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Acquaro A, Brusca G, Casella S, Cumbo EM, Valle AD, Karobari MI, Marino G, Marya A, Messina P, Scardina GA, Tegolo D, Tocco A, Valenti C. Evaluation of the Oral Microcirculation in Patients Undergoing Anti COVID-19 Vaccination: A Preliminary Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1978. [PMID: 36423073 PMCID: PMC9694988 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Videocapillaroscopy allows the study of both the morphological and architectural structure of the microcirculation and its hemodynamic conditions; these parameters are directly involved in autoimmune and/or inflammatory pathologies. The purpose of this research, based on capillaroscopy, is to establish whether a patient who receives an anti-COVID 19 vaccine has any changes in their oral microcirculation. A complete capillaroscopic mapping of the oral cavity of the subjects examined was made; the investigated mucosa sites were the following: cheek, labial, chewing-gingival and back of the tongue. This study showed an increase in capillary density from the comparison between the mean labial capillary density of vaccinated patients and the reference mean capillary density value of the literature. The increase in capillary density is a sign that can be attributed to an increase in angiogenic activity. The EMA, GACVS and MHRA have reviewed the risk of thrombosis after vaccination, agreeing that the benefits outweigh the risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Acquaro
- Department of Surgical Oncological and Stomatological Disciplines, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgia Brusca
- Department of Surgical Oncological and Stomatological Disciplines, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Sofia Casella
- Department of Surgical Oncological and Stomatological Disciplines, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Enzo Maria Cumbo
- Department of Surgical Oncological and Stomatological Disciplines, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Della Valle
- Department of Surgical Oncological and Stomatological Disciplines, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mohmed Isaqali Karobari
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Giuseppe Marino
- Department of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Anand Marya
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh 12211, Cambodia
| | - Pietro Messina
- Department of Surgical Oncological and Stomatological Disciplines, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Domenico Tegolo
- Department of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Tocco
- Department of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Cesare Valenti
- Department of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy
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Güven G, Uz Z, Hilty MP, Bilecenoğlu B, Akin Ș, Ince Y, Ince C. Morphologic Mapping of the Sublingual Microcirculation in Healthy Volunteers. J Vasc Res 2022; 59:199-208. [PMID: 35313312 DOI: 10.1159/000522394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Monitoring the sublingual and oral microcirculation (SM-OM) using hand-held vital microscopes (HVMs) has provided valuable insight into the (patho)physiology of diseases. However, the microvascular anatomy in a healthy population has not been adequately described yet. METHODS Incident dark field-based HVM imaging was used to visualize the SM-OM. First, the SM was divided into four different fields; Field-a (between incisors-lingua), Field-b (between the canine-first premolar-lingua), Field-c (between the first-second premolar-lingua), Field-d (between the second molar-wisdom teeth-lingua). Second, we investigated the buccal area, lower and upper lip. Total/functional vessel density (TVD/FCD), focus depth (FD), small vessel mean diameters (SVMDs), and capillary tortuosity score (CTS) were compared between the areas. RESULTS Fifteen volunteers with a mean age of 29 ± 6 years were enrolled. No statistical difference was found between the sublingual fields in terms of TVD (p = 0.30), FCD (p = 0.38), and FD (p = 0.09). SVMD was similar in Field-a, Field-b, and Field-c (p = 0.20-0.30), and larger in Field-d (p < 0.01, p = 0.015). The CTS of the buccal area was higher than in the lips. CONCLUSION The sublingual area has a homogenous distribution in TVD, FCD, FD, and SVMD. This study can be a description of the normal microvascular anatomy for future researches regarding microcirculatory assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göksel Güven
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Translational Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Intensive Care, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zühre Uz
- Department of Translational Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias P Hilty
- Institute of Intensive Care, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Șakir Akin
- Department of Intensive Care, Hagaziekenhuis Teaching Hospital of The Hague, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Yasin Ince
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Translational Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Can Ince
