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Bansal S, Chakrabarti D, Krishnakumar M, P S, Shukla D, Padmasri G, Christopher R, Sathyaprabha TN. The correlation between the severity of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity and plasma catecholamine levels in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2024:1-8. [PMID: 39066898 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2024.2380460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited literature investigating the catecholamine levels in patients with paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The primary objective of this study was to correlate the severity of PSH (assessed using the PSH-Assessment measure [AM]) with plasma catecholamine levels at a resting state. METHODS In this prospective case-control study, blood samples for epinephrine and norepinephrine estimation were obtained at rest on three consecutive days, only for 'cases' of PSH after severe TBI (s-TBI) and for control patients (matched for age, gender, and Glasgow coma scale [GCS]. RESULTS Twenty-seven patients with PSH and 16 controls were recruited. The median PSH-AM score was 20 and 9 in cases and controls, respectively. The epinephrine and norepinephrine levels at rest did not correlate with the severity of PSH assessed during PSH paroxysms (p = 0.949 and 0.975). Norepinephrine levels increased in PSH patients over the 3 consecutive days, once PSH was diagnosed (p = 0.022). The length of hospital stay was longer and the motor-GCS score was lower in PSH patients, with no differences in other outcomes between the groups. CONCLUSION Catecholamine levels in the inter-paroxysmal interval cannot be correlated with PSH severity assessed during the paroxysms. However, the results of the study need to be confirmed by a larger sample size as the study is underpowered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Bansal
- Department of Neuroanaesthesia and Neurocritical care, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - Dhritiman Chakrabarti
- Department of Neuroanaesthesia and Neurocritical care, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - Mathangi Krishnakumar
- Surgical and Neuro Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anaesthesia, St. John's Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sundaravadivel P
- Integrative Medical Research, PES University Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bengaluru, India
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - Dhaval Shukla
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - Gorantla Padmasri
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - Rita Christopher
- Integrative Medical Research, PES University Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bengaluru, India
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - T N Sathyaprabha
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
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Carozza RB, Mohanty D, Wolf MS, Martin EN, Anderson J, Pagano LM. Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity: Development of a Pediatric Clinical Practice Guideline. Hosp Pediatr 2023; 13:e402-e410. [PMID: 37953681 DOI: 10.1542/hpeds.2023-007261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jessica Anderson
- Department of Pharmacy, Monroe Carell Jr Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, Tennessee
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3
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Singh J, Lanzarini E, Nardocci N, Santosh P. Movement disorders in patients with Rett syndrome: A systematic review of evidence and associated clinical considerations. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2021; 75:369-393. [PMID: 34472659 PMCID: PMC9298304 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM This systematic review identified and thematically appraised clinical evidence of movement disorders in patients with Rett syndrome (RTT). METHOD Using PRISMA criteria, six electronic databases were searched from inception to April 2021. A thematic analysis was then undertaken on the extracted data to identify potential themes. RESULTS Following the thematic analysis, six themes emerged: (i) clinical features of abnormal movement behaviors; (ii) mutational profile and its impact on movement disorders; (iii) symptoms and stressors that impact on movement disorders; (iv) possible underlying neurobiological mechanisms; (v) quality of life and movement disorders; and (vi) treatment of movement disorders. Current guidelines for managing movement disorders in general were then reviewed to provide possible treatment recommendations for RTT. CONCLUSION Our study offers an enriched data set for clinical investigations and treatment of fine and gross motor issues in RTT. A detailed understanding of genotype-phenotype relationships of movement disorders allows for more robust genetic counseling for families but can also assist healthcare professionals in terms of monitoring disease progression in RTT. The synthesis also showed that environmental enrichment would be beneficial for improving some aspects of movement disorders. The cerebellum, basal ganglia, alongside dysregulation of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop, are likely anatomical targets. A review of treatments for movement disorders also helped to provide recommendations for treating and managing movement disorders in patients with RTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Singh
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology and Rare Diseases, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Centre for Personalised Medicine in Rett Syndrome, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Evamaria Lanzarini
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Infermi Hospital, Rimini, Italy
| | - Nardo Nardocci
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Paramala Santosh
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology and Rare Diseases, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Centre for Personalised Medicine in Rett Syndrome, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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4
