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Riverine Inputs Impact the Diversity and Population Structure of Heterotrophic Fungus-like Protists and Bacterioplankton in the Coastal Waters of the South China Sea. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14101580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Labyrinthulomycetes protists (LP) play an important role in ocean carbon cycling with an ubiquitous presence in marine ecosystems. As one of the most important environmental factors, salinity is known to regulate their diverse metabolic activities. However, impacts of salinity gradient on their distribution and ecological functions in natural habitats remain largely unknown. In this study, the dynamics of LP abundance and community structure were examined in the surface water of plume, offshore, and pelagic habitats in the South China Sea (SCS). The highest (5.59 × 105 copies L−1) and lowest (5.28 × 104 copies L−1) abundance of LP were found to occur in the waters of plume and pelagic habitats, respectively. Multiple dimensional scaling (MDS) analysis revealed a strong relationship between salinity and LP community variation (p < 0.05, rho = 0.67). Unexpectedly, relative low LP diversity was detected in the brackish water samples of the plume. Moreover, our results indicated the genus Aplanochytrium dominated LP communities in offshore and pelagic, while Aurantiochytrium and Ulkenia were common in the plume. Physiological and metabolic features of these genera suggested that LP ecological functions were also largely varied along this salinity gradient. Clearly, the salinity gradient likely regulates the diversity and functional partitioning of marine protistan micro-eukaryotes in the world’s oceans.
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Bai M, Sen B, Wen S, Ye H, He Y, Zhang X, Wang G. Culturable Diversity of Thraustochytrids from Coastal Waters of Qingdao and Their Fatty Acids. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20040229. [PMID: 35447902 PMCID: PMC9029807 DOI: 10.3390/md20040229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrids have gained significant attention in recent years because of their considerable ecological and biotechnological importance. Yet, the influence of seasons and habitats on their culturable diversity and lipid profile remains poorly described. In this study, a total of 58 thraustochytrid strains were isolated from the coastal waters of Qingdao, China. These strains were phylogenetically close to five thraustochytrid genera, namely Botryochytrium, Oblongichytrium, Schizochytrium, Thraustochytrium, and Sicyoidochytrium. Most of the isolated strains were classified into the genera Thraustochytrium and Oblongichytrium. Further diversity analysis revealed that samples collected from nutrient-rich habitats and during summer/fall yielded significantly higher culturable diversity of thraustochytrids than those from low-nutrient habitats and winter/spring. Moreover, sampling habitats and seasons significantly impacted the fatty acid profiles of the strains. Particularly, the Oblongichytrium sp. OC931 strain produced a significant amount (153.99 mg/L) of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), accounting for 9.12% of the total fatty acids, which was significantly higher than that of the previously reported Aurantiochytrium strains. Overall, the results of this study fill the gap in our current understanding of the culturable diversity of thraustochytrids in the coastal waters and the impact of the sampling habitats and seasons on their capacity for lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (B.S.); (S.W.); (H.Y.); (Y.H.)
| | - Biswarup Sen
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (B.S.); (S.W.); (H.Y.); (Y.H.)
| | - Shuai Wen
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (B.S.); (S.W.); (H.Y.); (Y.H.)
| | - Huike Ye
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (B.S.); (S.W.); (H.Y.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yaodong He
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (B.S.); (S.W.); (H.Y.); (Y.H.)
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (G.W.)
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (B.S.); (S.W.); (H.Y.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (G.W.)
