1
|
Silva R, Silva B, Fernandes C, Morouço P, Alves N, Veloso A. A Review on 3D Scanners Studies for Producing Customized Orthoses. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1373. [PMID: 38474907 DOI: 10.3390/s24051373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
When a limb suffers a fracture, rupture, or dislocation, it is traditionally immobilized with plaster. This may induce discomfort in the patient, as well as excessive itching and sweating, which creates the growth of bacteria, leading to an unhygienic environment and difficulty in keeping the injury clean during treatment. Furthermore, if the plaster remains for a long period, it may cause lesions in the joints and ligaments. To overcome all of these disadvantages, orthoses have emerged as important medical devices to help patients in rehabilitation, as well as for self-care of deficiencies in clinics and daily life. Traditionally, these devices are produced manually, which is a time-consuming and error-prone method. From another point of view, it is possible to use imageology (X-ray or computed tomography) to scan the human body; a process that may help orthoses manufacturing but which induces radiation to the patient. To overcome this great disadvantage, several types of 3D scanners, without any kind of radiation, have emerged. This article describes the use of various types of scanners capable of digitizing the human body to produce custom orthoses. Studies have shown that photogrammetry is the most used and most suitable 3D scanner for the acquisition of the human body in 3D. With this evolution of technology, it is possible to decrease the scanning time and it will be possible to introduce this technology into clinical environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Silva
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada Dafundo, 1499-002 Lisbon, Portugal
- CDRSP, Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2430-028 Marinha Grande, Portugal
| | - Bruna Silva
- CDRSP, Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2430-028 Marinha Grande, Portugal
| | | | - Pedro Morouço
- ESECS, Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2411 Leiria, Portugal
- CIDESD, Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Nuno Alves
- CDRSP, Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2430-028 Marinha Grande, Portugal
| | - António Veloso
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada Dafundo, 1499-002 Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Macek A, Leitsch S, Koban KC, Mayer JM, Loucas R, Holzbach T. How Reliable Is Breast Volume Assessment When the Patient Is Lying Flat?-Volumetric Assessment of Breast Volume Using a Vectra H2 Handheld Device in Different Positions. J Clin Med 2024; 13:709. [PMID: 38337404 PMCID: PMC10856139 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13030709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Three-dimensional (3D) volumetric assessment is receiving increased recognition in breast surgery. It is commonly used for preoperative planning and postoperative control with the patient standing in an upright position. Recently, intraoperative use was evaluated with patients in the supine position. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the volumetric changes in 3D surface imaging depending on the patient's position. (2) Methods: 3D volumetric analysis was performed using a Vectra-H2 device with patients in standing, sitting, and supine positions. A total of 100 complete datasets of female breasts were included in the study. The measured volumes of each evaluated breast (n = 200) were compared between the three positions. (3) Results: The mean difference between the 3D volumetric assessments of the sitting and standing positions per breast was 7.15 cc and, thus, statistically insignificant (p = 0.28). However, the difference between supine and standing positions, at 120.31 cc, was significant (p < 0.01). (4) Conclusions: The 3D volumetric assessment of breasts in the supine position did not statistically correlate with the validated assessment of breast volume in the standing position while breast volume in the sitting position is reliable and correlates with the assessment of a standing patient. We conclude that intraoperative volumetric assessment should be performed with patients in an upright sitting position.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aljosa Macek
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, Thurgau Hospital Group, 8500 Frauenfeld, Switzerland (T.H.)
| | - Sebastian Leitsch
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, Thurgau Hospital Group, 8500 Frauenfeld, Switzerland (T.H.)
| | | | - Julius Michael Mayer
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rafael Loucas
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, Thurgau Hospital Group, 8500 Frauenfeld, Switzerland (T.H.)
| | - Thomas Holzbach
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, Thurgau Hospital Group, 8500 Frauenfeld, Switzerland (T.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gkantidis N, Opacic J, Kanavakis G, Katsaros C, Halazonetis D. Facial asymmetry and midsagittal plane definition in 3D: A bias-free, automated method. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294528. [PMID: 38011159 PMCID: PMC10681257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Symmetry is a fundamental biological concept in all living organisms. It is related to a variety of physical and social traits ranging from genetic background integrity and developmental stability to the perception of physical appearance. Within this context, the study of human facial asymmetry carries a unique significance. Here, we validated an efficient method to assess 3D facial surface symmetry by best-fit approximating the original surface to its mirrored one. Following this step, the midsagittal plane of the face was automatically defined at the midpoints of the contralateral corresponding vertices of the superimposed models and colour coded distance maps were constructed. The method was tested by two operators using facial models of different surface size. The results show that the midsagittal plane definition was highly reproducible (maximum error < 0.1 mm or°) and remained robust for different extents of the facial surface model. The symmetry assessments were valid (differences between corresponding bilateral measurement areas < 0.1 mm), highly reproducible (error < 0.01 mm), and were modified by the extent of the initial surface model. The present landmark-free, automated method to assess facial asymmetry and define the midsagittal plane of the face is accurate, objective, easily applicable, comprehensible and cost effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Gkantidis
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jasmina Opacic
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Georgios Kanavakis
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, UZB–University School of Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christos Katsaros
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Demetrios Halazonetis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cen Y, Huang X, Liu J, Qin Y, Wu X, Ye S, Du S, Liao W. Application of three-dimensional reconstruction technology in dentistry: a narrative review. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:630. [PMID: 37667286 PMCID: PMC10476426 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03142-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-dimensional(3D) reconstruction technology is a method of transforming real goals into mathematical models consistent with computer logic expressions and has been widely used in dentistry, but the lack of review and summary leads to confusion and misinterpretation of information. The purpose of this review is to provide the first comprehensive link and scientific analysis of 3D reconstruction technology and dentistry to bridge the information bias between these two disciplines. METHODS The IEEE Xplore and PubMed databases were used for rigorous searches based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, supplemented by Google Academic as a complementary tool to retrieve all literature up to February 2023. We conducted a narrative review focusing on the empirical findings of the application of 3D reconstruction technology to dentistry. RESULTS We classify the technologies applied to dentistry according to their principles and summarize the different characteristics of each category, as well as the different application scenarios determined by these characteristics of each technique. In addition, we indicate their development prospects and worthy research directions in the field of dentistry, from individual techniques to the overall discipline of 3D reconstruction technology, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Researchers and clinicians should make different decisions on the choice of 3D reconstruction technology based on different objectives. The main trend in the future development of 3D reconstruction technology is the joint application of technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueyan Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3Rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd. Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xinyue Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3Rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd. Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Jialing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3Rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd. Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yichun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3Rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd. Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xinrui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3Rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd. Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Shiyang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3Rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd. Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Shufang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3Rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd. Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| | - Wen Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3Rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd. Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pan F, Liu J, Cen Y, Chen Y, Cai R, Zhao Z, Liao W, Wang J. Accuracy of RGB-D camera-based and stereophotogrammetric facial scanners: a comparative study. J Dent 2022; 127:104302. [PMID: 36152954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate and compare the accuracy and inter-operator reliability of a low-cost red-green-blue-depth (RGB-D) camera-based facial scanner (Bellus3D Arc7) with a stereophotogrammetry facial scanner (3dMD) and to explore the possibility of the former as a clinical substitute for the latter. METHODS A mannequin head was selected as the research object. In the RGB-D camera-based facial scanner group, the head was continuously scanned five times using an RGB-D camera-based facial scanner (Bellus3D Arc7), and the outcome data of each scan was then imported into CAD software (MeshLab) to reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) facial photographs. In the stereophotogrammetry facial scanner group, the mannequin head was scanned with a stereophotogrammetry facial scanner (3dMD). Selected parameters were directly measured on the reconstructed 3D virtual faces using a CAD software. The same parameters were then measured directly on the mannequin head using the direct anthropometry (DA) method as the gold standard for later comparison. The accuracy of the facial scanners was evaluated in terms of trueness and precision. Trueness was evaluated by comparing the measurement results of the two groups with each other and with that of DA using equivalence tests and average absolute deviations, while precision and inter-operator reliability were assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). A 3D facial mesh deviation between the two groups was also calculated for further reference using a 3D metrology software (GOM inspect pro). RESULTS In terms of trueness, the average absolute deviations between RGB-D camera-based and stereophotogrammetry facial scanners, between RGB-D camera-based facial scanner and DA, and between stereophotogrammetry facial scanner and DA were statistically equivalent at 0.50±0.27 mm, 0.61±0.42 mm, and 0.28±0.14 mm, respectively. Equivalence test results confirmed that their equivalence was within clinical requirements (<1 mm). The ICC for each parameter was approximately 0.999 in terms of precision and inter-operator reliability. A 3D facial mesh analysis suggested that the deviation between the two groups was 0.37±0.01 mm. CONCLUSIONS For facial scanners, an accuracy of <1 mm is commonly considered clinically acceptable. Both the RGB-D camera-based and stereophotogrammetry facial scanners in this study showed acceptable trueness, high precision, and inter-operator reliability. A low-cost RGB-D camera-based facial scanner could be an eligible clinical substitute for traditional stereophotogrammetry. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The low-cost RGB-D camera-based facial scanner showed clinically acceptable trueness, high precision, and inter-operator reliability; thus, it could be an eligible clinical substitute for traditional stereophotogrammetry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangwei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jialing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yueyan Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ye Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruilie Cai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, South Carolina, United States
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wen Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Precision of a Hand-Held 3D Surface Scanner in Dry and Wet Skeletal Surfaces: An Ex Vivo Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12092251. [PMID: 36140652 PMCID: PMC9497896 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12092251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional surface scans of skeletal structures have various clinical and research applications in medicine, anthropology, and other relevant fields. The aim of this study was to test the precision of a widely used hand-held surface scanner and the associated software’s 3D model generation-error in both dry and wet skeletal surfaces. Ten human dry skulls and ten mandibles (dry and wet conditions) were scanned twice with an industrial scanner (Artec Space Spider) by one operator. Following a best-fit superimposition of corresponding surface model pairs, the mean absolute distance (MAD) between them was calculated on ten anatomical regions on the skulls and six on the mandibles. The software’s 3D model generation process was repeated for the same scan of four dry skulls and four mandibles (wet and dry conditions), and the results were compared in a similar manner. The median scanner precision was 31 μm for the skulls and 25 μm for the mandibles in dry conditions, whereas in wet conditions it was slightly lower at 40 μm for the mandibles. The 3D model generation-error was negligible (range: 5–10 μm). The Artec Space Spider scanner exhibits very high precision in the scanning of dry and wet skeletal surfaces.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kamath AA, Kamath MJ, Ekici S, Stans AS, Colby CE, Matsumoto JM, Wylam ME. Workflow to develop 3D designed personalized neonatal CPAP masks using iPhone structured light facial scanning. 3D Print Med 2022; 8:23. [PMID: 35913689 PMCID: PMC9341126 DOI: 10.1186/s41205-022-00155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a common mode of respiratory support used in neonatal intensive care units. In preterm infants, nasal CPAP (nCPAP) therapy is often delivered via soft, biocompatible nasal mask suitable for long-term direct skin contact and held firmly against the face. Limited sizes of nCPAP mask contribute to mal-fitting related complications and adverse outcomes in this fragile population. We hypothesized that custom-fit nCPAP masks will improve the fit with less skin pressure and strap tension improving efficacy and reducing complications associated with nCPAP therapy in neonates. Methods After IRB approval and informed consent, we evaluated several methods to develop 3D facial models to test custom 3D nCPAP masks. These methods included camera-based photogrammetry, laser scanning and structured light scanning using a Bellus3D Face Camera Pro and iPhone X running either Bellus3D FaceApp for iPhone, or Heges application. This data was used to provide accurate 3D neonatal facial models. Using CAD software nCPAP inserts were designed to be placed between proprietary nCPAP mask and the model infant’s face. The resulted 3D designed nCPAP mask was form fitted to the model face. Subsequently, nCPAP masks were connected to a ventilator to provide CPAP and calibrated pressure sensors and co-linear tension sensors were placed to measures skin pressure and nCPAP mask strap tension. Results Photogrammetry and laser scanning were not suited to the neonatal face. However, structured light scanning techniques produced accurate 3D neonatal facial models. Individualized nCPAP mask inserts manufactured using 3D printed molds and silicon injection were effective at decreasing surface pressure and mask strap pressure in some cases by more than 50% compared to CPAP masks without inserts. Conclusions We found that readily available structured light scanning devices such as the iPhone X are a low cost, safe, rapid, and accurate tool to develop accurate models of preterm infant facial topography. Structured light scanning developed 3D nCPAP inserts applied to commercially available CPAP masks significantly reduced skin pressure and strap tension at clinically relevant CPAP pressures when utilized on model neonatal faces. This workflow maybe useful at producing individualized nCPAP masks for neonates reducing complications due to misfit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amika A Kamath