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Tu JSY, Reeve J, Deane AM, Plummer MP. Pharmacological Management of Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity: A Scoping Review. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:2221-2237. [PMID: 33823679 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) occurs in ∼10% of patients following acute severe brain injury. While PSH is associated with worse outcomes, there are no clinical practice guidelines to inform treatment. We aimed to systematically review the literature on the pharmacological management of PSH. MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane library databases were searched from inception to August 2020. Eligible studies met the following criteria: 1) randomized controlled trials, non-randomized controlled trials (case control or controlled cohort), observational studies, case series, and case reports; 2) study population of adult and pediatric patients; 3) exposure to an acute neurological insult complicated by PSH (or historic synonym); 4) description of pharmacological treatment of PSH. Our search retrieved 2729 citations with 83 articles assessed for inclusion. After full text extraction, 56 manuscripts inclusive of 459 patients met eligibility criteria. We identified 31 case reports, 15 case series (152 patients), seven retrospective case control or cohort studies (212 patients), and three prospective observational studies (52 patients). Traumatic brain injury was the most common precipitating insult (407 patients), followed by hypoxic encephalopathy (72 patients) and intracranial hemorrhage (10 patients). There were 48 drugs from 22 classes prescribed for the management of PSH. The most frequently prescribed agents were benzodiazepines, β-blockers, opioids, α-2 agonists, and baclofen. However, route and dose of drug and subsequent outcome were inconsistently reported, such that no summary was possible. While a wide variety of drugs have been reported to treat PSH, there is a lack of even moderate-quality evidence to inform clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jake Reeve
- Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adam M Deane
- Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Center for Integrated Critical Care, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark P Plummer
- Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Center for Integrated Critical Care, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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5
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Baik SW, Kang DH, Kim GW. Transdermal opioid patch in treatment of paroxysmal autonomic instability with dystonia with multiple cerebral insults: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e22536. [PMID: 33019461 PMCID: PMC7535696 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000022536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Paroxysmal autonomic instability with dystonia (PAID) is an underdiagnosed syndrome that describes a collection of symptoms following diverse cerebral insults, such as traumatic brain injury, hydrocephalus, hemorrhagic stroke, or brain anoxia. It is manifested by systemic high blood pressure, hyperthermia, tachycardia, tachypnea, diaphoresis, intermittent agitation, and certain forms of dystonia. PATIENT CONCERNS A semi-comatose 46-year-old man was transferred from the regional rehabilitation hospital with various complaints involving fluctuating vital signs, including uncontrolled hyperthermia, hypertension, tachycardia, and tachypnea, and dystonia in all extremities. The patient underwent brain surgery for astrocytoma in 1996. The patient also had a history of first ischemic stroke on the basal ganglia in 2008 and a second one in the same area in 2017. DIAGNOSIS The laboratory, electrocardiography, and radiologic findings were normal. Brain imaging indicated an old infarction on the basal ganglia with hydrocephalus. Tractography using diffusion tensor imaging showed discontinuity of multiple tracts, and electrophysiologic tests, such as evoked potentials, displayed an absent response. Based on the dysautonomic symptoms and brain evaluations, the physiatrist diagnosed the patient with PAID. INTERVENTIONS Bromocriptine, propranolol, and clonazepam were administered sequentially, but autonomic instability persisted. Then, intravenous opioid was administered, and fluctuations in body temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate, as well as decerebrate-type dystonia were improved. However, simultaneously, drug-induced severe hypotension developed (systolic blood pressure, 57 mm Hg). Subsequently, a transdermal opioid (fentanyl) patch for PAID was applied once every 3 days. OUTCOMES Ultimately, all vital signs and dystonia were managed without further complications, and the patient was discharged. LESSONS A patient diagnosed with PAID following multiple cerebral insults was observed, whose condition was controlled by application of opioid patch rather than by intravenous or oral routes. A transdermal opioid patch, such as fentanyl patch, can thus be effective in the treatment of patients with PAID following multiple cerebral insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Woon Baik
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Jeonbuk National University Medical School
| | - Dong-Ha Kang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Jeonbuk National University Medical School
| | - Gi-Wook Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Jeonbuk National University Medical School
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital
