristem: How Stem Cells Talk. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 6:E12. [PMID: 28257070 PMCID: PMC5371771 DOI: 10.3390/plants6010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Positional information is crucial for the determination of plant cell fates, and it is established based on coordinated cell-to-cell communication, which in turn is essential for plant growth and development. Plants have evolved a unique communication pathway, with tiny channels called plasmodesmata (PD) spanning the cell wall. PD interconnect most cells in the plant and generate a cytoplasmic continuum, to mediate short- and long-distance trafficking of various molecules. Cell-to-cell communication through PD plays a role in transmitting positional signals, however, the regulatory mechanisms of PD-mediated trafficking are still largely unknown. The induction and maintenance of stem cells in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) depends on PDmediated cell-to-cell communication, hence, it is an optimal model for dissecting the regulatory mechanisms of PD-mediated cell-to-cell communication and its function in specifying cell fates. In this review, we summarize recent knowledge of PD-mediated cell-to-cell communication in the SAM, and discuss mechanisms underlying molecular trafficking through PD and its role in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munenori Kitagawa
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
| | - David Jackson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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13
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Otero S, Helariutta Y, Benitez-Alfonso Y. Symplastic communication in organ formation and tissue patterning. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 29:21-28. [PMID: 26658335 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Communication between cells is a crucial step to coordinate organ formation and tissue patterning. In plants, the intercellular transport of metabolites and signalling molecules occur symplastically through membranous structures (named plasmodesmata) that traverse the cell wall to connect the cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum of neighbouring cells. This review aims to highlight the importance of symplastic communication in plant development. We revisit current literature reporting the effects of changing plasmodesmata in cell morphogenesis, organ initiation and meristem maintenance and comment on recent work involving the identification of novel plasmodesmata regulators and of mobile developmental proteins and RNA molecules. New opportunities for unravelling the dynamic regulation and function of plasmodesmata are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Otero
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Yrjo Helariutta
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
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Saplaoura E, Kragler F. Mobile Transcripts and Intercellular Communication in Plants. DEVELOPMENTAL SIGNALING IN PLANTS 2016; 40:1-29. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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15
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Notaguchi M, Higashiyama T, Suzuki T. Identification of mRNAs that move over long distances using an RNA-Seq analysis of Arabidopsis/Nicotiana benthamiana heterografts. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:311-21. [PMID: 25527829 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phloem is a conductive tissue that allocates nutrients from mature source leaves to sinks such as young developing tissues. Phloem also delivers proteins and RNA species, such as small RNAs and mRNAs. Intensive studies on plant systemic signaling revealed the essential roles of proteins and RNA species. However, many of their functions are still largely unknown, with the roles of transported mRNAs being particularly poorly understood. A major difficulty is the absence of an accurate and comprehensive list of mobile transcripts. In this study, we used a hetero-graft system with Nicotiana benthamiana as the recipient scion and Arabidopsis as the donor stock, to identify transcripts that moved long distances across the graft union. We identified 138 Arabidopsis transcripts as mobile mRNAs, which we collectively termed the mRNA mobilome. Reverse transcription-PCR, quantitative real-time PCR and droplet digital PCR analyses confirmed the mobility. The transcripts included potential signaling factors and, unexpectedly, more general factors. In our investigations, we found no preferred transcript length, no previously known sequence motifs in promoter or transcript sequences and no similarities between the level of the transcripts and that in the source leaves. Grafting experiments regarding the function of ERECTA, an identified transcript, showed that no function of the transcript mobilized. To our knowledge, this is the first report identifying transcripts that move over long distances using a hetero-graft system between different plant taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michitaka Notaguchi
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan ERATO Higashiyama Live-holonics Project, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan ERATO Higashiyama Live-holonics Project, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan ERATO Higashiyama Live-holonics Project, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan Present address: College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, 478-8501 Japan
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Fujita T. Plasmodesmata: function and diversity in plant intercellular communication. Preface. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2015; 128:3-5. [PMID: 25566753 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-014-0697-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomichi Fujita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan,
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Notaguchi M, Okamoto S. Dynamics of long-distance signaling via plant vascular tissues. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:161. [PMID: 25852714 PMCID: PMC4364159 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant vascular systems are constructed by specific cell wall modifications through which cells are highly specialized to make conduits for water and nutrients. Xylem vessels are formed by thickened cell walls that remain after programmed cell death, and serve as water conduits from the root to the shoot. In contrast, phloem tissues consist of a complex of living cells, including sieve tube elements and their neighboring companion cells, and translocate photosynthetic assimilates from mature leaves to developing young tissues. Intensive studies on the content of vascular flow fluids have unveiled that plant vascular tissues transport various types of gene product, and the transport of some provides the molecular basis for the long-distance communications. Analysis of xylem sap has demonstrated the presence of proteins in the xylem transpiration stream. Recent studies have revealed that CLE and CEP peptides secreted in the roots are transported to above ground via the xylem in response to plant-microbe interaction and soil nitrogen starvation, respectively. Their leucine-rich repeat transmembrane receptors localized in the shoot phloem are required for relaying the signal from the shoot to the root. These findings well-fit to the current scenario of root-to-shoot-to-root feedback signaling, where peptide transport achieves the root-to-shoot signaling, the first half of the signaling process. Meanwhile, it is now well-evidenced that proteins and a range of RNAs are transported via the phloem translocation system, and some of those can exert their physiological functions at their destinations, including roots. Thus, plant vascular systems may serve not only as conduits for the translocation of essential substances but also as long-distance communication pathways that allow plants to adapt to changes in internal and external environments at the whole plant level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michitaka Notaguchi
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, NagoyaJapan
- ERATO Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, NagoyaJapan
- *Correspondence: Michitaka Notaguchi and Satoru Okamoto, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan ;
| | - Satoru Okamoto
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, NagoyaJapan
- Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, TokyoJapan
- *Correspondence: Michitaka Notaguchi and Satoru Okamoto, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan ;
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