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Lyu L, Wang Q, Wang G. Cultivation and diversity analysis of novel marine thraustochytrids. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 3:263-275. [PMID: 37073337 PMCID: PMC10077191 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-020-00069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are a group of unicellular marine heterotrophic protists, and have long been known for their biotechnological potentials in producing squalene, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and other bioactive products. There are less than a hundred known strains from diverse marine habitats. Therefore, the discovery of new strains from natural environments is still one of the major limitations for fully exploring this interesting group of marine protists. At present, numerous attempts have been made to study thraustochytrids, mainly focusing on isolating new strains, analyzing the diversity in specific marine habitats, and increasing the yield of bioactive substances. There is a lack of a systematic study of the culturable diversity, and cultivation strategies. This paper reviews the distribution and diversity of culturable thraustochytrids from a range of marine environments, and describes in detail the most commonly used isolation methods and the control of culture parameters. Furthermore, the perspective approaches of isolation and cultivation for the discovery of new strains are discussed. Finally, the future directions of novel marine thraustochytrid research are proposed. The ultimate goal is to promote the awareness of biotechnological potentials of culturable thraustochytrid strains in industrial and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lyu
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
| | - Qiuzhen Wang
- Ocean College of Hebei Agricultural University, Qinhuangdao, 066000 China
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
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4
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Quilodrán B, Cortinez G, Bravo A, Silva D. Characterization and comparison of lipid and PUFA production by native thraustochytrid strains using complex carbon sources. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05404. [PMID: 33204880 PMCID: PMC7649280 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The thraustochytrid are marine heterotrophic protists that are widely distributed in the marine world. They are characterized by producing and accumulating great amount of lipids in their cells, especially long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), highlighting the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6, n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5, n-3) and arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4, n-6), as well as pigments of interest for human health and animal nutrition, such as carotenoids. Therefore, the objective of this study was to isolate and characterize three natives isolated of thraustochytrids and assess the potential of the by-products of the manufacture of beer (RB) and protein extraction of Lupine flour (RL) as complex carbon sources to produce biomass, lipid and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Three native strains of thraustochytrid (AS5-B2, IQ81 y VAL-B1), isolated from Chilean coastal waters were morphologically and genetically identified as thraustochytrid. For the determination of biomass production cultures were quantified by gravimetry and the fatty acids quantification and identification were carried out by gas chromatography (GC-FID). Our results show that the culture with any sources of complex carbon used, increased significantly the production of both biomass and total lipids in the strains IQ81 and VAL-B1, compared to glucose as pure carbon source. On the other hand, strain AS5-B2 showed a decrease in the total production of lipids in RB compared to the pure carbon source. For the production of fatty acids, the strains IQ81 and VAL-B1 showed a significant increase in DHA when growing in RB. In conclusion strains IQ81 and VAL-B1 can be used to biotransform industrial waste, such as RB and RL, into a more valuable product such as DHA, EPA, ARA and lipids.
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Hassett BT. A Widely Distributed Thraustochytrid Parasite of Diatoms Isolated from the Arctic Represents a gen. and sp. nov. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2020; 67:480-490. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon T. Hassett
- UiT Norges arktiske universtiet, BFE, NFH bygget Framstredet 6 9019 Tromsø Norway
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Wang Q, Ye H, Xie Y, He Y, Sen B, Wang G. Culturable Diversity and Lipid Production Profile of Labyrinthulomycete Protists Isolated from Coastal Mangrove Habitats of China. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17050268. [PMID: 31064054 PMCID: PMC6562557 DOI: 10.3390/md17050268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Labyrinthulomycete protists have gained significant attention in the recent past for their biotechnological importance. Yet, their lipid profiles are poorly described because only a few large-scale isolation attempts have been made so far. Here, we isolated more than 200 strains from mangrove habitats of China and characterized the molecular phylogeny and lipid accumulation potential of 71 strains. These strains were the closest relatives of six genera namely Aurantiochytrium, Botryochytrium, Parietichytrium, Schizochytrium, Thraustochytrium, and Labyrinthula. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production of the top 15 strains ranged from 0.23 g/L to 1.14 g/L. Two labyrinthulid strains, GXBH-107 and GXBH-215, exhibited unprecedented high DHA production potential with content >10% of biomass. Among all strains, ZJWZ-7, identified as an Aurantiochytrium strain, exhibited the highest DHA production. Further optimization of culture conditions for strain ZJWZ-7 showed improved lipid production (1.66 g/L DHA and 1.68 g/L saturated fatty acids (SFAs)) with glycerol-malic-acid, peptone-yeast-extract, initial pH 7, 28 °C, and rotation rate 150 rpm. Besides, nitrogen source, initial pH, temperature, and rotation rate had significant effects on the cell biomass, DHA, and SFAs production. This study provides the identification and characterization of nearly six dozen thraustochytrids and labyrinthulids with high potential for lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuzhen Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
- Ocean College of Hebei Agricultural University, Qinhuangdao 066000, China.