- Translational Research and Clinical Trial Center for Medical Device, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Zheng RZ, Lei ZQ, Yang RZ, Huang GH, Zhang GM. Identification and Management of Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity After Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2020; 11:81. [PMID: 32161563 PMCID: PMC7052349 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) has predominantly been described after traumatic brain injury (TBI), which is associated with hyperthermia, hypertension, tachycardia, tachypnea, diaphoresis, dystonia (hypertonia or spasticity), and even motor features such as extensor/flexion posturing. Despite the pathophysiology of PSH not being completely understood, most researchers gradually agree that PSH is driven by the loss of the inhibition of excitation in the sympathetic nervous system without parasympathetic involvement. Recently, advances in the clinical and diagnostic features of PSH in TBI patients have reached a broad clinical consensus in many neurology departments. These advances should provide a more unanimous foundation for the systematic research on this clinical syndrome and its clear management. Clinically, a great deal of attention has been paid to the definition and diagnostic criteria, epidemiology and pathophysiology, symptomatic treatment, and prevention and control of secondary brain injury of PSH in TBI patients. Potential benefits of treatment for PSH may result from the three main goals: eliminating predisposing causes, mitigating excessive sympathetic outflow, and supportive therapy. However, individual pathophysiological differences, therapeutic responses and outcomes, and precision medicine approaches to PSH management are varied and inconsistent between studies. Further, many potential therapeutic drugs might suppress manifestations of PSH in the process of TBI treatment. The purpose of this review is to present current and comprehensive studies of the identification of PSH after TBI in the early stage and provide a framework for symptomatic management of TBI patients with PSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Zhe Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Qi Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 901th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Anhui, China
| | - Run-Ze Yang
- Department of Clinic of Spine Center, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Hui Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang-Ming Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity in Children: An Exploratory Evaluation of Nursing Interventions. J Pediatr Nurs 2017; 34:e17-e21. [PMID: 28283208 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2017.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) produces symptoms of autonomic instability and muscle over-activity; however, the majority of nursing interventions used in clinical practice are anecdotal and not evidenced based. OBJECTIVE The primary objective was to report nursing documentation of PSH events, and to describe the clinical nursing interventions and care provided to children who have suffered a severe brain injury and are exhibiting PSH. The secondary objective was to demonstrate how the Symptom Management Theory (SMT) can serve as a framework for research related to brain injury and PSH. METHODOLOGY The study consisted of a retrospective chart review of nursing progress notes using direct content analysis. The nested sample of ten randomly selected charts was chosen from a larger quantitative study of 83 children who had suffered severe brain injuries with and without PSH. Textual analysis of verbatim nursing progress notes was used to describe nursing interventions that were used and documented for this patient population. RESULTS The priority nursing interventions to manage these symptoms included medication administration, facilitation of family presence, and strategies to target auditory, tactile, and visual stimuli. The sample received different individual interventions for PSH. Additionally, individual subjects demonstrated different patterns of interventions. IMPLICATIONS While tactile interventions were documented most frequently, there was not a uniform approach to interventions. The SMT can be useful to provide a framework that organizes and tests clinical care and management of PSH strategies.
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8
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Mathew MJ, Deepika A, Shukla D, Devi BI, Ramesh VJ. Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity in severe traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2016; 158:2047-2052. [PMID: 27581717 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-016-2934-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) is a less-known complication of traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study was done to assess the clinical features and outcome of patients who develop PSH following severe TBI. METHODS A prospective observational study was done on patients, admitted in the intensive care unit, for treatment of severe TBI. The clinical characteristics and outcome of patients, with and without PSH, was compared. At the time of discharge, patients were assessed with the Disability Rating Scale (DRS), and at 6 months with the Glasgow Outcome Score Extended (GOSE). RESULTS The incidence of PSH was 8 % (29/343). Tachycardia, hypertension, and sweating were seen in all of the patients. Tachypnea was seen in 24 (82.8 %), hyperthermia in 28 (96.6 %), and posturing in 13 (44.8 %) patients. Thirteen (44.8 %) patients had all six symptoms of PSH. Follow-up data were available for 23 (79.3 %) patients. At the end of 6 months, 14 (60.9 %) patients had died, seven (30.4 %) were severely disabled, and two (8.7 %) were moderately disabled. There was a significant correlation of GOSE with the number of symptoms of PSH (Spearman's rho = 0.502, p = 0.015). The patients with PSH had significantly higher DRS scores at discharge, 25.3 vs. 19.9, p < 0.001; higher mortality at 6 months 60.9 vs. 30.4 %, p < 0.001; and higher proportions with unfavorable outcome. CONCLUSIONS Presence of PSH in patients with severe TBI was associated with prolonged hospital stay, poorer DRS at discharge, more deaths, and unfavorable outcome. The number of symptoms of PSH had a significant effect on outcome at 6 months.
