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Choi DH, Han JG, Lee KH, Gi-Hong A. Promotion of Tricholoma matsutake mycelium growth by Penicillium citreonigrum. MYCOBIOLOGY 2023; 51:354-359. [PMID: 37929006 PMCID: PMC10621265 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2023.2257430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Tricholoma matsutake has been the most valuable ectomycorrhizal fungi in Asia because of its unique flavor and taste. However, due to the difficulty of artificial cultivation, the cultivation of T. matsutake has relied on natural growth in forests. To cultivate the T. matsutake artificially, microorganisms in fairy rings were introduced. In this study, we isolated 30 fungal species of microfungi from the soil of fairy rings. Among them, one single fungal strain showed a promoting effect on the growth of T. matsutake. The growth effect was confirmed by measuring the growth area of T. matsutake and enzyme activities including α-amylase, cellulase, and β-glucosidase. In comparison with control, microfungal metabolite increased the growth area of T. matsutake by 213% and the enzyme activity of T. matsutake by 110-200%. The isolated fungal strain was identified as Penicillium citreonigrum by BLAST on the NCBI database. The Discovery of this microfungal strain is expected to contribute to artificial cultivation of T. matsutake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo-Ho Choi
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Jae-Gu Han
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Kang-Hyo Lee
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - An Gi-Hong
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, Chungbuk, Korea
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Lebreton A, Zeng Q, Miyauchi S, Kohler A, Dai YC, Martin FM. Evolution of the Mode of Nutrition in Symbiotic and Saprotrophic Fungi in Forest Ecosystems. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND SYSTEMATICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012021-114902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we highlight the main insights that have been gathered from recent developments using large-scale genomics of fungal saprotrophs and symbiotrophs (including ectomycorrhizal and orchid and ericoid mycorrhizal fungi) inhabiting forest ecosystems. After assessing the goals and motivations underlying our approach, we explore our current understanding of the limits and future potential of using genomics to understand the ecological roles of these forest fungi. Comparative genomics unraveled the molecular machineries involved in lignocellulose decomposition in wood decayers, soil and litter saprotrophs, and mycorrhizal symbionts. They also showed that transitions from saprotrophy to mutualism entailed widespread losses of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes; diversification of novel, lineage-specific symbiosis-induced genes; and convergent evolution of genetic innovations that facilitate the accommodationof mutualistic symbionts within their plant hosts. We also identify the major questions that remain unanswered and propose new avenues of genome-based research to understand the role of soil fungi in sustainable forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Lebreton
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design (BAIC-TBMD), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China 100083
- Université de Lorraine, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRAE (Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement) Grand Est-Nancy, INRAE, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Qingchao Zeng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design (BAIC-TBMD), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China 100083
| | - Shingo Miyauchi
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant–Microbe Interactions, Köln, Germany, D-50829
| | - Annegret Kohler
- Université de Lorraine, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRAE (Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement) Grand Est-Nancy, INRAE, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Yu-Cheng Dai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design (BAIC-TBMD), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China 100083
| | - Francis M. Martin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design (BAIC-TBMD), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China 100083
- Université de Lorraine, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRAE (Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement) Grand Est-Nancy, INRAE, 54280 Champenoux, France
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Large-scale genome sequencing of mycorrhizal fungi provides insights into the early evolution of symbiotic traits. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5125. [PMID: 33046698 PMCID: PMC7550596 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18795-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycorrhizal fungi are mutualists that play crucial roles in nutrient acquisition in terrestrial ecosystems. Mycorrhizal symbioses arose repeatedly across multiple lineages of Mucoromycotina, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. Considerable variation exists in the capacity of mycorrhizal fungi to acquire carbon from soil organic matter. Here, we present a combined analysis of 135 fungal genomes from 73 saprotrophic, endophytic and pathogenic species, and 62 mycorrhizal species, including 29 new mycorrhizal genomes. This study samples ecologically dominant fungal guilds for which there were previously no symbiotic genomes available, including ectomycorrhizal Russulales, Thelephorales and Cantharellales. Our analyses show that transitions from saprotrophy to symbiosis involve (1) widespread losses of degrading enzymes acting on lignin and cellulose, (2) co-option of genes present in saprotrophic ancestors to fulfill new symbiotic functions, (3) diversification of novel, lineage-specific symbiosis-induced genes, (4) proliferation of transposable elements and (5) divergent genetic innovations underlying the convergent origins of the ectomycorrhizal guild. Mycorrhizal symbioses have evolved repeatedly in diverse fungal lineages. A large phylogenomic analysis sheds light on genomic changes associated with transitions from saprotrophy to symbiosis, including divergent genetic innovations underlying the convergent origins of the ectomycorrhizal guild.