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Bardehle F, Sies K, Enk A, Rosenberger A, Fink C, Haenssle H. Mikrovaskuläre Pathologien bei Patienten mit Psoriasis vulgaris mittels Nagelfalzkapillarmikroskopie identifiziert: Ergebnisse einer prospektiven kontrollierten Studie. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2021; 19:1736-1745. [PMID: 34894181 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14606_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hintergrund: Die Psoriasis gilt als unabhängiger kardiovaskulärer Risikofaktor und Treiber einer Atherogenese. Mikrovaskuläre Veränderungen in psoriatischen Plaques sind gut beschrieben, wohingegen Veränderungen außerhalb betroffener Hautareale kaum untersucht wurden. In dieser Studie wurden Nagelfalzkapillaren von Psoriasispatienten in nicht betroffener Haut systematisch untersucht. Patienten und Methodik: Prospektive Studie mit Untersuchung von Nagelfalzkapillaren bei Psoriasispatienten im Vergleich zu gesunden Kontrollen mittels digitaler Videokapillarmikroskopie. Es wurden 21 kapillarmikroskopische Parameter bewertet und die Ergebnisse mit Charakteristika der Patienten und der Psoriasiserkrankung, mit Laborparametern und Messungen der Intima-Media-Dicke der Arteria carotis communis korreliert. Ergebnisse: Die 77 Psoriasispatienten (24 mit zusätzlicher Psoriasisarthritis) und 71 Kontrollen zeigten sich hinsichtlich demographischer Merkmale und relevanter Einflussfaktoren für eine Mikroangiopathie ausbalanciert. Im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe zeigten Psoriasispatienten eine signifikante Minderung der kapillaren Dichte, häufigere Kapillarerweiterung mit mehr Verzweigungen, Torquierungen und kapillaren Unregelmäßigkeiten. Zusätzlich zeigten Psoriasispatienten signifikant höhere inflammatorische Serummarker und eine gesteigerte Intima-Media-Dicke. In unserem Kollektiv bestand kein Zusammenhang zwischen Krankheitsdauer oder Schweregrad der Psoriasis und spezifischen Kapillarveränderungen. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Nagelfalzkapillaren der untersuchten Psoriasispatienten zeigten ausgeprägte mikrovaskuläre Veränderungen, welche mit erhöhten Markern einer systemischen Entzündung und Frühzeichen einer Atherosklerose korrelierten. Weitere Studien sind erforderlich, um die Rolle der digitalen Videokapillarmikroskopie in der Bewertung des kardiovaskulären Risikos von Psoriasispatienten zu untersuchen.
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Bardehle F, Sies K, Enk A, Rosenberger A, Fink C, Haenssle H. Nailfold videocapillaroscopy identifies microvascular pathologies in psoriasis vulgaris: Results of a prospective controlled study. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2021; 19:1736-1744. [PMID: 34792866 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is considered an independent cardiovascular risk factor, evidentially driving atherosclerosis. However, little is known about changes in the microvasculature of non-lesional skin in psoriasis patients. This study systematically examined capillary pathologies in psoriasis patients by digital video nailfold capillaroscopy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Prospective study comparing nailfold capillaries of psoriasis patients with those of healthy controls. Nailfold capillaries were evaluated for 21 parameters and results were correlated with characteristics of patients and psoriatic disease, laboratory parameters, and measurements of carotid intima-media thickness. RESULTS 77 psoriasis patients (24 patients with additional psoriatic arthritis) and 71 controls were well-matched for demographic features and for relevant confounding factors causing microangiopathy. In comparison with controls, psoriasis patients showed a significant loss of capillaries, capillary expansion with increased ramifications and tortuosity and capillary irregularities. Moreover, in psoriasis patients we found significantly elevated serum markers of inflammation and significantly increased intima-media-thickness measurements. We found no effect of disease duration nor disease activity on capillary changes. CONCLUSIONS Nailfold capillaries of psoriasis patients showed marked microvascular abnormalities accompanied by increased markers of systemic inflammation and atherosclerosis. Prospective cohort studies are needed to assess the role of nailfold capillaroscopy for predicting the cardiovascular risk of psoriasis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katharina Sies
- Department of Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Enk
- Department of Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Christine Fink
- Department of Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Holger Haenssle
- Department of Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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Silva H. Tobacco Use and Periodontal Disease-The Role of Microvascular Dysfunction. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:441. [PMID: 34067557 PMCID: PMC8156280 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease consists in highly prevalent wide-ranging inflammatory conditions that affect the supporting apparatus of teeth. Tobacco use is the most important risk factor for periodontal disease as it increases disease severity and periodontal surgery complications. Tobacco use is harmful for the vasculature by causing microvascular dysfunction, which is known to negatively affect periodontal disease. To the author's knowledge this paper is the first comprehensive review on the mechanisms by which tobacco use affects oral microcirculation and impacts the pathophysiology of periodontal disease. In healthy subjects, acute nicotine administration or tobacco use (smoking/smokeless forms) increases the blood flow in the oral mucosa due to local irritation and increased blood pressure, which overcome neural- and endocrine-mediated vasoconstriction. Chronic tobacco smokers display an increased gingival microvascular density, which is attributed to an increased capillary recruitment, however, these microcirculatory units show higher tortuosity and lower caliber. These morphological changes, together with the repetitive vasoconstrictive insults, contribute to lower gingival perfusion in chronic smokers and do not completely regress upon smoking cessation. In periodontal disease there is considerable gingival inflammation and angiogenesis in non-smokers which, in chronic smokers, are considerably suppressed, in part due to local immune suppression and oxidative stress. Tobacco exposure, irrespective of the form of use, causes long-term microvascular dysfunction that increases the risk of complications due to the natural disease course or secondary therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Silva
- Informetrics Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 758307, Vietnam;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 758307, Vietnam
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Lindemann TL, Kamrava B, Sarcu D, Soliman AM. Tongue symptoms, suspension force and duration during operative laryngoscopy. Am J Otolaryngol 2020; 41:102402. [PMID: 31982210 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Suspension laryngoscopy is a commonly performed procedure in otolaryngology. During the procedure, the laryngoscope applies direct force to the tongue. Postoperative tongue symptoms include pain, swelling, numbness, taste disturbance, and rarely motor deficits. Duration and magnitude of force applied have previously been associated with post-operative throat and tongue pain, respectively. We sought to correlate postoperative tongue symptoms with magnitude of force applied and/or duration of suspension and investigate any risk factors for tongue morbidity. MATERIALS AND METHODS A sample of patients undergoing suspension laryngoscopy between 2015 and 2018 were prospectively recruited. Those with preexisting tongue symptoms, disease or surgery were excluded. Patients completed preoperative and postoperative questionnaires evaluating tongue swelling, numbness, motion and taste disturbance. Symptoms were subjectively scored on a visual scale from 0 to 10. Patient demographics, past medical and social history were also recorded. Intraoperative pressures were measured using a spring force scale, positioned between the suspension arm and Mayo stand. Initial and end suspension forces and duration of suspension were recorded. RESULTS 120 patients met inclusion criteria, of which 63 completed both preoperative and postoperative questionnaires. 6 patients (9.5%) experienced postoperative tongue symptoms. Suspension force and duration of suspension were not significantly predictive of postoperative tongue symptoms. While all symptomatic patients were current or former cigarette smokers, smoking status was not found to be a statistically significant factor. CONCLUSIONS Neither suspension forces nor duration of suspension were predictive of postoperative tongue morbidity. Further research is needed to evaluate the role of smoking status on postoperative tongue symptoms.
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Rosa MB, Fernandes MDS, Bonjardim LR, Gavião MBD, Calixto LA, Castelo PM. Evaluation of oral mechanical and gustatory sensitivities and salivary cotinine levels in adult smokers. Acta Odontol Scand 2020; 78:256-264. [PMID: 31775545 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2019.1694978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The aim was to examine oral mechanical and gustatory sensitivities in adult smokers and to estimate salivary levels of cotinine by tobacco consumption. A total of 54 adults (20-45 years old; 28 males/26 females) were divided into two sex-paired groups: smoker group (n = 27), tobacco consumers with no other chronic disease/use of chronic medication, and a control non-smoker non-exposed group with similar age (n = 27).Materials and Methods: 24 h-Recall was used to gather information about tobacco consumption, date of onset and duration of the habit. Oral mechanical evaluation comprised touch detection threshold (MDT) of upper and lower lips and tongue tip and two-point discrimination (TPD) assessments. Taste sensitivities for sweet, salty, sour and bitter were evaluated in four concentrations. Salivary cotinine was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Statistical analysis comprised Mann-Whitney, Two-way ANOVA test and regression analysis.Results: The mean smoking time was 13.6 years (mean 8.4 mg/day; 13 cigarettes/day). A sex-effect was observed on MDT of tongue tip (higher sensitivity in females), while group-effect was observed on TPD of lower lip, showing a smaller sensitivity among smokers (p < .05; moderate effect: Eta partial2 = 0.076). Although the total score of gustatory sensitivity did not differ between groups, smokers exhibited an irregular pattern of correctly identified tastants among the different concentrations of salty, sour and bitter. The predictive model showed that salivary cotinine was dependent on "nicotine consumption on the day before" (R2 = 49%).Conclusion: A difference in tactile sensitivity of the lower lip and qualitative changes in taste sensitivity were observed in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Leandro Augusto Calixto
- Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, Brazil
| | - Paula Midori Castelo
- Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, Brazil
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Scardina GA, Messina M, Melilli D, Cumbo E, Carini F, Tomasello G, Messina P. Permanence of Modifications in Oral Microcirculation in Ex-Smokers. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:866-871. [PMID: 30698164 PMCID: PMC6364447 DOI: 10.12659/msm.912279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to assess the long-term effects of smoking and to investigate the permanence of this damage to the oral microcirculation. Material/Methods We recruited 75 patients and divided them into 3 groups: group 1 was composed of 25 healthy non-smokers, group 2 was composed of 25 healthy current smokers, and group 3 was composed of 25 healthy ex-smokers. Video-capillaroscopic examination was performed on all patients. The video-capillaroscopic investigation was performed on patients in sitting position, always with the same light source, at the same room temperature (23°C), in the morning, with the same operator (GAS), and was repeated many times for every area under investigation. An enlargement of 200× allowed us to explore point-by-point all the morpho-structural characteristics of the capillaroscopic field. For non-parametric data, we evaluated the visibility of the loops and their position in relation to the surface of the mucosa. The evaluated parametric data were length of capillary loop, diameter of the loop, capillary tortuosity, and capillary density. Results Our study clearly shows there was no remission of vascular damage, even 13 years after smoking cessation. Conclusions Our research shows that that the effects of smoking are still visible in ex-smokers, even at 13 years after cessation and also that ex-smokers are still subject to the risk of oral pathologies in the interval of time that we considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe A Scardina
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences (Di.Chir.On.S.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Messina
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BIONEC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Dario Melilli
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences (Di.Chir.On.S.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Enzo Cumbo
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences (Di.Chir.On.S.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Carini
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BIONEC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tomasello
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BIONEC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Pietro Messina
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences (Di.Chir.On.S.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Abstract
The microcirculation, like all physiological systems undergoes modifications during the course of pregnancy. These changes aid the adaption to the new anatomical and physiological environment of pregnancy and ensure adequate oxygen supply to the fetus. Even though the microcirculation is believed to be involved in major pregnancy related pathologies, it remains poorly understood. The availability of safe and non-interventional technologies enabling scientists to study the intact microcirculation of the pregnant patient will hopefully expand our understanding. In this article we review the physiological changes occurring in the microcirculation during pregnancy and the role of the microcirculation in gestational related pathologies. We will also describe the available techniques for the measurement and evaluation of the microcirculation. Lastly we will highlight the possible fields in which these techniques could be utilized to help provide a clearer view of the microcirculation in the pregnant woman.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - V. CERNY
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Scardina GA, Carini F, Noto F, Messina P. Microcirculation in the healing of surgical wounds in the oral cavity. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012; 42:31-5. [PMID: 22867738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research is to evaluate in vivo the characteristics of microcirculation after taking a biopsy sample from the oral mucosa. 20 patients were recruited to the study and all underwent an oral mucosa biopsy for the excision of benign neoformations. The modifications in the oral microcirculation were evaluated in vivo in correspondence to the surgical site through videocapillaroscopy at three different times: 30 min before the biopsy; 48 h after the biopsy; and 7 days after the biopsy. The statistical significance was checked with the Mann-Whitney U-test (P<0.05). The analysis of videocapillaroscopic patterns showed statistically significant variations relative to the capillary loop density; the diameter of the outgoing loop; and the length of the capillary loop. In conclusion, the study describes a simple and reproducible model for the study of wound healing from a microcirculatory point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Scardina
- University of Palermo, Department of Surgery and Oncology Section of Oral Sciences, Italy.
