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Tembeni B, Idowu OE, Benrkia R, Boutahiri S, Olatunji OJ. Biotransformation of selected secondary metabolites by Alternaria species and the pharmaceutical, food and agricultural application of biotransformation products. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2024; 14:46. [PMID: 39158793 PMCID: PMC11333692 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-024-00469-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Biotransformation is a process in which molecules are modified in the presence of a biocatalyst or enzymes, as well as the metabolic alterations that occur in organisms from exposure to the molecules. Microbial biotransformation is an important process in natural product drug discovery as novel compounds are biosynthesised. Additionally, biotransformation products offer compounds with improved efficacy, solubility, reduced cytotoxic and allows for the understanding of structure activity relationships. One of the driving forces for these impeccable findings are associated with the presence of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases that is present in all organisms such as mammals, bacteria, and fungi. Numerous fungal strains have been used and reported for their ability to biotransform different compounds. This review focused on studies using Alternaria species as biocatalysts in the biotransformation of natural product compounds. Alternaria species facilitates reactions that favour stereoselectivity, regioselectivity under mild conditions. Additionally, microbial biotransformation products, their application in food, pharmaceutical and agricultural sector is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babalwa Tembeni
- African Genome Center, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco.
| | | | - Rachid Benrkia
- African Genome Center, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Salima Boutahiri
- African Genome Center, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco
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Biotransformation of artemisinin to a novel derivative via ring rearrangement by Aspergillus niger. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:2433-2444. [PMID: 35355096 PMCID: PMC8989930 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11888-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Artemisinin is a component part of current frontline medicines for the treatment of malaria. The aim of this study is to make analogues of artemisinin using microbial transformation and evaluate their in vitro antimalarial activity. A panel of microorganisms were screened for biotransformation of artemisinin (1). The biotransformation products were extracted, purified and isolated using silica gel column chromatography and semi-preparative HPLC. Spectroscopic methods including LC-HRMS, GC–MS, FT-IR, 1D and 2D NMR were used to elucidate the structure of the artemisinin metabolites.1H NMR spectroscopy was further used to study the time-course biotransformation. The antiplasmodial activity (IC50) of the biotransformation products of 1 against intraerythrocytic cultures of Plasmodium falciparum were determined using bioluminescence assays. A filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger CICC 2487 was found to possess the best efficiency to convert artemisinin (1) to a novel derivative, 4-methoxy-9,10-dimethyloctahydrofuro-(3,2-i)-isochromen-11(4H)-one (2) via ring rearrangement and further degradation, along with three known derivatives, compound (3), deoxyartemisinin (4) and 3-hydroxy-deoxyartemisinin (5). Kinetic study of the biotransformation of artemisinin indicated the formation of artemisinin G as a key intermediate which could be hydrolyzed and methylated to form the new compound 2. Our study shows that the anti-plasmodial potency of compounds 2, 3, 4 and 5 were ablated compared to 1, which attributed to the loss of the unique peroxide bridge in artemisinin (1). This is the first report of microbial degradation and ring rearrangement of artemisinin with subsequent hydrolysis and methoxylation by A.niger. Key points • Aspergillus niger CICC 2487 was found to be efficient for biotransformation of artemisinin • A novel and unusual artemisinin derivative was isolated and elucidated • The peroxide bridge in artemisinin is crucial for its high antimalarial potency • The pathway of biotransformation involves the formation of artemisinin G as a key intermediate Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-022-11888-0.