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Advances in the cultivation of the highly-prized ectomycorrhizal mushroom Tricholoma matsutake. MYCOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Onuma H, Hara K, Sugita K, Kano A, Fukuta Y, Shirasaka N. Purification and characterization of a glycoside hydrolase family 5 endoglucanase from Tricholoma matsutake grown on barley based solid-state medium. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 128:669-676. [PMID: 31257006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An endoglucanase was isolated from solid-state culture of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Tricholoma matsutake (TmEgl5A) grown on rolled barley and vermiculite. The enzyme was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion-exchange, hydrophobic, and gel filtration. TmEgl5A showed a molecular mass of approximately 40 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE. The single band of the protein was analyzed by peptide-mass-finger-printing using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and the trypsin-digested peptide sequences were matched to a putative endoglucanase sequence (protein ID1465229) in the JGI T. matsutake 945 v3.0 genome database. Based on the sequence information, the gene encoding TmEgl was cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris KM71H. The deduced amino acid sequence was similar to GH5 family endoglucanases from Basidiomycetes. The enzyme acts on barley β-glucan, lichenan, and CMC-Na. The hydrolyzation products from these substrates were detected by thin-layer chromatography as oligosaccharides with minimal disaccharides. These results suggested that T. matsutake produces a typical endoglucanase in solid-state culture, and the fungus has the potential to degrade β-linkage polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Onuma
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Naka-machi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Kento Hara
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Naka-machi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Kayo Sugita
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Naka-machi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Akiko Kano
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Naka-machi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Fukuta
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Naka-machi, Nara 631-8505, Japan.
| | - Norifumi Shirasaka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Naka-machi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
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Murata H, Abe T, Ichida H, Hayashi Y, Yamanaka T, Shimokawa T, Tahara K. Heavy-ion beam mutagenesis of the ectomycorrhizal agaricomycete Tricholoma matsutake that produces the prized mushroom "matsutake" in conifer forests. MYCORRHIZA 2018; 28:171-177. [PMID: 29164316 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-017-0810-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tricholoma matsutake is an ectomycorrhizal agaricomycete that produces the prized mushroom "matsutake" in Pinaceae forests. Currently, there are no available cultivars or cultivation methods that produce fruiting bodies. Heavy-ion beams, which induce mutations through double-stranded DNA breaks, have been used widely for plant breeding. In the present study, we examined whether heavy-ion beams could be useful in isolating T. matsutake mutants. An argon-ion beam gave a suitable lethality curve in relation to irradiation doses, accelerating killing at 100-150 Gy. Argon-ion beam irradiation of the agar plate cultures yielded several transient mutants whose colony morphologies differed from that of the wild-type strain at the first screening, but which did not persist following culture transfer. It also generated a mutant whose phenotype remained stable after repeated culture transfers. The stable pleiotropic mutant not only exhibited a different colony morphology to the wild type, but also showed increased degradation of dye-linked water-insoluble amylose and cellulose substrates. Thus, heavy-ion beams may be useful for isolating mutants of T. matsutake, although precautions may be required to maintain the mutants, without phenotypic reversion, during repetitive culture of their mycelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Murata
- Department of Mushroom Science and Forest Microbiology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba, 305-8687, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Abe
- Ion Beam Breeding Team, RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ichida
- Ion Beam Breeding Team, RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoriko Hayashi
- Ion Beam Breeding Team, RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Department of Mushroom Science and Forest Microbiology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Tomoko Shimokawa
- Department of Forest Resource Chemistry, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Ko Tahara
- Department of Forest Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba, 305-8687, Japan
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Saito C, Ogawa W, Kobayashi H, Yamanaka T, Fukuda M, Yamada A. In vitro ectomycorrhization of Tricholoma matsutake strains is differentially affected by soil type. MYCOSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Agar plate assays using dye-linked substrates differentiate members of Tricholoma sect. Caligata, ectomycorrhizal symbionts represented by Tricholoma matsutake. MYCOSCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Zhu G, Hayashi M, Shimomura N, Yamaguchi T, Aimi T. Differential expression of three α-amylase genes from the basidiomycetous fungus Pholiota microspora. MYCOSCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Sillo F, Fangel JU, Henrissat B, Faccio A, Bonfante P, Martin F, Willats WGT, Balestrini R. Understanding plant cell-wall remodelling during the symbiotic interaction between Tuber melanosporum and Corylus avellana using a carbohydrate microarray. PLANTA 2016; 244:347-59. [PMID: 27072675 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2507-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A combined approach, using a carbohydrate microarray as a support for genomic data, has revealed subtle plant cell-wall remodelling during Tuber melanosporum and Corylus avellana interaction. Cell walls are involved, to a great extent, in mediating plant-microbe interactions. An important feature of these interactions concerns changes in the cell-wall composition during interaction with other organisms. In ectomycorrhizae, plant and fungal cell walls come into direct contact, and represent the interface between the two partners. However, very little information is available on the re-arrangement that could occur within the plant and fungal cell walls during ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. Taking advantage of the Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling (CoMPP) technology, the current study has had the aim of monitoring the changes that take place in the plant cell wall in Corylus avellana roots during colonization by the ascomycetous ectomycorrhizal fungus T. melanosporum. Additionally, genes encoding putative plant cell-wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) have been identified in the T. melanosporum genome, and RT-qPCRs have been performed to verify the expression of selected genes in fully developed C. avellana/T. melanosporum ectomycorrhizae. A localized degradation of pectin seems to occur during fungal colonization, in agreement with the growth of the ectomycorrhizal fungus through the middle lamella and with the fungal gene expression of genes acting on these polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Sillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095, Turin, Italy
| | - Jonatan U Fangel
- Section for Plant Glycobiology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7257, 13288, Marseille, France
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille University, 13288, Marseille, France
- INRA, USC 1408 AFMB, 13288, Marseille, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Antonella Faccio
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (IPSP) del CNR, Torino Unit, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Francis Martin
- Laboratoire d'excellence ARBRE, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, 54 280, Champenoux, France
| | - William G T Willats
- Section for Plant Glycobiology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Raffaella Balestrini
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (IPSP) del CNR, Torino Unit, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy.