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9
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Letzkus L, Keim-Malpass J, Kennedy C. Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity: Autonomic instability and muscle over-activity following severe brain injury. Brain Inj 2016; 30:1181-5. [PMID: 27386736 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2016.1184757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children who suffer from moderate-to-severe brain injury can develop a complicating phenomenon known as paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH), characterized by autonomic instability and identified clinically as a cluster of symptoms that can include recurrent fever without a source of infection, hypertension, tachycardia, tachypnea, agitation, diaphoresis and dystonia. Studies with adults have demonstrated that this cluster of symptoms is associated with poorer clinical outcomes (prolonged hospitalizations, poorer cognitive and motor function). However, there have been limited studies in children with PSH. OBJECTIVE To present a literature review regarding PSH following severe brain injury and highlight research needs in children with PSH. METHODOLOGY Electronic databases (CINAHL, Ovid Medline, Web of Science and Google Scholar) were searched. RESULTS Thirty-one research articles met the criteria for inclusion. Several themes emerged regarding the phenomenon of interest during the review: nomenclature, symptoms, management and differences between children and adults. IMPLICATIONS The majority of the research regarding PSH following severe brain injury has been descriptive in nature. Few studies, however, have explored PSH in children with brain injury; therefore, little is known about whether the outcomes of children with PSH are different and, if so, in what ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Letzkus
- a University of Virginia School of Nursing.,b University of Virginia Children's Hospital , Charlottesville , VA , USA
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10
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Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity in a Child with Tuberculous Meningitis A Case Study and Review of Related Literature. W INDIAN MED J 2016; 64:543-547. [PMID: 27398825 DOI: 10.7727/wimj.2016.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A one-year old boy was admitted to hospital for lethargy and vomiting over three days. Neurological examination revealed abnormalities. Cerebrospinal fluid examination showed evidence of meningitis. A purified protein derivative (PPD) test, T-SPOT.TB and radiological examination indicated tuberculous meningitis. During treatment, the child developed hypertension, sinus tachycardia, tachypnoea, dystonia and high fever. These episodes improved after administration of propranolol, artane and clonazepam. Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity is a rare manifestation of tuberculous meningitis. Early detection is very important as it can avoid diagnostic errors and overtreatment.
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11
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Lee S, Jun GW, Jeon SB, Kim CJ, Kim JH. Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity in brainstem-compressing huge benign tumors: clinical experiences and literature review. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:340. [PMID: 27064843 PMCID: PMC4792828 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-1898-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Severe paroxysmal sympathetic overactivity occurs in a subgroup of patients with acquired brain injuries including traumatic brain injury, hypoxia, infection and tumor-related complications. This condition is characterized by sudden increase of heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, body temperature and excessive diaphoresis. The episodes may be induced by external stimulation or may occur spontaneously. Frequent occurrence of this condition could result in secondary morbidities, therefore, should be diagnosed and managed insightfully. These symptoms could be confused with seizures or other medical conditions, leading to unnecessary treatment. Despite clinical significance of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH), brain tumor-induced PSH has not been studied nearly. In this report, two cases of the PSH in patients with brainstem-compressing benign tumors were introduced. The most useful pharmacologic agents were opioid (e.g., fentanyl patch) in preventing PSH attack, and nonselective β-blocker (e.g., propranolol) in relieving the symptoms. Clinical experiences of the rare cases of benign tumor-induced PSH can be helpful as an essential basis for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungjoo Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, 388-1 Pungnab-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736 Republic of Korea
| | - Go Woon Jun
- Department of Anesthesia, Bestian Medical Center, Daejeon City, 300-060 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Beom Jeon
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, 138-736 Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Jin Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, 388-1 Pungnab-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, 388-1 Pungnab-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736 Republic of Korea
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12