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Neurogenic and Endothelial Nitric Oxide Regulates Blood Circulation in Lingual and Other Oral Tissues. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2012; 60:100-8. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e318252452a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Rennie MY, Detmar J, Whiteley KJ, Yang J, Jurisicova A, Adamson SL, Sled JG. Vessel tortuousity and reduced vascularization in the fetoplacental arterial tree after maternal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 300:H675-84. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00510.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants and the main toxicants found in cigarettes. Women are often exposed to PAHs before pregnancy, typically via prepregnancy smoking. To determine how prepregnancy exposure affects the fetoplacental vasculature of the placenta, we exposed female mice to PAHs before conception, perfused the fetoplacental arterial trees with X-ray contrast agent, and imaged the vasculature ex vivo by microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) at embryonic day 15.5. Automated vascular segmentation and flow calculations revealed that in control trees, <40 chorionic plate vessels (diameter >180 μm) gave rise to ∼1,300 intraplacental arteries (50–180 μm), predicting an arterial vascular resistance of 0.37 ± 0.04 mmHg·s·μl−1. PAH exposure increased vessel curvature of chorionic plate vessels and significantly increased the tortuousity ratio of the tree. Intraplacental arteries were reduced by 17%, primarily due to a 27% decrease in the number of arteriole-sized (50–100 μm) vessels. There were no changes in the number of chorionic vessels, the depth or span of the tree, the diameter scaling coefficient, or the segment length-to-diameter ratio. PAH exposure resulted in a tree with a similar size and dichotomous branching structure, but one that was comparatively sparse so that arterial vascular resistance was increased by 30%. Assuming the same pressure gradient, blood flow would be 19% lower. Low flow may contribute to the 23% reduction observed in fetal weight. New insights into the specific effects of PAH exposure on a developing arterial tree were achieved using micro-CT imaging and automated vascular segmentation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Y. Rennie
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario
- Department of Medical Biophysics,
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
| | - Jacqui Detmar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
- Institute of Medical Studies and
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathie J. Whiteley
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jian Yang
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Andrea Jurisicova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario; and
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S. Lee Adamson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario; and
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John G. Sled
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario
- Department of Medical Biophysics,
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Impaired somatosensation in tongue mucosa of smokers. Clin Oral Investig 2010; 16:39-44. [PMID: 20938792 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-010-0480-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Smoking has been indicated as a risk factor for oral diseases and can lead to altered sense of taste. So far, the effects of sensory changes on the tongue are not investigated. In this study, quantitative sensory testing was used to evaluate somatosensory function in the lingual region. Eighty healthy volunteers were investigated (20 smokers, 20 non-smokers). Subjects were bilaterally tested in innervation areas of lingual nerves. Thresholds of cold and warm detection, cold and heat pain, and mechanical detection were determined. As control for systemic, extraoral effects of smoking, tests were additionally performed in 40 volunteers (20 smokers, 20 non-smokers) on the skin of the chin innervated by the mental branch of the trigeminal nerve. Cold (p < 0.001), warm detection thresholds (p < 0.001), and thermal sensory limen (p < 0.001) showed higher sensitivity in non-smokers as compared to smokers. Heat pain and mechanical detection, as well as all tests in the skin of the chin, showed no significant differences. The impaired temperature perception in smokers indicates a reduction of somatosensory functions in the tongue, possibly caused by nerve degeneration associated with smoking. Possible systemic effects of smoking do not seem to affect extraoral trigeminal branches.
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Scardina GA, Messina P. Morphological characteristics of microcirculation in oral lichen planus involving the lateral border of the tongue. J Oral Sci 2009; 51:193-7. [PMID: 19550086 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.51.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic mucosal condition commonly encountered in dental practice. Lichen planus is believed to represent an abnormal immune response in which epithelial cells are recognized as foreign, secondary to changes in the antigenicity of the cell surface. It has various oral manifestations. The aim of the study was to evaluate the morphological characteristics of microcirculation of lingual lichen planus (LLP). Twenty patients (10 patients with LLP and 10 healthy patients) were examined by means of videocapillaroscopy. The left margin of the lingual mucosa was examined in each patient. The capillary loop length, loop diameter, and capillary density were analyzed on every capillaroscopic image. The results obtained using videocapillaroscopic software were subjected to statistical analysis. The density, loop length, and total diameter showed statistically significant differences. A remarkable increase in capillary density was shown. The microcirculation of LLP can be studied "in vivo" with the help of videocapillaroscopy, and it could be an indicator of the evolutionary condition of LLP, useful for the evaluation of the evolution or regression phases of the disease.
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Scardina GA, Ruggieri A, Messina P. Oral microcirculation observed in vivo by videocapillaroscopy: a review. J Oral Sci 2009; 51:1-10. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.51.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Abstract
Microvascular involvement represents one of the first apparent steps in many autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Early in the disease, peripheral microangiopathy may be easily recognized and studied by videocapillaroscopy. The aim of this study has been to observe the differences in labial microcirculation between healthy patients and patients suffering from RA. A total of 30 healthy patients and 30 patients suffering from RA were examined. The patients with conditions known to compromise microcirculation, such as diabetes, hypertension, or some pharmacological treatments were not included in the study. All the patients were non-smokers. Labial capillaroscopy was used to investigate the characteristics of microcirculation. Visibility, course, tortuosity, as well as the possible presence of microhemorrhages, the average caliber of the capillary loops and the number of visible capillary loops per square millimeter were evaluated for each patient. The investigation was simple, non-invasive, and repeatable for each patient. In patients suffering from RA, it was possible to observe a reduced caliber of capillaries, as well as greater elongated capillaries, in comparison to controls. This study shows that capillary alterations in patients suffering from RA occur in labial mucosa microcirculation; such evidence could be extremely important in the diagnosis of suspected RA.
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