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Chang SF, Liu HL, Ho Y, Yang LM, Tsai YE, Chou BH, Wang SH, Lin SJ. Transformation of 15-ene steviol by Aspergillus niger, Cunninghamella bainieri, and Mortierella isabellina. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 187:112776. [PMID: 33933828 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Transformation of 15-ene steviol (ent-13-hydroxy-kaur-15-en-19-oic acid) by growth cultures of Aspergillus niger BCRC 32720, Cunninghamella bainieri ATCC 9244, and Mortierella isabellina ATCC 38063 was conducted to generate various derivatives for the development of bioactive compounds. Four previously undescribed compounds along with six known compounds were obtained. The newly identified isolates were characterized using 1D and 2D NMR, IR, and HRESIMS, and three compounds were further confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analyses. Subsequently, the effects of 15-ene steviol and its derivatives on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine production by THP-1 cells were examined, with dexamethasone used as a positive control. Results indicated that most of the tested compounds showed lower inhibitory effects than those detected in the dexamethasone-treated group, except that 15-ene steviol showed better effects than dexamethasone on the reduction of LPS-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, -2, and -3 release. Three specialized products similarly showed better effects than dexamethasone on the inhibition of LPS-induced secretion of regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES). Moreover, none of the tested compounds showed any cytotoxicity or triggered cell apoptosis, and none affected the protein integrity of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) or MyD88, suggesting that these compounds may exert the anti-inflammatory activity downstream of membrane-associated TLR4 and MyD88 molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwu-Fen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Liang Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yih Ho
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ming Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Chinese Medicinal Chemistry, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-En Tsai
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Hon Chou
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shwu-Huey Wang
- Core Facility Center, Office of Research and Development, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shwu-Jiuan Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; PhD Program in Clinical Drug Development of Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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A Microbial Transformation Model for Simulating Mammal Metabolism of Artemisinin. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24020315. [PMID: 30654552 PMCID: PMC6358782 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin (ART) is a highly effective antimalarial agent isolated from the traditional Chinese herb Qinghao. Metabolism of ART and its derivatives in the body is one of the most pressing issues for pharmaceutical scientists. Herein, an efficient in vitro microorganism model for simulation of metabolism of ART in vivo was developed employing Cunninghamella elegans. Metabolites in the microbial transformation system and plasma of mice pre-administrated ART orally were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-electrospray ionization (ESI)-quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF)-mass spectrometry (MSE) combined with UNIFI software. Thirty-two metabolites were identified in vitro and 23 were identified in vivo. After comparison, 16 products were found to be common to both models including monohydroxylated ART, dihydroxylated ART, deoxyartemisinin, hydroxylated deoxyartemisinin, hydroxylated dihydroartemisinin (DHA), and hydroxylated deoxy-DHA. These results revealed that C. elegans CICC 40250 functioned as an appropriate model to mimic ART metabolism in vivo. Moreover, an overall description of metabolites of ART from C. elegans CICC 40250 has been provided. Notably, DHA was detected and identified as a metabolite of ART in mouse plasma for the first time.
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Ponnapalli MG, Sura MB, Sudhakar R, Govindarajalu G, Sijwali PS. Biotransformation of Artemisinin to 14-Hydroxydeoxyartemisinin: C-14 Hydroxylation by Aspergillus flavus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:10490-10495. [PMID: 30230327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The biotransformation of the front-line antimalarial drug, artemisinin (1) by the filamentous fungus Aspergillus flavus MTCC-9167 was investigated. Incubation of compound 1 with A. flavus afforded a new hydroxy derivative (2) along with three known metabolites (3-5). The new compound was characterized as 14-hydroxydeoxyartemisinin (2) by extensive spectroscopic data analysis (IR, 1H and 13C NMR, HSQC, HMBC, COSY, NOESY, and HR-ESIMS). The known metabolites were identified as deoxyartemisinin (3), artemisinin G (4), and 4α-hydroxydeoxyartemisinin (5). This is the first report of hydroxylation of a secondary methyl of artemisinin at C-14 by the fungus A. flavus, which is synthetically not accessible. In addition, these compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antiplasmodial activity. Artemisinin G (4) exhibited IC50 values in the submicromolar range, which was better than those of the nonperoxidic metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangala Gowri Ponnapalli
- Centre for Natural Products and Traditional Knowledge , Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT) , Hyderabad 500007 , India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , CSIR-IICT Campus, Hyderabad 500007 , India
| | - Madhu Babu Sura
- Centre for Natural Products and Traditional Knowledge , Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT) , Hyderabad 500007 , India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , CSIR-IICT Campus, Hyderabad 500007 , India
| | - Renu Sudhakar