| | - Huike Ye
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yunxuan Xie
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yaodong He
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Biswarup Sen
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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7
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Fossier Marchan L, Lee Chang KJ, Nichols PD, Mitchell WJ, Polglase JL, Gutierrez T. Taxonomy, ecology and biotechnological applications of thraustochytrids: A review. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 36:26-46. [PMID: 28911809 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Thraustochytrids were first discovered in 1934, and since the 1960's they have been increasingly studied for their beneficial and deleterious effects. This review aims to provide an enhanced understanding of these protists with a particular emphasis on their taxonomy, ecology and biotechnology applications. Over the years, thraustochytrid taxonomy has improved with the development of modern molecular techniques and new biochemical markers, resulting in the isolation and description of new strains. In the present work, the taxonomic history of thraustochytrids is reviewed, while providing an up-to-date classification of these organisms. It also describes the various biomarkers that may be taken into consideration to support taxonomic characterization of the thraustochytrids, together with a review of traditional and modern techniques for their isolation and molecular identification. The originality of this review lies in linking taxonomy and ecology of the thraustochytrids and their biotechnological applications as producers of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), carotenoids, exopolysaccharides and other compounds of interest. The paper provides a summary of these aspects while also highlighting some of the most important recent studies in this field, which include the diversity of polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in thraustochytrids, some novel strategies for biomass production and recovery of compounds of interest. Furthermore, a detailed overview is provided of the direct and current applications of thraustochytrid-derived compounds in the food, fuel, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and aquaculture industries and of some of the commercial products available. This review is intended to be a source of information and references on the thraustochytrids for both experts and those who are new to this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loris Fossier Marchan
- Institute of Mechanical, Process & Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Kim J Lee Chang
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
| | - Peter D Nichols
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
| | - Wilfrid J Mitchell
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Jane L Polglase
- Jane L Polglase Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Tony Gutierrez
- Institute of Mechanical, Process & Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
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8
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Marchan LF, Lee Chang KJ, Nichols PD, Polglase JL, Mitchell WJ, Gutierrez T. Screening of new British thraustochytrids isolates for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY 2017; 29:2831-2843. [PMID: 29213183 PMCID: PMC5705750 DOI: 10.1007/s10811-017-1149-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Thraustochytrids isolated from hot tropical and sub-tropical waters have been well studied for DHA and biodiesel production in the last decades. However, little research has been performed on the oils of cold water thraustochytrids, in particular from the North Sea region. In this study, thraustochytrid strains from British waters showed high relative levels of omega-3 long-chain (≥C20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6ω3). The relative levels of DHA (as % of total fatty acids, TFA) in the different British strains are hitherto amongst the highest recorded from any thraustochytrid screening study, with strain TL18 reaching up to 67% DHA in modified Glucose-Yeast Extract-Peptone (GYP) medium. At this screening stage, low final biomass and fatty acid yield were observed in modified GYP and MarChiquita-Brain Heart Broth (MCBHB), while PUFA profiles (as % of PUFA) remained unaltered regardless of the culture medium used. Hence, optimizing the medium and culture conditions to improve growth and lipid content, without impacting the relative percentage of DHA, has the potential to increase the final DHA concentration. With this in mind, three strains were identified as promising organisms for the production of DHA. In the context of possible future industrial exploitation involving a winterization step, we investigated the recycling of the residual oil for biodiesel use. To do this, a mathematical model was used to assess the intrinsic properties of the by-product oil. The results showed the feasibility of producing primary DHA-rich oil, assuming optimized conditions, while using the by-product oil for biodiesel use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loris Fossier Marchan
- Institute of Mechanical, Process & Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS UK
| | - Kim J. Lee Chang
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Peter D. Nichols
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Jane L. Polglase
- Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS UK
| | - Wilfrid J. Mitchell
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS UK
| | - Tony Gutierrez
- Institute of Mechanical, Process & Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS UK
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9