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Zhu G, Hayashi M, Shimomura N, Yamaguchi T, Aimi T. Expression of α-glucosidase during morphological differentiation in the basidiomycetous fungus Pholiota microspora. J Basic Microbiol 2016; 56:1036-45. [PMID: 27106661 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The α-glucosidase gene from Pholiota microspora, designated PnGcs, was amplified and characterized. The open reading frame region of PnGcs, from ATG to the stop codon, is 2937 bp and encodes a protein of 979 amino acids with a signal peptide of 20 amino acids at the N-terminus. The predicted amino acid sequence of PnGcs indicated that it is a glycoside hydrolase family 31 protein. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR was used to investigate PnGcs expression in mycelia cultured in minimal medium containing various carbon sources, as well as in tissue during different stages of development of fruiting bodies. When P. microspora was grown in minimal medium supplemented with different carbon sources, PnGcs expression was highest when induced by maltose. During cultivation on sawdust medium, PnGcs expression increased dramatically at the fruiting body formation stage compared with the mycelial growth stage, which implied that PnGcs is closely associated with fruiting body development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhu
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Mirai Hayashi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | | | | | - Tadanori Aimi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan.
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Vaario LM, Pennanen T, Sarjala T, Savonen EM, Heinonsalo J. Ectomycorrhization of Tricholoma matsutake and two major conifers in Finland-an assessment of in vitro mycorrhiza formation. MYCORRHIZA 2010; 20:511-8. [PMID: 20177716 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-010-0304-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to test the ability of Tricholoma matsutake isolates to form mycorrhizas with aseptic seedlings of Pinus sylvestris L. and Picea abies (L.) Karst. Germinated seedlings of Scots pine and Norway spruce were separately inoculated with either isolates originating from Finland or Japan. Eight months after inoculation, the Finnish isolate had formed a sheath and Hartig net on both host species. Ectomycorrhizal Scots pine seedlings inoculated with the Finnish isolate showed the same shoot height and dry mass as the controls. Ectomycorrhizal Norway spruce seedlings inoculated with the Finnish isolate had similar shoot height but slightly less dry mass than the control seedlings. For both tree species, inoculation with the Finnish isolate resulted in reduced total nitrogen content per seedling, but carbon content was unaffected. Inoculation with the Japanese isolate resulted in an initial Hartig net-like structure in pine but not in spruce. No typical Hartig net was observed on either tree species. Furthermore, seedlings of both species inoculated with the Japanese isolate showed significantly reduced growth, dry mass, nitrogen, and carbon content per seedling and shoot height (in spruce) compared to the controls. This study documents and describes the in vitro ectomycorrhization between T. matsutake and Scots pine or Norway spruce and the variable mycorrhizal structures that matsutake isolates can form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Min Vaario
- Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa Research Unit, PL 18, 01301 Vantaa, Finland.
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Nagendran S, Hallen-Adams HE, Paper JM, Aslam N, Walton JD. Reduced genomic potential for secreted plant cell-wall-degrading enzymes in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Amanita bisporigera, based on the secretome of Trichoderma reesei. Fungal Genet Biol 2009; 46:427-35. [PMID: 19373972 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Based on the analysis of its genome sequence, the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) basidiomycetous fungus Laccaria bicolor was shown to be lacking many of the major classes of secreted enzymes that depolymerize plant cell wall polysaccharides. To test whether this is also a feature of other ECM fungi, we searched a survey genome database of Amanita bisporigera with the proteins found in the secretome of Trichoderma reesei (syn. Hypocrea jecorina), a biochemically well-characterized industrial fungus. Additional proteins were also used as queries to compensate for major groups of cell-wall-degrading enzymes lacking in the secretome of T. reesei and to substantiate conclusions drawn from the T. reesei collection. By MS/MS-based "shotgun" proteomics, 80 proteins were identified in culture filtrates of T. reesei strain RUTC30 grown on corn cell walls and in a commercial "cellulase" preparation, Spezyme CP. The two T. reesei enzyme preparations were qualitatively and quantitatively similar, the most striking difference being the lack of at least five major peptidases from the commercial enzyme mixture. Based on our analysis of A. bisporigera, this ECM fungus is deficient in many major classes of cell-wall-degrading enzymes, including both glycosyl hydrolases and carbohydrate esterases. By comparison, the genomes of the saprophytic basidiomycetes Coprinopsis cinerea and Galerina marginata (using a genome survey sequence approximately equivalent in depth to that of A. bisporigera) have, like T. reesei, a much more complete complement of cell-wall-degrading enzymes.
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