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR) , Hyderabad 500007 , India
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Yu H, Zhu B, Zhan Y. Microbial transformation of artemisinin by Aspergillus terreus. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2017; 4:33. [PMID: 28775933 PMCID: PMC5514170 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-017-0164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Artemisinin (1) and its derivatives are now being widely used as antimalarial drugs, and they also exhibited good antitumor activities. So there has been much interest in the structural modification of artemisinin and its derivatives because of their effective bioactivities. The microbial transformation is a promising route to obtain artemisinin derivatives. The present study focuses on the microbial transformation of artemisinin by Aspergillus terreus. Results During 6 days at 28 °C and 180 rpm, Aspergillus terreus transformed artemisinin to two products. They were identified as 1-deoxyartemisinin (2) and 4α-hydroxy-1-deoxyartemisinin (3) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Conclusions The microbial transformation of artemisinin by Aspergillus terreus was investigated, and two products (1-deoxyartemisinin and 4α-hydroxy-1-deoxyartemisinin) were obtained. This study is the first to report on the microbial transformation of artemisinin by Aspergillus terreus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchang Yu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004 People's Republic of China
| | - Baowu Zhu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004 People's Republic of China
| | - Yulian Zhan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004 People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 People's Republic of China
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Zhan Y, Wu Y, Xu F, Bai Y, Guan Y, Williamson JS, Liu B. A novel dihydroxylated derivative of artemisinin from microbial transformation. Fitoterapia 2017; 120:93-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ahmad MS, Zafar S, Yousuf S, Wahab AT, Rahman AU, Choudhary MI. Biotransformation of 6-dehydroprogesterone with Aspergillus niger and Gibberella fujikuroi. Steroids 2016; 112:62-7. [PMID: 27133903 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Microbial transformation of 6-dehydroprogesterone (1) with Aspergillus niger yielded three new metabolites, including 6β-chloro-7α,11α-dihydroxypregna-4-ene-3,20-dione (2), 7α-chloro-6β,11α-dihydroxypregna-4-ene-3,20-dione (3), and 6α,7α-epoxy-11α-hydroxypregna-4-ene-3,20-dione (4), and two known metabolites; 6α,7α-epoxypregna-4-ene-3,20-dione (5), and 11α-hydroxypregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione (6). Compounds 2, and 3 contain chlorohydrin moiety at C-6, and C-7, respectively. The biotransformation of 1 with Gibberella fujikuroi yielded a known compound, 11α,17β-dihydroxyandrosta-4,6-dien-3-one (7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Shoaib Ahmad
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Salman Zafar
- Institute of Chemical Science, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Sammar Yousuf
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Atia-Tul- Wahab
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Atta-Ur- Rahman
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - M Iqbal Choudhary
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21412, Saudi Arabia.
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Llorca M, Lucas D, Ferrando-Climent L, Badia-Fabregat M, Cruz-Morató C, Barceló D, Rodríguez-Mozaz S. Suspect screening of emerging pollutants and their major transformation products in wastewaters treated with fungi by liquid chromatography coupled to a high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1439:124-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Greco M, Kemppainen M, Pose G, Pardo A. Taxonomic Characterization and Secondary Metabolite Profiling of Aspergillus Section Aspergillus Contaminating Feeds and Feedstuffs. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:3512-37. [PMID: 26364643 PMCID: PMC4591650 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7093512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Xerophilic fungal species of the genus Aspergillus are economically highly relevant due to their ability to grow on low water activity substrates causing spoilage of stored goods and animal feeds. These fungi can synthesize a variety of secondary metabolites, many of which show animal toxicity, creating a health risk for food production animals and to humans as final consumers, respectively. Animal feeds used for rabbit, chinchilla and rainbow trout production in Argentina were analysed for the presence of xerophilic Aspergillus section Aspergillus species. High isolation frequencies (>60%) were detected in all the studied rabbit and chinchilla feeds, while the rainbow trout feeds showed lower fungal charge (25%). These section Aspergillus contaminations comprised predominantly five taxa. Twenty isolates were subjected to taxonomic characterization using both ascospore SEM micromorphology and two independent DNA loci sequencing. The secondary metabolite profiles of the isolates were determined qualitatively by HPLC-MS. All the isolates produced neoechinulin A, 17 isolates were positive for cladosporin and echinulin, and 18 were positive for neoechinulin B. Physcion and preechinulin were detected in a minor proportion of the isolates. This is the first report describing the detailed species composition and the secondary metabolite profiles of Aspergillus section Aspergillus contaminating animal feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Greco
- Laboratorio de Micología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal 1876, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires 1033, Argentina.
| | - Minna Kemppainen
- Laboratorio de Micología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal 1876, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires 1033, Argentina.
| | - Graciela Pose
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires 1033, Argentina.