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Raithel DS, Ohler KH, Porto I, Bicknese AR, Kraus DM. Morphine: An Effective Abortive Therapy for Pediatric Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity After Hypoxic Brain Injury. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2015; 20:335-40. [PMID: 26380574 DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-20.4.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) is a life-threatening condition characterized by hyperadrenergic activity and autonomic dysfunction. Also termed autonomic storms, PSH can occur after a variety of cerebral insults, most commonly traumatic brain injury. Limited pediatric literature is available, especially in patients with brain injury from hypoxia. No consensus exists for the terminology, diagnostic criteria, or treatment algorithm for PSH. Thus, the optimal management, including medication selection and dosing, remains unclear. We present the detailed treatment of a 9-year-old, African American male with hypoxic brain injury after pulseless arrest following status asthmaticus, who subsequently developed PSH. The patient began to experience episodes of tachycardia, hypertension, tachypnea, diaphoresis, rigidity, and dystonic posturing on hospital day 5. After ruling out other potential causes, a diagnosis of PSH was made. Episodes of PSH failed to respond to lorazepam or labetalol but were aborted successfully with morphine. Management of PSH after hypoxic brain injury required medications for acute treatment as well as for prevention of PSH. Morphine was found to be highly effective and safe for aborting the autonomic crises. Other agents more commonly described in the literature did not result in an adequate response and were associated with significant adverse effects. A combination of clonazepam, baclofen, and either propranolol or clonidine aided in reducing the frequency of episodes of PSH. We suggest using morphine for aborting severe episodes of PSH that do not respond to antihypertensive agents or benzodiazepines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah S Raithel
- Pediatric Pharmacy Resident, Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, currently at Comer Children's Hospital, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago
| | - Kirsten H Ohler
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago ; Children's Hospital University of Illinois, University of Illinois Hospital & Health Sciences System, Chicago
| | - Isabel Porto
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago ; Children's Hospital University of Illinois, University of Illinois Hospital & Health Sciences System, Chicago
| | - Alma R Bicknese
- Children's Hospital University of Illinois, University of Illinois Hospital & Health Sciences System, Chicago ; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago
| | - Donna M Kraus
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago ; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago
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Feng Y, Zheng X, Fang Z. Treatment Progress of Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity after Acquired Brain Injury. Pediatr Neurosurg 2015; 50:301-9. [PMID: 26352612 DOI: 10.1159/000439282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) is a common complication of various acquired brain injuries such as traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, anoxic brain injury, intracerebral hemorrhage, and others. It is manifested by tachycardia, hypertension, tachypnea, diaphoresis, and dystonic posturing. The development of PSH can prolong hospitalization and lead to secondary brain injury and even death. Despite the awareness of the serious clinical impact, there is no consensus on diagnostic criteria. Thus, misdiagnosis and delayed recognition is very common. Most of the current treatment programs come from case reports and small case series; there are very few large-scale randomized controlled trials. Generally accepted medications are opioids, β-blockers and gabapentin (usually used in combination). However, the efficacy of these drugs has not been systematically assessed. The purpose of this review is to determine the treatment strategies and drugs commonly used for PSH at the overall level.
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Choi HA, Jeon SB, Samuel S, Allison T, Lee K. Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity After Acute Brain Injury. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2013; 13:370. [DOI: 10.1007/s11910-013-0370-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Keary CJ, Nejad SH, Rasimas JJ, Stern TA. Intoxications associated with agitation, tachycardia, hypertension, and Fever: differential diagnosis, evaluation, and management. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2013; 15:12f01459. [PMID: 24171138 DOI: 10.4088/pcc.12f01459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Abstract
Mutations in CDKL5 and ARX are known causes of early-onset epilepsy and severe developmental delay in males and females. Although numerous males with ARX mutations associated with various phenotypes have been reported in the literature, the majority of CDKL5 mutations have been identified in females with a phenotype characterized by early-onset epilepsy, severe global developmental delay, absent speech, and stereotypic hand movements. To date, only 10 males with CDKL5 mutations have been reported. Our retrospective study reports on the clinical, neuroimaging, and molecular findings of 18 males with early-onset epilepsy caused by either CDKL5 or ARX mutations. These 18 patients include eight new males with CDKL5 mutations and 10 with ARX mutations identified through sequence analysis of 266 and 346 males, respectively, at our molecular diagnostic laboratory. Our large dataset therefore expands on the number of reported males with CDKL5 mutations and highlights that aberrations of CDKL5 and ARX combined are an important consideration in the genetic forms of early-onset epilepsy in boys.
