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Proteins and polysaccharides from vegetative mycelium of medicinal basidiomycete Lentinus edodes display cytotoxicity towards human and animal cancer cell lines. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 195:398-411. [PMID: 34921890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Detection and study of biologically active compounds seems a promising area of research in cancer diagnostics and therapies. The glycoprotein and polysaccharide fractions showing high cytotoxicity towards several human and animal cancer cell lines: A549, Hep-2, HeLa, С6 and SPEV-2 were isolated from basidiomycete Lentinus edodes vegetative mycelium and fruiting body and further characterized. It was found that water-soluble glycoprotein fractions caused the most significant, 70-100% inhibition of metabolic activity of SPЕV-2, А549 and С6 cell lines. The effective concentrations of glycoprotein fractions reducing the viability of cancer cell lines were determined. The protein and subunit composition of fractions was studied; the highly active galactose-specific lectins were found to be present in these fractions. Comparative analysis of transcriptomes of L. edodes vegetative mycelium, fruiting body and primordium revealed the presence of carbohydrate-binding glycoproteins (lectins) specific for each stage of basidiomycete morphogenesis. Histological examination revealed some morphological indicators of immune system activation and the absence of toxic effect on gastro-intestinal mucosa of animals at peroral administration of fungal glycoprotein fractions. Fungal protein and, in particular, lectin preparations derived from L. еdodes vegetative mycelium might be considered as novel prospective tools in cancer diagnostics and therapies.
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Wu JY, Siu KC, Geng P. Bioactive Ingredients and Medicinal Values of Grifola frondosa (Maitake). Foods 2021; 10:foods10010095. [PMID: 33466429 PMCID: PMC7824844 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Grifola frondosa (G. frondosa), generally known as hen-of-the-woods or maitake in Japanese and hui-shu-hua in Chinese, is an edible mushroom with both nutritional and medicinal properties. This review provides an up-to-date and comprehensive summary of research findings on its bioactive constituents, potential health benefits and major structural characteristics. Since the discovery of the D-fraction more than three decades ago, many other polysaccharides, including β-glucans and heteroglycans, have been extracted from the G. frondosa fruiting body and fungal mycelium, which have shown significant antitumor and immunomodulatory activities. Another class of bioactive macromolecules in G. frondosa is composed of proteins and glycoproteins, which have shown antitumor, immunomodulation, antioxidant and other activities. A number of small organic molecules such as sterols and phenolic compounds have also been isolated from the fungus and have shown various bioactivities. It can be concluded that the G. frondosa mushroom provides a diverse array of bioactive molecules that are potentially valuable for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications. More investigation is needed to establish the structure–bioactivity relationship of G. frondosa and to elucidate the mechanisms of action behind its various bioactive and pharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ping Geng
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-3400-8807
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Kan L, Chai Y, Li X, Zhao M. Structural analysis and potential anti-tumor activity of Sporisorium reilianum (Fries) polysaccharide. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 153:986-994. [PMID: 31756475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A neutral polysaccharide WM-NP-60 was successfully isolated and purified from a phytopathogenic fungus Sporisorium reilianum (Fries). The characteristics and potential antitumor activities of WM-NP-60 were studied. WM-NP-60 was a water-soluble polysaccharide. The molecular weight of WM-NP-60 was 15.6 kDa. The main chain of WM-NP-60 was composed of β-1,6-D-Glcp and its side chains were β-1,3-D-Glcp. The side chains bound to the main chain with glycosyl groups at the C-3 positions. Gal might be attached to the backbone as a side chain or bound to the linear β-1,3-D-Glcp side chain. WM-NP-60 could inhibit the proliferation of HepG2 and SGC7901 cells in a dose-dependently manner. In addition, it was found that WM-NP-60 triggered the HepG2 and SGC7901 cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase and induced apoptosis of HepG2 and SGC7901 cells. Taken together, these results suggested that WM-NP-60 possessed a tumor-suppressive activity and might be regarded as a potential natural anti-tumor drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianbao Kan
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, PR China
| | - Yangyang Chai
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China.
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China.