- Departments of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Axil School of Medicine, 200 First St., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Marielle J Kamath
- Departments of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Axil School of Medicine, 200 First St., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Selin Ekici
- Departments of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Axil School of Medicine, 200 First St., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Anna Sofia Stans
- Departments of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Axil School of Medicine, 200 First St., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Christopher E Colby
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Mayo Clinic Axil School of Medicine, 200 First St., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jane M Matsumoto
- Departments of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Axil School of Medicine, 200 First St., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Mark E Wylam
- Divisions of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Axil School of Medicine, 200 First St., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wampfler JJ, Gkantidis N. Superimposition of serial 3-dimensional facial photographs to assess changes over time: A systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2021; 161:182-197.e2. [PMID: 34688517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Superimpositions of 3-dimensional photographs enable a thorough and risk-free assessment of facial changes over time. However, the available methods and the evidence supporting them have not been assessed systematically. The paper summarizes and assesses the current evidence on superimposition methods of serial 3-dimensional facial photographs available in the literature. METHODS The following databases were searched without time restriction (last updated December 2020): MEDLINE via PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. Unpublished literature was searched on Open Grey and Grey Literature Report. Authors were contacted if necessary, and reference lists of relevant papers were screened. All studies with sample size ≥6 that tested the accuracy or precision of a superimposition technique, or agreement between different techniques regarding facial surface changes, were considered. The 2 authors performed data extraction independently using predefined forms. The risk of bias was assessed through the Quality Assessment and Diagnostic Accuracy Tool 2 tool. RESULTS Eight studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The total risk of bias of 7 studies was high and of 1 low. Seven studies had high total applicability concerns, and 1 was unclear. There was high heterogeneity among studies, which tested constructed planes through manually selected landmarks, a configuration of 9 landmarks, various surface areas, and the entire facial surface as superimposition references. A small rectangular area on the forehead combined with one on the middle part of the nose and the lower wall of the orbital foramen showed promising results. CONCLUSIONS The limited available evidence suggests that surface-based registration is superior to landmark-based registration. Further research in the field is mandatory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Johannes Wampfler
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaos Gkantidis
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Etzel L, Schenck TL, Giunta RE, Li Z, Xu Y, Koban KC. Digital Leg Volume Quantification: Precision Assessment of a Novel Workflow Based on Single Capture Three-dimensional Whole-Body Surface Imaging. J Digit Imaging 2021; 34:1171-1182. [PMID: 34581929 PMCID: PMC8554908 DOI: 10.1007/s10278-021-00493-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-body three-dimensional surface imaging (3DSI) offers the ability to monitor morphologic changes in multiple areas without the need to individually scan every anatomical region of interest. One area of application is the digital quantification of leg volume. Certain types of morphology do not permit complete circumferential scan of the leg surface. A workflow capable of precisely estimating the missing data is therefore required. We thus aimed to describe and apply a novel workflow to collect bilateral leg volume measurements from whole-body 3D surface scans regardless of leg morphology and to assess workflow precision. For each study participant, whole-body 3DSI was conducted twice successively in a single session with subject repositioning between scans. Paired samples of bilateral leg volume were calculated from the 3D surface data, with workflow variations for complete and limited leg surface visibility. Workflow precision was assessed by calculating the relative percent differences between repeated leg volumes. A total of 82 subjects were included in this study. The mean relative differences between paired left and right leg volumes were 0.73 ± 0.62% and 0.82 ± 0.65%. The workflow variations for completely and partially visible leg surfaces yielded similarly low values. The workflow examined in this study provides a precise method to digitally monitor leg volume regardless of leg morphology. It could aid in objectively comparing medical treatment options of the leg in a clinical setting. Whole-body scans acquired using the described 3DSI routine may allow simultaneous assessment of other changes in body morphology after further validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Etzel
- Division of Hand, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Pettenkoferstraße 8a, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Thilo L Schenck
- Division of Hand, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Pettenkoferstraße 8a, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Riccardo E Giunta
- Division of Hand, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Pettenkoferstraße 8a, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Zhouxiao Li
- Division of Hand, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Pettenkoferstraße 8a, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Ya Xu
- Division of Hand, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Pettenkoferstraße 8a, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Konstantin C Koban
- Division of Hand, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Pettenkoferstraße 8a, 80336, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Valid 3D surface superimposition references to assess facial changes during growth. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16456. [PMID: 34385558 PMCID: PMC8361153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95942-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the primary techniques applied for the assessment of facial changes over time utilize 2D images. However, this approach has important limitations related to the dimensional reduction and the accuracy of the used data. 3D facial photography has been recently introduced as a risk-free alternative that overcomes these limitations. However, the proper reference areas that should be used to superimpose serial 3D facial images of growing individuals are not yet known. Here, we tested various 3D facial photo superimposition reference areas and compared their outcomes to those of a standard anterior cranial base superimposition technique. We found that a small rectangular area on the forehead plus an area including the middle part of the nose and the lower wall of the orbital foramen provided comparable results to the standard technique and showed adequate reproducibility. Other reference areas that have been used so far in the literature were less reliable. Within the limitations of the study, a valid superimposition reference area for serial 3D facial images of growing individuals is suggested. The method has potential to greatly expand the possibilities of this highly informative, risk free, and easily obtained 3D tool for the assessment of facial changes in growing individuals.