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Bauer S, Stammel O, Urban PP. [Spinal prodromal phase of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis]. DER NERVENARZT 2013; 84:508-10. [PMID: 23443877 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-013-3750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Paroxysmal autonomic instability with dystonia after pneumococcal meningoencephalitis. Case Rep Med 2012; 2012:965932. [PMID: 23093976 PMCID: PMC3475321 DOI: 10.1155/2012/965932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of bacterial meningitis, frequently resulting in severe neurological impairment. A seven-month-old child presenting with Streptococcus pneumoniae meningoencephalitis developed right basal ganglia and hypothalamic infarctions. Daily episodes of agitation, hypertension, tachycardia, diaphoresis, hyperthermia, and decerebrate posturing were observed. The diagnosis of paroxysmal autonomic instability with dystonia was established. The patient responded to clonidine, baclofen, and benzodiazepines. Although this entity has been reported in association with traumatic brain injury, and as a sequel to some nervous system infections, this is the first case, to our knowledge, associated with pneumococcal meningoencephalitis.
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Fernandez-Ortega JF, Prieto-Palomino MA, Garcia-Caballero M, Galeas-Lopez JL, Quesada-Garcia G, Baguley IJ. Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity after Traumatic Brain Injury: Clinical and Prognostic Implications. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:1364-70. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.2033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ian J. Baguley
- Brain Injury Rehabilitation Service, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Kirkham FJ, Haywood P, Kashyape P, Borbone J, Lording A, Pryde K, Cox M, Keslake J, Smith M, Cuthbertson L, Murugan V, Mackie S, Thomas NH, Whitney A, Forrest KM, Parker A, Forsyth R, Kipps CM. Movement disorder emergencies in childhood. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2011; 15:390-404. [PMID: 21835657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The literature on paediatric acute-onset movement disorders is scattered. In a prospective cohort of 52 children (21 male; age range 2mo-15y), the commonest were chorea, dystonia, tremor, myoclonus, and Parkinsonism in descending order of frequency. In this series of mainly previously well children with cryptogenic acute movement disorders, three groups were recognised: (1) Psychogenic disorders (n = 12), typically >10 years of age, more likely to be female and to have tremor and myoclonus (2) Inflammatory or autoimmune disorders (n = 22), including N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis, opsoclonus-myoclonus, Sydenham chorea, systemic lupus erythematosus, acute necrotizing encephalopathy (which may be autosomal dominant), and other encephalitides and (3) Non-inflammatory disorders (n = 18), including drug-induced movement disorder, post-pump chorea, metabolic, e.g. glutaric aciduria, and vascular disease, e.g. moyamoya. Other important non-inflammatory movement disorders, typically seen in symptomatic children with underlying aetiologies such as trauma, severe cerebral palsy, epileptic encephalopathy, Down syndrome and Rett syndrome, include dystonic posturing secondary to gastro-oesophageal reflux (Sandifer syndrome) and Paroxysmal Autonomic Instability with Dystonia (PAID) or autonomic 'storming'. Status dystonicus may present in children with known extrapyramidal disorders, such as cerebral palsy or during changes in management e.g. introduction or withdrawal of neuroleptic drugs or failure of intrathecal baclofen infusion; the main risk in terms of mortality is renal failure from rhabdomyolysis. Although the evidence base is weak, as many of the inflammatory/autoimmune conditions are treatable with steroids, immunoglobulin, plasmapheresis, or cyclophosphamide, it is important to make an early diagnosis where possible. Outcome in survivors is variable. Using illustrative case histories, this review draws attention to the practical difficulties in diagnosis and management of this important group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Kirkham
- Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK.