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1,4- β-d-Glucomannan from Dendrobium officinale Activates NF- кB via TLR4 to Regulate the Immune Response. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102658. [PMID: 30332800 PMCID: PMC6222441 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
2,3-O-acetylated-1,4-β-d-glucomannan (DOP-1-1) is a polysaccharide isolated from the stem of Dendrobium officinale. DOP-1-1 has been demonstrated to have remarkable immunomodulatory properties, but little is known about the influence of its structural diversity on bioactivity (and even less about the exact mechanism underlying its immune responses). First, DOP-1-1 was stabilized at different temperatures and pH conditions based on differential scanning calorimetry and size exclusion-chromatography–high-performance liquid chromatography. Then, a detailed study on the effects of DOP-1-1 on a human leukemia monocytic cell line (THP-1) under normal conditions was undertaken. DOP-1-1 promoted the translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and degradation of IκB proteins. The expression of genes and proteins closely associated with the immune, survival and apoptotic functions of NF-κB were analyzed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Furthermore, CCL4 and IP10 were confirmed to be the novel targets of the immune response stimulated by DOP-1-1. The phosphorylation of NF-кB was inhibited by treatment with a toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonist (TAK-242) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) inhibitor (ST2825). These data suggested: (i) the O-acetylated glucomannan DOP-1-1 is present in the steady state in low-pH solutions; (ii) DOP-1-1 can induce an immune response through NF-кB mediated by a TLR4 signaling pathway; and (iii) CCL4 and IP10 could be the novel targets of the immune response stimulated by O-acetylated glucomannan.
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He X, Wang X, Fang J, Chang Y, Ning N, Guo H, Huang L, Huang X, Zhao Z. Polysaccharides in Grifola frondosa mushroom and their health promoting properties: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 101:910-921. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Sun HQ, Zhu ZY, Yang XY, Meng M, Dai LC, Zhang YM. Preliminary characterization and immunostimulatory activity of a novel functional polysaccharide from Astragalus residue fermented by Paecilomyces sinensis. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01279a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An Astragalus residue was reutilized through solid-state fermentation by Paecilomyces sinensis, which is a member of Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Qing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
| | - Zhen-Yuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
| | - Xue-Ying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
| | - Meng Meng
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
| | - Li-Cui Dai
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
| | - Yong-Min Zhang
- Sorbonne Universités
- UPMC Univ. Paris 06
- Insititut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire
- CNRS UMR 8232
- 75005 Paris
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Wu CY, Wu TX. Effect of the main ingredients ofRhizoma gastrodiaeon mycelial biomass and exopolysaccharide productions by submerged culture ofGrifola frondosa. Int J Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Yun Wu
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering; Guizhou University; Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Tian-Xiang Wu
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering; Guizhou University; Guiyang 550025 China
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Production optimization, preliminary characterization and bioactivity of exopolysaccharides from Incutis tamaricis (Pat.) Fiasson & Niemela. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Wang N, Wu TX, Zhang Y, Xu XB, Tan S, Fu HW. Experimental analysis on the main contents of Rhizoma gastrodiae extract and inter-transformation throughout the fermentation process of Grifola frondosa. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 36:314-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Fermentation characteristics and hypoglycemic activity of an exopolysaccharide produced by submerged culture of Stropharia rugosoannulata #2. ANN MICROBIOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-012-0555-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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11
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Zhu ZY, Chen J, Si CL, Liu N, Lian HY, Ding LN, Liu Y, Zhang YM. Immunomodulatory effect of polysaccharides from submerged cultured Cordyceps gunnii. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2012; 50:1103-1110. [PMID: 22830391 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2012.658114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The genus Cordyceps (Clavicipitaceae) is a group of entomopathogenic fungi that is widely used as tonic food or invigorant with broad-spectrum medicinal properties in China. Cordyceps gunnii (Berk.)Berk (C. gunnii), is also well known as the Chinese rare caterpillar fungus and has similar pharmacological activities with Cordyceps sinensis (C. sinensis). Polysaccharides (PS) from various Cordyceps species have demonstrated many interesting biological activities, including antitumor, immunopotentiation, hypoglycemic, and hypocholesterolemic activities. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of C. gunnii PS on the immunostimulatory antitumor function and expression of immune related cytokines in normal, immuno-suppressive, and H22-bearing mice, respectively. METHODS C. gunnii PS were extracted with hot water at 80°C for 2 h. Normal, immuno-suppressive, and H22-bearing mice were treated with PS respectively. By detecting the value of macrophage phagocytic index, proliferation of lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cell activity and expression of related cytokines, interleukin (IL-4), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-a) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor inhibition index in H22-bearing mice additionally, the effect of PS on immunostimulatory antitumor function and its mechanism were studied. RESULTS The total sugar content of the PS was determined to be 95% after purification. PS markedly increased the thymus and spleen indexes, the macrophage phagocytosis, the proliferation of splenic cells, and the level of IFN-γ and TNF-α. In tumor growth inhibition test, PS showed remarkable inhibition effects. CONCLUSION PS from the C. gunnii could enhance nonspecific immunological function, humoral immunity, cellular immunity in mice, and inhibit tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.