Collapse
|
11
|
Dolci C, Elamin F, Gibelli DM, Barni L, Scolaro A, Sessa F, Maspero C, Cappella A, Sforza C. Age- and Sex-Related Changes in Labial Dimensions of Sudanese Youngs of Arab Descent: A Three-Dimensional Cross-Sectional Study. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8070574. [PMID: 34356553 PMCID: PMC8304677 DOI: 10.3390/children8070574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Proper evaluation of facial features during growth and development requires the knowledge of anthropometric reference values validated for ethnicity, sex and age. In order to provide information concerning the normal sex-related size of the lips during childhood and young adulthood in Sudanese people of Arab descent, the three-dimensional coordinates of nine labial soft tissue landmarks were obtained by a laser scanner in 332 male and 386 female healthy Northern Sudanese subjects aged 3-30 years. Six labial linear distances, the vermilion height to mouth width ratio, vermilion areas and lip volumes were calculated and averaged for age and sex. Comparisons were performed by factorial analysis of variance (p < 0.01). All labial dimensions significantly increased with age. Significant effects of sex were found for four measurements only, with very small effect size; nonetheless, lips and their parts grew faster in females than in males at almost all ages. Philtrum width was the first linear distance that attained adult values. The vermilion height to mouth width ratio was nearly constant across the age groups. Data collected in this study contribute to information about ethnic-specific lip morphology during growth and development. As orolabial features change over time with their own pattern, the relevant age-related trends should be properly considered for clinical treatment planning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Dolci
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy of the Stomatognathic System (LAFAS), Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.M.G.); (L.B.); (A.C.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-5031-5392
| | - Fadil Elamin
- Khartoum Centre for Research and Medical Training, Khartoum 11111, Sudan;
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AD, UK
| | - Daniele M. Gibelli
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy of the Stomatognathic System (LAFAS), Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.M.G.); (L.B.); (A.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Luisa Barni
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy of the Stomatognathic System (LAFAS), Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.M.G.); (L.B.); (A.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Alessandra Scolaro
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Orthodontics, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.S.); (F.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Fabiola Sessa
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Orthodontics, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.S.); (F.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Cinzia Maspero
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Orthodontics, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.S.); (F.S.); (C.M.)
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cappella
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy of the Stomatognathic System (LAFAS), Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.M.G.); (L.B.); (A.C.); (C.S.)
- UO Laboratory of Applied Human Morphology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiarella Sforza
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy of the Stomatognathic System (LAFAS), Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.M.G.); (L.B.); (A.C.); (C.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kasper AM, Langan-Evans C, Hudson JF, Brownlee TE, Harper LD, Naughton RJ, Morton JP, Close GL. Come Back Skinfolds, All Is Forgiven: A Narrative Review of the Efficacy of Common Body Composition Methods in Applied Sports Practice. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041075. [PMID: 33806245 PMCID: PMC8065383 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Whilst the assessment of body composition is routine practice in sport, there remains considerable debate on the best tools available, with the chosen technique often based upon convenience rather than understanding the method and its limitations. The aim of this manuscript was threefold: (1) provide an overview of the common methodologies used within sport to measure body composition, specifically hydro-densitometry, air displacement plethysmography, bioelectrical impedance analysis and spectroscopy, ultra-sound, three-dimensional scanning, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and skinfold thickness; (2) compare the efficacy of what are widely believed to be the most accurate (DXA) and practical (skinfold thickness) assessment tools and (3) provide a framework to help select the most appropriate assessment in applied sports practice including insights from the authors' experiences working in elite sport. Traditionally, skinfold thickness has been the most popular method of body composition but the use of DXA has increased in recent years, with a wide held belief that it is the criterion standard. When bone mineral content needs to be assessed, and/or when it is necessary to take limb-specific estimations of fat and fat-free mass, then DXA appears to be the preferred method, although it is crucial to be aware of the logistical constraints required to produce reliable data, including controlling food intake, prior exercise and hydration status. However, given the need for simplicity and after considering the evidence across all assessment methods, skinfolds appear to be the least affected by day-to-day variability, leading to the conclusion 'come back skinfolds, all is forgiven'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M. Kasper
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (A.M.K.); (C.L.-E.); (J.F.H.); (T.E.B.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Carl Langan-Evans
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (A.M.K.); (C.L.-E.); (J.F.H.); (T.E.B.); (J.P.M.)
| | - James F. Hudson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (A.M.K.); (C.L.-E.); (J.F.H.); (T.E.B.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Thomas E. Brownlee
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (A.M.K.); (C.L.-E.); (J.F.H.); (T.E.B.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Liam D. Harper
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK; (L.D.H.); (R.J.N.)
| | - Robert J. Naughton
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK; (L.D.H.); (R.J.N.)
| | - James P. Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (A.M.K.); (C.L.-E.); (J.F.H.); (T.E.B.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Graeme L. Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (A.M.K.); (C.L.-E.); (J.F.H.); (T.E.B.); (J.P.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-151-904-6266
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fishman Z, Whyne CM, Hope A, Fialkov JA. Modeling and measuring average nasal asymmetry by dorsum midline and nose tip lateral deviation. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2020; 74:857-865. [PMID: 33199224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In rhinoplasty and nasal reconstruction, achieving symmetry is critical for optimal patient outcomes and reducing re-operation rates. Assessing nasal asymmetry is challenging, both pre- and intra-operatively, if based on only a surgeons' visual perception to assess and adjust the small distances important to cosmesis (<2-3 mm). To measure nasal symmetry, we first developed an algorithm to analyze lateral nasal deviation on facial three-dimensional (3D) scans captured by external surface scanning. In this, nasal deviation is measured by first registering a 3D facial scan to orthogonal axes in order to remove tilt. The lateral position of the nasal midline is then found across transverse planes along the dorsum and nasal tip regions by probing midpoints 1 and 2 mm back from the local maximum projection. The nasal deviation measurement algorithm was validated on a simulated asymmetrical nose model with known nasal deviation. Simulated deviations were applied to the symmetrical average nose using an exponential twist away from the face, with control of the maximum deviation and degree of curvature. Modeled deviations were evaluated with the algorithm at clinically negligible (0.02-0.06 mm) average differences and for small lateral deviations (1-5 mm). Nasal deviation using the algorithms was then measured for the 100 multi-ethnic subjects in the Binghamton University 3D Facial Expression database. Average values for maximum lateral deviation, deviation across the whole nose, and deviation at the nose tip were measured to provide context to deviation measurements in surgical planning. This research presents a new nasal assessment tool that can be useful in improving symmetry in rhinoplasty and reconstruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Fishman
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - C M Whyne
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A Hope
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J A Fialkov