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Gupta A, Singh D, Byreddy AR, Thyagarajan T, Sonkar SP, Mathur AS, Tuli DK, Barrow CJ, Puri M. Exploring omega-3 fatty acids, enzymes and biodiesel producing thraustochytrids from Australian and Indian marine biodiversity. Biotechnol J 2015; 11:345-55. [PMID: 26580151 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The marine environment harbours a vast diversity of microorganisms, many of which are unique, and have potential to produce commercially useful materials. Therefore, marine biodiversity from Australian and Indian habitat has been explored to produce novel bioactives, and enzymes. Among these, thraustochytrids collected from Indian habitats were shown to be rich in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), together constituting 51-76% of total fatty acids (TFA). Indian and Australian thraustochytrids occupy separate positions in the dendrogram, showing significant differences exist in the fatty acid profiles in these two sets of thraustochytrid strains. In general, Australian strains had a higher docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content than Indian strains with DHA at 17-31% of TFA. A range of enzyme activities were observed in the strains, with Australian strains showing overall higher levels of enzyme activity, with the exception of one Indian strain (DBTIOC-1). Comparative analysis of the fatty acid profile of 34 strains revealed that Indian thraustochytrids are more suitable for biodiesel production since these strains have higher fatty acids content for biodiesel (FAB, 76%) production than Australian thraustochytrids, while the Australian strains are more suitable for omega-3 (40%) production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsha Gupta
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, (CCB), School of Life and Environment Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dilip Singh
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, (CCB), School of Life and Environment Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,DBT-IOC Centre for Advance Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, IndianߚOil Corporation Limited, Faridabad, India
| | - Avinesh R Byreddy
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, (CCB), School of Life and Environment Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tamilselvi Thyagarajan
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, (CCB), School of Life and Environment Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shailendra P Sonkar
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, (CCB), School of Life and Environment Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anshu S Mathur
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advance Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, IndianߚOil Corporation Limited, Faridabad, India
| | - Deepak K Tuli
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advance Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, IndianߚOil Corporation Limited, Faridabad, India
| | - Colin J Barrow
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, (CCB), School of Life and Environment Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Munish Puri
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, (CCB), School of Life and Environment Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
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Gupta A, Wilkens S, Adcock JL, Puri M, Barrow CJ. Pollen baiting facilitates the isolation of marine thraustochytrids with potential in omega-3 and biodiesel production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 40:1231-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-013-1324-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Marine heterotrophic microbes are capable of accumulating large amounts of lipids, omega-3 fatty acids, carotenoids, and have potential for biodiesel production. Pollen baiting using Pinus radiata pollen grain along with direct plating techniques were used in this study as techniques for the isolation of oil-producing marine thraustochytrid species from Queenscliff, Victoria, Australia. Thirteen isolates were obtained using either direct plating or using pine pollen, with pine pollen acting as a specific substrate for the surface attachment of thraustochytrids. The isolates obtained from the pollen baiting technique showed a wide range of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) accumulation, from 11 to 41 % of total fatty acid content (TFA). Direct plating isolates showed a moderate range of DHA accumulation, from 19 to 25 % of TFA. Seven isolates were identified on the basis of 18S rRNA sequencing technique as Thraustochytrium species, Schizochytrium species, and Ulkenia species. Although both methods appear to result in the isolation of similar strains, pollen baiting proved to be a simpler method for the isolation of these relatively slow-growing organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsha Gupta
- grid.1021.2 0000000105267079 Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology Deakin University 3216 Geelong VIC Australia
| | - Serena Wilkens
- grid.419676.b 0000 0000 9252 5808 Marine Biodiversity and Biosecurity, NIWA Kilbirnie Wellington New Zealand
| | - Jacqui L Adcock
- grid.1021.2 0000000105267079 Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology Deakin University 3216 Geelong VIC Australia
| | - Munish Puri
- grid.1021.2 0000000105267079 Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology Deakin University 3216 Geelong VIC Australia
- grid.1021.2 0000000105267079 Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology Deakin University 3220 Geelong VIC Australia
| | - Colin J Barrow
- grid.1021.2 0000000105267079 Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology Deakin University 3216 Geelong VIC Australia
- grid.1021.2 0000000105267079 Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology Deakin University 3220 Geelong VIC Australia
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