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Kodama N, Mizuno S, Nanba H, Saito N. Potential Antitumor Activity of a Low-Molecular-Weight Protein Fraction from Grifola frondosa Through Enhancement of Cytokine Production. J Med Food 2010; 13:20-30. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2009.1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Kodama
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Department of Basic Educational Center for Pharmacy, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shigeto Mizuno
- Department of Medical Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Naoaki Saito
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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13
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Statistical optimization of cultivation conditions for exopolysacchride production and mycelia growth by Stropharia rugosoannulata. ANN MICROBIOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-009-0006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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14
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Borchers AT, Krishnamurthy A, Keen CL, Meyers FJ, Gershwin ME. The immunobiology of mushrooms. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2008; 233:259-76. [PMID: 18296732 DOI: 10.3181/0708-mr-227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been enormous interest in the biologic activity of mushrooms and innumerable claims have been made that mushrooms have beneficial effects on immune function with subsequent implications for inhibition of tumor growth. The majority of these observations are anecdotal and often lack standardization. However, there remains considerable data on both in vitro and in vivo effects that reflect on the potential of mushroom compounds to influence human immunity. A number of these effects are beneficial but, unfortunately, many responses are still characterized based on phenomenology and there is more speculation than substance. With respect to tumor biology, although many neoplastic lesions are immunogenic, tumor antigens frequently are self antigens and induce tolerance and many patients with cancer exhibit suppressed immune responses, including defective antigen presentation. Therefore, if and when mushroom extracts are effective, they more likely function as a result of improved antigen presentation by dendritic cells than by a direct cytopathic effect. In this review we attempt to place these data in perspective, with a particular focus on dendritic cell populations and the ability of mushroom extracts to modulate immunity. There is, at present, no scientific basis for the use of either mushrooms or mushroom extracts in the treatment of human patients but there is significant potential for rigorous research to understand the potential of mushrooms in human disease and thence to focus on appropriate clinical trials to demonstrate effectiveness and/ or potential toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T Borchers
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 451 E. Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6510, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Wang L, Ha CL, Cheng TL, Cheng SY, Lian TW, Wu MJ. Oral administration of submerged cultivated Grifola frondosa enhances phagocytic activity in normal mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 2008; 60:237-43. [PMID: 18237472 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.2.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Grifola frondosa fruiting body (Maitake) has been used as a dietary supplement due to its antitumour and immunomodulatory properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of orally administered submerged cultivated G. frondosa mixture, including both mycelium and culture broth, in a healthy murine model. Composition analyses showed that submerged cultivated G. frondosa mixture contained only 32.48% carbohydrate, which was less than half of fruiting bodies. The content of adenosine, a potential immunomodulatory agent in medicinal mushrooms, was 2.8 mg g(-1). After feeding 8-week-old female BALB/cByJ mice with AIN-93G diet containing 0% (C), 1% (G1), 3% (G3) or 5% (G5) (wt/wt) G. frondosa mixture for 31 days, neither body weight nor the outward appearance of organs showed any significant difference among different diet groups. Splenocyte subpopulation, mitogen-activated cytokine release and splenic NK activity were not affected by G. frondosa administration, either. On the other hand, the phagocytic activity was enhanced in leucocytes of groups G3 and G5, without exerting detectable levels of serum proinflammatory cytokines. These results suggested that oral administration of submerged cultivated G. frondosa mixture may enhance host innate immunity against foreign pathogens without eliciting adverse inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisu Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Medical College, Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Li XM, Shi YH, Wang F, Wang HS, Le GW. In vitro free radical scavenging activities and effect of synthetic oligosaccharides on antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in aged mice. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 43:364-70. [PMID: 16876976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2006] [Revised: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study we synthesized oligosaccharides using glucose as reactant via a route assisted by microwave irradiation and evaluated their antioxidant activity in vivo and in vitro. The results show that the oligosaccharides exhibited antioxidant activity in vitro as compared to standard antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and alpha-tocopherol. This antioxidant activity depended on concentration and increased with increasing dose of sample. In addition, increased endogenous lipid peroxidation and decreased total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) were observed in aged mice. Thirty-day intraperitoneal administration of the oligosaccharides significantly decreased the lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner. Oligosaccharides treatment increased TAOC and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in all organs tested in aged mice. The present study suggests that the synthetic oligosaccharides possess promising future for their strong free radical scavenging activity. Therefore they can be employed in compensating the decline in TAOC and the activities of antioxidant enzymes and in reducing the risks of lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ming Li
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Southern Yangtze University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214036, PR China
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KATO Y, OHTA M, KAMEI K, WAKITA H, KAWAHARA T, YAMANO Y, HAMASAKI T, TERUYA K, OSADA K, NISHIKAWA R, NOGUCHI K, SHIRAHATA S. Structure Analisis of Complex Carbohydrate Exhibiting IL-12 Inducing Activity Derived from Mineral Water in Natural Leaf Soil. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2005. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.54.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko KATO
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Tohwa University
- Advanced Materials Institute, Fukuoka University
| | - Masaya OHTA
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Fukuyama University
| | - Kyouhei KAMEI
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Tohwa University
| | | | - Takeshi KAWAHARA
- Department of Genetic Resources Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyusyu University
| | - Yuuichiro YAMANO
- Department of Genetic Resources Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyusyu University
| | - Takeki HAMASAKI
- Department of Genetic Resources Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyusyu University
| | - Kiichiro TERUYA
- Department of Genetic Resources Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyusyu University
| | - Kazuhiro OSADA
- Department of Genetic Resources Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyusyu University
| | - Ryuhei NISHIKAWA
- Department of Genetic Resources Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyusyu University
| | | | - Sanetaka SHIRAHATA
- Department of Genetic Resources Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyusyu University
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Kodama N, Murata Y, Nanba H. Administration of a polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa stimulates immune function of normal mice. J Med Food 2004; 7:141-5. [PMID: 15298759 DOI: 10.1089/1096620041224012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have reported that D-Fraction, a polysaccharide extracted from the edible maitake mushroom (Grifola frondosa), activates immunocompetent cells, thereby eliciting antitumor activity. To extend the application of D-Fraction as a nutritional supplement for healthy people as well as treatment for those with cancer, we investigated the effects of D-Fraction on the immune system in normal C3H/HeJ mice. Splenocytes from mice administered D-Fraction intraperitoneally for 17 consecutive days were cultured, and the culture supernatants were analyzed for nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin (IL)-12 production by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including macrophages and dendritic cells, and also for the T helper (Th)-1 cytokine interferon (IFN)-gamma and the Th-2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-10. The level of IL-10 as well as those of NO and IFN-gamma were increased by D-Fraction as compared with the control, in which the serum immunoglobulin E level was increased. The results suggest that D-Fraction induced a Th-2 dominant response through the activation of macrophages, resulting in the enhancement of humoral immunity rather than cell-mediated immunity. Furthermore, an increase in the percentage ratio of CD69 and CD89 expression on major histocompatibility complex II(+) cells revealed activation of APCs 4 h after D-Fraction administration. These results indicate that D-Fraction enhances both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune response in normal mice. Therefore, its administration may enhance host defense against foreign pathogens and protect healthy individuals from infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Kodama
- Department of Microbial Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 19-1 Motoyama-kitamachi 4-chome, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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