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Plastic Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lautner N, Raith S, Ooms M, Peters F, Hölzle F, Modabber A. Three-dimensional evaluation of the effect of nasoalveolar molding on the volume of the alveolar gap in unilateral clefts. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2019; 48:141-147. [PMID: 31917062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2019.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few decades it has been shown that nasoalveolar molding (NAM) has had an effect on the correction of nasal cartilage deformities and the alveolar process. This three-dimensional (3D) analysis evaluated the effects of NAM on the alveolar cleft region in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate. Alveolar gap volumes were measured in a retrospective review of 40 dental casts of 20 patients with unilateral clef lip and palate before and after treatment. Ten patients who began undergoing NAM immediately after birth were included in this study. An additional 10 patients with unilateral clefts but without NAM were included as a control group. All of the casts (pretreatment and post-treatment) were 3D scanned, and the cleft volumes and anterior gap widths underwent computer-aided evaluations. NAM resulted in a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in alveolar gap volume and anterior cleft width from birth until lip closure time, while half of the control group showed slight increases in cleft volume. Based on these results, NAM is an effective and helpful treatment that can be used to significantly reduce alveolar gap volume and anterior cleft width in patients with unilateral clefts. Harmonization of the dental arch and a reduction in the alveolar cleft region are desirable treatment goals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Lautner
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Stefan Raith
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mark Ooms
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Florian Peters
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Hölzle
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ali Modabber
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gibelli D, Pucciarelli V, Poppa P, Cummaudo M, Dolci C, Cattaneo C, Sforza C. Three-dimensional facial anatomy evaluation: Reliability of laser scanner consecutive scans procedure in comparison with stereophotogrammetry. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2018; 46:1807-1813. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
16
|
Hong C, Choi K, Kachroo Y, Kwon T, Nguyen A, McComb R, Moon W. Evaluation of the 3dMDface system as a tool for soft tissue analysis. Orthod Craniofac Res 2018. [PMID: 28643910 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the accuracy of three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry by comparing values obtained from direct anthropometry and the 3dMDface system. To achieve a more comprehensive evaluation of the reliability of 3dMD, both linear and surface measurements were examined. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION UCLA Section of Orthodontics. Mannequin head as model for anthropometric measurements. MATERIAL AND METHODS Image acquisition and analysis were carried out on a mannequin head using 16 anthropometric landmarks and 21 measured parameters for linear and surface distances. 3D images using 3dMDface system were made at 0, 1 and 24 hours; 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. Error magnitude statistics used include mean absolute difference, standard deviation of error, relative error magnitude and root mean square error. Intra-observer agreement for all measurements was attained. RESULTS Overall mean errors were lower than 1.00 mm for both linear and surface parameter measurements, except in 5 of the 21 measurements. The three longest parameter distances showed increased variation compared to shorter distances. No systematic errors were observed for all performed paired t tests (P<.05). Agreement values between two observers ranged from 0.91 to 0.99. CONCLUSIONS Measurements on a mannequin confirmed the accuracy of all landmarks and parameters analysed in this study using the 3dMDface system. Results indicated that 3dMDface system is an accurate tool for linear and surface measurements, with potentially broad-reaching applications in orthodontics, surgical treatment planning and treatment evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Hong
- UCLA Department of Orthodontics, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - K Choi
- UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Y Kachroo
- UCLA Department of Orthodontics, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - T Kwon
- UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A Nguyen
- UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - R McComb
- UCLA Department of Orthodontics, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - W Moon
- UCLA Department of Orthodontics, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Loeffler-Wirth H, Vogel M, Kirsten T, Glock F, Poulain T, Körner A, Loeffler M, Kiess W, Binder H. Body typing of children and adolescents using 3D-body scanning. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186881. [PMID: 29053732 PMCID: PMC5650166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D-) body scanning of children and adolescents allows the detailed study of physiological development in terms of anthropometrical alterations which potentially provide early onset markers for obesity. Here, we present a systematic analysis of body scanning data of 2,700 urban children and adolescents in the age range between 5 and 18 years with the special aim to stratify the participants into distinct body shape types and to describe their change upon development. In a first step, we extracted a set of eight representative meta-measures from the data. Each of them collects a related group of anthropometrical features and changes specifically upon aging. In a second step we defined seven body types by clustering the meta-measures of all participants. These body types describe the body shapes in terms of three weight (lower, normal and overweight) and three age (young, medium and older) categories. For younger children (age of 5-10 years) we found a common 'early childhood body shape' which splits into three weight-dependent types for older children, with one or two years delay for boys. Our study shows that the concept of body types provides a reliable option for the anthropometric characterization of developing and aging populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Loeffler-Wirth
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16–18, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE, Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases; Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 27, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mandy Vogel
- LIFE, Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases; Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 27, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Toralf Kirsten
- LIFE, Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases; Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 27, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Fabian Glock
- LIFE, Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases; Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 27, Leipzig, Germany
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Centre for Pediatric Research; Leipzig University, Liebigstraße 20a, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tanja Poulain
- LIFE, Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases; Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 27, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Körner
- LIFE, Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases; Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 27, Leipzig, Germany
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Centre for Pediatric Research; Leipzig University, Liebigstraße 20a, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Loeffler
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16–18, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE, Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases; Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 27, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16–18, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- LIFE, Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases; Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 27, Leipzig, Germany
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Centre for Pediatric Research; Leipzig University, Liebigstraße 20a, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans Binder
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16–18, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE, Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases; Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 27, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Garson S, Delay E, Sinna R, Cornette de Saint Cyr B, Taha F. [The third dimension of the face aging, improvement of its understanding]. ANN CHIR PLAST ESTH 2017; 62:387-398. [PMID: 28943216 DOI: 10.1016/j.anplas.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Over the past 30 years, surface imaging has made tremendous progress. Surgical management has also been subject of numerous technical and strategic developments. For a better understanding of the curative strategies of face aging, the authors have put into perspective the three-dimensional data acquired up to date. METHOD A review of the literature focused on the three-dimensional study of facial aging was carried out. RESULTS Thanks to the precision of new surface acquisition systems and larger patient cohorts, our understanding of surfaces and volumes is now much more accurate. 3D, particularly highlights the major impact of aging on the perioral area, which was up to now neglected compared to other facial areas. CONCLUSION A technical discussion is needed to identify the best techniques to correct the defects and provide a natural result for those anatomical areas that are heavily impacted by aging but not corrected in the final.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Garson
- Cabinet de chirurgie plastique reconstructrice et esthétique, 7, impasse de la Passerelle, 60300 Senlis, France; Laboratoire d'analyse morphologique et cognitive, centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - E Delay
- Service de chirurgie plastique et reconstructrice, centre Léon-Bérard, 28, rue Laennec, 69373 Lyon cedex 08, France; Laboratoire d'analyse morphologique et cognitive, centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - R Sinna
- Service de chirurgie plastique reconstructrice et esthétique, CHU Amiens-Picardie-Site sud, 80054 Amiens cedex 1, France; Laboratoire d'analyse morphologique et cognitive, centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - B Cornette de Saint Cyr
- Cabinet de chirurgie plastique reconstructrice et esthétique, 15, rue Spontini, 75116 Paris, France.