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Perkes IE, Menon DK, Nott MT, Baguley IJ. Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after acquired brain injury: A review of diagnostic criteria. Brain Inj 2011; 25:925-32. [DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2011.589797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
Neurologic deficits and medical complications are common sequelae after intracranial hemorrhage. Among the medical complications, sympathetic storming is relatively rare. We describe a case of a patient with an acute right basal ganglia hemorrhage. During the patient's hospital course, he developed tachypnea, diaphoresis, hypertension, hyperthermia, and tachycardia for three consecutive days. A complete laboratory work-up and imaging studies were unremarkable for infectious etiology, new intracranial hemorrhage, and deep vein thrombosis. The patient was diagnosed with sympathetic storming, a relatively uncommon cause of these symptoms. The storming was secondary to a kinked Foley catheter, and subsequent placement of a new catheter resulted in the resolution of his symptoms.
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Perkes I, Baguley IJ, Nott MT, Menon DK. A review of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after acquired brain injury. Ann Neurol 2010; 68:126-35. [PMID: 20695005 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Severe excessive autonomic overactivity occurs in a subgroup of people surviving acquired brain injury, the majority of whom show paroxysmal sympathetic and motor overactivity. Delayed recognition of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) after brain injury may increase morbidity and long-term disability. Despite its significant clinical impact, the scientific literature on this syndrome is confusing; there is no consensus on nomenclature, etiological information for diagnoses preceding the condition is poorly understood, and the evidence base underpinning our knowledge of the pathophysiology and management strategies is largely anecdotal. This systematic literature review identified 2 separate categories of paroxysmal autonomic overactivity, 1 characterized by relatively pure sympathetic overactivity and another group of disorders with mixed parasympathetic/sympathetic features. The PSH group comprised 349 reported cases, with 79.4% resulting from traumatic brain injury (TBI), 9.7% from hypoxia, and 5.4% from cerebrovascular accident. Although TBI is the dominant causative etiology, there was some suggestion that the true incidence of the condition is highest following cerebral hypoxia. In total, 31 different terms were identified for the condition. Although the most common term in the literature was dysautonomia, the consistency of sympathetic clinical features suggests that a more specific term should be used. The findings of this review suggest that PSH be adopted as a more clinically relevant and appropriate term. The review highlights major problems regarding conceptual definitions, diagnostic criteria, and nomenclature. Consensus on these issues is recommended as an essential basis for further research in the area.
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Ramdhani NA, Sikma MA, Witkamp TD, Slooter AJ, de Lange DW. Paroxysmal autonomic instability with dystonia in a patient with tuberculous meningitis: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2010; 4:304. [PMID: 20831807 PMCID: PMC2944193 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-4-304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This case report describes an extremely rare combination of paroxysmal autonomic instability with dystonia and tuberculous meningitis. Paroxysmal autonomic instability with dystonia is normally associated with severe traumatic brain injury. Case presentation A 69-year-old man of Indonesian descent was initially suspected of having a community-acquired pneumonia, which was seen on chest X-ray and computed tomography of the chest. However, a bronchoscopy showed no abnormalities. He was treated with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid in combination with ciprofloxacin. However, nine days after admission he was disorientated and complained of headache. Neurological examination revealed no further abnormalities. A lumbar puncture revealed no evidence of meningitis. He was then transferred to our hospital. At that time, initial cultures of bronchial fluid for Mycobacterium tuberculosis turned positive, as well as polymerase chain reaction for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Later, during his stay in our intensive care unit, he developed periods with hypertension, sinus tachycardia, excessive transpiration, decreased oxygen saturation with tachypnea, pink foamy sputum, and high fever. This constellation of symptoms was accompanied by dystonia in the first days. These episodes lasted approximately 30 minutes and improved after administration of morphine, benzodiazepines or clonidine. Magnetic resonance imaging showed an abnormal signal in the region of the hippocampus, thalamus and the anterior parts of the lentiform nucleus and caudate nucleus. Conclusions In patients with (tuberculous) meningitis and episodes of extreme hypertension and fever, paroxysmal autonomic instability with dystonia should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin A Ramdhani
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Baguley IJ, Nott MT, Slewa-Younan S, Heriseanu RE, Perkes IE. Diagnosing Dysautonomia After Acute Traumatic Brain Injury: Evidence for Overresponsiveness to Afferent Stimuli. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2009; 90:580-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2008.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 10/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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