| | - F Taha
- Service de maxillofaciale, centre hospitalier Compiègne, 8, avenue Henri-Adnot, ZAC de Mercières 3, 60200 Compiegne, France.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Glock F, Vogel M, Naumann S, Kuehnapfel A, Scholz M, Hiemisch A, Kirsten T, Rieger K, Koerner A, Loeffler M, Kiess W. Validity and intraobserver reliability of three-dimensional scanning compared with conventional anthropometry for children and adolescents from a population-based cohort study. Pediatr Res 2017; 81:736-744. [PMID: 28052064 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2016.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional anthropometric measurements are time consuming and require well trained medical staff. To use three-dimensional whole body laser scanning in daily clinical work, validity, and reliability have to be confirmed. METHODS We compared a whole body laser scanner with conventional anthropometry in a group of 473 children and adolescents from the Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases (LIFE-Child). Concordance correlation coefficients (CCC) were calculated separately for sex, weight, and age to assess validity. Overall CCC (OCCC) was used to analyze intraobserver reliability. RESULTS Body height and the circumferences of waist, hip, upper arm, and calf had an "excellent" (CCC ≥ 0.9); neck and thigh circumference, a "good" (CCC ≥ 0.7); and head circumference, a "low" (CCC < 0.5) degree of concordance over the complete study population. We observed dependencies of validity on sex, weight, and age. Intraobserver reliability of both techniques is "excellent" (OCCC ≥ 0.9). CONCLUSION Scanning is faster, requires less intensive staff training and provides more information. It can be used in an epidemiologic setting with children and adolescents but some measurements should be considered with caution due to reduced agreement with conventional anthropometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Glock
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Hospital for Children and Adolescents - Centre for Pediatric Research, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mandy Vogel
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephanie Naumann
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Kuehnapfel
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Scholz
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Hiemisch
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Hospital for Children and Adolescents - Centre for Pediatric Research, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Toralf Kirsten
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Rieger
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Hospital for Children and Adolescents - Centre for Pediatric Research, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Koerner
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Hospital for Children and Adolescents - Centre for Pediatric Research, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Loeffler
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Hospital for Children and Adolescents - Centre for Pediatric Research, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Current and Emerging Options for Documenting Scars and Evaluating Therapeutic Progress. Dermatol Surg 2017; 43 Suppl 1:S25-S36. [DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000000698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
21
|
Modabber A, Peters F, Brokmeier A, Goloborodko E, Ghassemi A, Lethaus B, Hölzle F, Möhlhenrich SC. Influence of Connecting Two Standalone Mobile Three-Dimensional Scanners on Accuracy Comparing with a Standard Device in Facial Scanning. EJOURNAL OF ORAL MAXILLOFACIAL RESEARCH 2016; 7:e4. [PMID: 28154748 PMCID: PMC5279770 DOI: 10.5037/jomr.2016.7404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objectives In this study is investigated if bundling of two scanners leads to better accuracy in recording faces than a standard face-scanning device. Material and Methods In a group of 28 volunteers, two test specimens were attached to their faces: one on their forehead and one turned 90° on their cheek. Each volunteer was scanned by FaceScan3D® and two bundled Artec EVA® scanners. The scans were aligned to a three-dimensional model of the test specimen, and the mean error was recorded. Length, width and angles between the test specimen’s planes were compared. Results The mean deviation is significantly lower for the cheek test specimen in alignment (P < 0.001), length and width (P < 0.001) but not for the forehead test specimen in alignment and length and width (P > 0.05) using FaceScan3D®. The aberration from the original angle between two sides of the test specimen is significantly lower measured with Artec EVA® for the angle between the front and the bottom plane of both test specimens (P < 0.01). Besides the angle between the right plane and the bottom plane as well as the top plane of the test specimen mounted to the cheek, the deviation of the angle between the other side planes to each other is significantly lower (P > 0.05) scanned with Artec EVA®. Conclusions Compared to FaceScan3D®, two bundled Artec EVA® scanners provide different accuracies depending on the location of the measured parameters. The accuracy measured for both scanners is inside the range found in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Modabber
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Facial Surgery, School of Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, AachenGermany.; Both first authors contributed equally
| | - Florian Peters
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Facial Surgery, School of Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, AachenGermany.; Both first authors contributed equally
| | - Anna Brokmeier
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Facial Surgery, School of Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen Germany
| | - Evgeny Goloborodko
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Facial Surgery, School of Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen Germany
| | - Alireza Ghassemi
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Facial Surgery, School of Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen Germany
| | - Bernd Lethaus
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Facial Surgery, School of Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen Germany
| | - Frank Hölzle
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Facial Surgery, School of Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen Germany
| | - Stephan Christian Möhlhenrich
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Facial Surgery, School of Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Modabber A, Peters F, Kniha K, Goloborodko E, Ghassemi A, Lethaus B, Hölzle F, Möhlhenrich SC. Evaluation of the accuracy of a mobile and a stationary system for three-dimensional facial scanning. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2016; 44:1719-1724. [PMID: 27614543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Numerous three-dimensional (3D) facial scanners have emerged on the market; however, publications evaluating their accuracies are sparse. In this study, the accuracy of two 3D scanners used in facial scanning was evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS A test specimen was attached at the right cheek and the forehead of 41 volunteers. These volunteers were scanned with Artec EVA® and FaceScan3D®. The acquired data were aligned to a 3D model of the test specimen for comparing the mean error, original length and width and angles to the measured values. RESULTS The mean error in Best Fit alignment is significantly lower using Artec EVA (p < 0.001) for both test specimens. The deviation from the original length and width is significantly lower for the test specimens (p < 0.01) when measured with Artec EVA. The aberration of the angles measured between the front plane and the side plane is significantly lower when measured with Artec EVA (p < 0.001). Captured with Artec EVA the discrepancy between the original angle and the angle measured between the side planes to each other is significantly lower (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Scanning with Artec EVA leads to more accurate 3D models as compared to scanning with FaceScan3D. The exactness achieved by both scanners is comparable to other scanners mentioned in literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Modabber
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Facial Surgery, School of Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Florian Peters
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Facial Surgery, School of Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kristian Kniha
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Facial Surgery, School of Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Evgeny Goloborodko
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Facial Surgery, School of Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alireza Ghassemi
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Facial Surgery, School of Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bernd Lethaus
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Facial Surgery, School of Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Hölzle
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Facial Surgery, School of Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephan Christian Möhlhenrich
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Facial Surgery, School of Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Evaluation of Lip Cant Change by 2-Jaw Surgery in Class III Asymmetry Cases Using Three-Dimensional Facial Scan in Conjunction With Computed Tomographic Images. J Craniofac Surg 2016; 26:e283-8. [PMID: 26080232 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000001555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of cant correction in the anterior (AMXTOP) and posterior maxillary transverse occlusal planes (PMXTOP) on the change in lip cant (LC) using three-dimensional facial scan (FS) in conjunction with computed tomographic (CT) images. Thirty-five class III asymmetry patients treated with 2-jaw surgery were selected. Three-dimensional CT and three-dimensional FS images were taken before (T1) and after orthognathic surgery (T2). After obtaining the same head orientation between 2 images, bracket slot midpoints of the maxillary right and left canines as well as the first molars, point A, point B, and menton on three-dimensional CT images and the right and left lip commissures on three-dimensional FS images were located. Linear and angular variables of AMXTOP, PMXTOP, and LC were measured and statistically analyzed. At the T1 stage, linear and angular LC showed significant correlations with linear and angular cant of AMXTOP and PMXTOP, as well as menton deviation (all P < 0.001). During T1 to T2, significant linear and angular cant corrections were observed: ΔAMXTOP (1.3 mm, 1.9 degrees), ΔPMXTOP (1.9 mm, 1.7 degrees), and ΔLC (1.5 mm, 1.8 degrees) (all P < 0.001). Although angular change ratios of ΔLC/ΔAMXTOP and ΔLC/ΔPMXTOP did not exhibit a significant difference (1.0 vs 0.7), linear change ratio of ΔLC/ΔAMXTOP was higher than that of ΔLC/ΔPMXTOP (3.0 vs 0.5, P < 0.05). The vertical change in commissures was related to that in the maxillary right and left canines or maxillary right and left first molars and the extent of mandibular setback (all P < 0.01). To conclude, the use of three-dimensional FS images in conjunction with three-dimensional CT can provide more accurate information for changes in AMXTOP, PMXTOP, and LC.
Collapse
|
24
|
De Menezes M, Cerón-Zapata AM, López-Palacio AM, Mapelli A, Pisoni L, Sforza C. Evaluation of a Three-Dimensional Stereophotogrammetric Method to Identify and Measure the Palatal Surface Area in Children with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2016; 53:16-21. [DOI: 10.1597/14-076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess a three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetric method for area delimitation and evaluation of the dental arches of children with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP). Obtained data were also used to assess the 3D changes occurring in the maxillary arch with the use of orthopedic therapy prior to rhinocheiloplasty and before the first year of life. Design Within the collaboration between the Università degli Studi di Milano (Italy) and the University CES of Medellin (Colombia), 96 palatal cast models obtained from neonatal patients with UCLP were analyzed using a 3D stereophotogrammetric imaging system. Main Outcome Measures The area of the minor and greater cleft segments on the digital dental cast surface were delineated by the visualization tool of the stereophotogrammetric software and then examined. “Trueness” of the measurements, as well as systematic and random errors between operators' tracings (“precision”) were calculated. Results The method gave area measurements close to true values (errors lower than 2%), without systematic measurement errors for tracings by both interoperators and intraoperators ( P > .05). Statistically significant differences ( P < .05) were noted for alveolar segment and time. Conclusions Maxillary segments have the potential for growth during presurgical orthopedic treatment in the early neonatal period. The cleft segment delimitation on digital dental casts and area measurements by the 3D stereophotogrammetric system revealed an accurate (true and precise) method for evaluating the stone casts of newborn patients with UCLP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcio De Menezes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Milano, Bolsista do CNPq, Brazil
- Course of Dentistry, School of Health Science, State University of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Cerón-Zapata
- Postgraduate Program Pediatric Dentistry and Preventive Orthodontics, and Specialist in Pediatric Dentistry and Preventive Orthodontics, University CES
| | - Ana Maria López-Palacio
- Postgraduate Program Pediatric Dentistry and Preventive Orthodontics, University CES, Medellin, Colombia, and Specialist in Comprehensive Dentistry for Children, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Andrea Mapelli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; bolsista Atração de Jovens Talentos, Pesquisador Colaborador no Brasil, BJT, Programa Ciência sem Fronteiras) from the Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia (MCT) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNP; and FARC, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Milano
| | - Luca Pisoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiarella Sforza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sforza C, Dolci C, Gibelli DM, Codari M, Pucciarelli V, Ferrario VF, Elamin F. Age-related and sex-related changes in the normal soft tissue profile of native Northern Sudanese subjects: a cross-sectional study. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015; 54:192-7. [PMID: 26689636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Information about age-related and sex-related normative measurements of the nasolabial region in native Northern Sudanese subjects is scanty. We have therefore used a hand-held laser scanner to measure nasolabial angles and distances, and collected the 3-dimensional coordinates of seven landmarks on the facial soft tissues from 654 healthy native Northern Sudanese subjects (327 male and 327 female, aged 4-30 years). From these we calculated five angles and two linear distances and took the mean (SD) for age and sex, and compared them using factorial analysis of variance. All measurements analysed were significantly modified by age in both sexes (p < 0.01) except for the distance from the lower lip to Ricketts' E-line. Sex had a significant effect on the mentolabial and maxillary prominence angles and both distances (p < 0.005). Nasal convexity and the interlabial angle became more obtuse with growth, while the nasolabial and mentolabial angles reduced progressively with female subjects having significantly more obtuse mentolabial angles (p < 0.001). The maxillary prominence angle progressively decreased during childhood, and increased after adolescence, with larger values in male subjects. The upper and lower lip distances from Ricketts' E-line were also significantly larger in male subjects (p < 0.003), but the difference reduced with age. Overall, there were several differences when we compared our data with published data for African and white subjects, which points to the need for ethnic-specific data. Measurements collected in the current study could be used for the quantitative description of facial morphology in native Northern Sudanese children, adolescents, and young adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiarella Sforza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| | - Claudia Dolci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele M Gibelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marina Codari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Pucciarelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Virgilio F Ferrario
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Fadil Elamin
- Department of Oral Growth and Development, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Khartoum Cenre for Research and Medical Training, Khartoum, Sudan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
van der Meer WJ, Dijkstra PU, Visser A, Vissink A, Ren Y. Reliability and validity of measurements of facial swelling with a stereophotogrammetry optical three-dimensional scanner. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014; 52:922-7. [PMID: 25219776 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Volume changes in facial morphology can be assessed using the 3dMD DSP400 stereo-optical 3-dimensional scanner, which uses visible light and has a short scanning time. Its reliability and validity have not to our knowledge been investigated for the assessment of facial swelling. Our aim therefore was to assess them for measuring changes in facial contour, in vivo and in vitro. Twenty-four healthy volunteers with and without an artificial swelling of the cheek were scanned, twice in the morning and twice in the afternoon (in vivo measurements). A mannequin head was scanned 4 times with and without various externally applied artificial swellings (in vitro measurements). The changes in facial contour caused by the artificial swelling were measured as the change in volume of the cheek (with and without artificial swelling in place) using 3dMD Vultus software. In vivo and in vitro reliability expressed in intraclass correlations were 0.89 and 0.99, respectively. In vivo and in vitro repeatability coefficients were 5.9 and 1.3 ml, respectively. The scanner underestimated the volume by 1.2 ml (95% CI -0.9 to 3.4) in vivo and 0.2 ml (95% CI 0.02 to 0.4) in vitro. The 3dMD stereophotogrammetry scanner is a valid and reliable tool to measure volumetric changes in facial contour of more than 5.9 ml and for the assessment of facial swelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wicher J van der Meer
- Assistant professor, Department of Orthodontics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Pieter U Dijkstra
- Professor, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Department of Rehabilitation, Center for Rehabilitation, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anita Visser
- Assistant professor, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Arjan Vissink
- Professor, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yijin Ren
- Professor and chair, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Orthodontics, Groningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Georgii J, Eder M, Burger K, Klotz S, Ferstl F, Kovacs L, Westermann R. A Computational Tool for Preoperative Breast Augmentation Planning in Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2014; 18:907-19. [DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2013.2285308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
28
|
Sforza C, Dolci C, Tommasi DG, Pisoni L, De Menezes M, Elamin F. Three-dimensional facial distances of Northern Sudanese persons from childhood to young adulthood. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2013; 42:e318-26. [PMID: 24290254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
No current age- and gender-related normative data exist for the dimensions of facial structures in Northern Sudanese subjects. In the current study information about normal sex- and age-related linear distances is provided. The three-dimensional coordinates of 14 landmarks on the facial soft tissues were obtained using a hand-held laser scanner in 653 healthy Northern Sudanese subjects (326 males and 327 females) aged 4-30 years. From the landmarks, 13 linear distances were calculated, and averaged for age and sex. Comparisons were performed by factorial analysis of variance. All analyzed linear soft tissue facial dimensions were significantly larger in men than in women (p < 0.01), except mouth width (ch-ch), upper facial height (n-sn), mandibular body length (pg-go) and width (go-go). All measurements underwent significant modifications as a function of age (p < 0.01), with significant age × sex interactions (p < 0.01) for all linear dimensions except lower face height (sn-pg). Overall, when compared to literature data for African and Caucasoid subjects, several differences were found, pointing to the necessity of ethnic-specific data. Data collected in the present investigation could serve as a database for the quantitative description of human facial morphology during normal growth and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiarella Sforza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute (Head: Prof. Chiarella Sforza), Università degli Studi di Milano, via L. Mangiagalli 31, Milano 20133, Italy.
| | - Claudia Dolci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute (Head: Prof. Chiarella Sforza), Università degli Studi di Milano, via L. Mangiagalli 31, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Davide G Tommasi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute (Head: Prof. Chiarella Sforza), Università degli Studi di Milano, via L. Mangiagalli 31, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Luca Pisoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute (Head: Prof. Chiarella Sforza), Università degli Studi di Milano, via L. Mangiagalli 31, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Marcio De Menezes
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute (Head: Prof. Chiarella Sforza), Università degli Studi di Milano, via L. Mangiagalli 31, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Fadil Elamin
- Khartoum Centre for Research and Medical Training (Head: Prof. Farouk Elamin), Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Oral Growth and Development (Head: Prof. Ferranti Wong), Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Eder M, Raith S, Jalali J, Müller D, Harder Y, Dobritz M, Papadopulos NA, Machens HG, Kovacs L. Three-dimensional prediction of free-flap volume in autologous breast reconstruction by CT angiography imaging. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 2013; 9:541-9. [PMID: 24091852 DOI: 10.1007/s11548-013-0941-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The diagnostic use of computer tomography angiography (CTA) to identify perforating blood vessels for abdominal free-flap breast reconstruction was extended to estimate the three-dimensional (3D) preoperative flap volume and to compare it with the real intraoperative flap weights in order to (1) evaluate the accuracy of CTA-based 3D flap volume prediction, and (2) to analyze abdominal tissue estimation for required breast volume reconstruction. METHODS Preoperative CTA was performed in 54 patients undergoing unilateral breast reconstruction with a free, deep, inferior epigastric artery perforator flap. 3D flap volumes ([Formula: see text]) based on CTA data were calculated and compared with the actual intraoperative flap weight (g). In addition, a breast volume to flap volume ratio was calculated to analyze whether the estimated 3D abdominal flap volume would match that of the breast to be removed. RESULTS 40 CTA data sets (74.1 %) fulfilled the technical requirements for a reliable determination of flap volume. 3D CTA flap volume prediction showed no relevant differences to the actual flap weight (p = 0.44) and high correlations (r = 0.998, [Formula: see text]), allowing a prediction accuracy within 0.29 [Formula: see text] 3.0 % (range: from [Formula: see text]8.77 to 5.67 %) of the real flap weight. Significantly larger flap volumes were harvested compared with the actually required breast volumes ([Formula: see text]), leading to an average of 21 % of the remnant flap tissue potentially being discarded. CONCLUSIONS CTA-based 3D flap volume prediction provides accurate preoperative guidelines concerning the needed amount of abdominal tissue that can be harvested to achieve acceptable symmetry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Eder
- Research Group-Computer Aided Plastic Surgery (CAPS), Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 , Munich, Germany,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|