- Escuela de Producción, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Villa Regina 8336, Argentina.
| | - Alejandro Pardo
- Laboratorio de Micología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal 1876, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires 1033, Argentina.
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Zhan Y, Liu H, Wu Y, Wei P, Chen Z, Williamson JS. Biotransformation of artemisinin by Aspergillus niger. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:3443-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6464-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Gaur R, Darokar MP, Ajayakumar PV, Shukla RS, Bhakuni RS. In vitro antimalarial studies of novel artemisinin biotransformed products and its derivatives. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 107:135-140. [PMID: 25183484 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation of antimalarial drug artemisinin by fungi Rhizopus stolonifer afforded three sesquiterpenoid derivatives. The transformed products were 1α-hydroxyartemisinin (3), 3.0%, a new compound, 10β-hydroxyartemisinin, 54.5% (4) and deoxyartemisinin (2) in 9% yield. The fungus expressed high-metabolism activity (66.5%). The chemical structures of the compounds were elucidated by 1D, 2D NMR spectrometry and mass spectral data. The major compound 10β-hydroxyartemisinin (4) was chemically converted to five new derivatives 5-9. All the compounds 3-9 were subjected for in vitro anti-malarial activity. 10β-Hydroxy-12β-arteether (8), IC50 at 18.29nM was found to be 10 times better active than its precursor 4 (184.56nM) and equipotent antimalarial with natural drug artemisinin whereas the α-derivative 9 is 3 times better than 4 under in vitro conditions. Therefore, the major biotransformation product 4 can be exploited for further modification into new clinically potent molecules. The results show the versatility of microbial-catalyzed biotransformations leading to the introduction of a hydroxyl group at tertiary position in artemisinin in derivative (3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Gaur
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Mahendra P Darokar
- Molecular Bio-prospection Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - P V Ajayakumar
- Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Ram Sajiwan Shukla
- Microbial Technology and Plant Pathology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Rajendra Singh Bhakuni
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India.
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Arakawa NS, Gobbo-Neto L, Ambrosio SR, Antonucci GA, Sampaio SV, Pupo MT, Said S, Schmidt TJ, Da Costa FB. Unusual biotransformation products of the sesquiterpene lactone budlein A by Aspergillus species. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 96:92-100. [PMID: 24135634 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation of chemicals by microorganisms can be effective in increasing chemical diversity. Some fungi have been described to be useful for the biotransformation of sesquiterpene lactones. Nevertheless, in most cases, only minor or simple transformations of functional groups have been observed. Budlein A is a sesquiterpene lactone found in high amounts in American sunflower-like species of the genus Viguiera (Asteraceae). It shows important biological effects like in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity, as well as cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines. With the aim to obtain potentially bioactive derivatives of budlein A and taking into account that obtaining semi-synthetic analogues is a very complex task, the capability of soil fungi to promote biotransformation was investigated. In this work, the biotransformation of budlein A by the soil fungi Aspergillus terreus and A. niger affording three unusual sesquiterpenoid derivatives with carbon skeletons is reported. The chemical structures of the compounds were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectrometry and HR-ESI-MS. The stereochemistry and molecular conformation of one derivative was assessed by molecular modeling techniques. The fungal metabolites displayed a reduced cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells when compared to the original natural product. The results show the versatility of microbial-catalyzed biotransformations leading to unusual derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilton Syogo Arakawa
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Av. Robert Koch 60, 86039-440 Londrina, PR, Brazil
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Pervaiz I, Ahmad S, Madni MA, Ahmad H, Khaliq FH. Microbial biotransformation: a tool for drug designing. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683813050098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Biotransformation and biocatalysis: roles and applications in the discovery of antimalarials. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:2325-36. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Several strategies to discover new antimalarials have been proposed to augment and complement the conventional drug-discovery paradigm. One approach, which has not yet been fully exploited, is the use of drug biotransformation to identify new active molecules. This concept rests on the use of the biotransformation of drugs to their pharmacologically active metabolites. This approach has been used successfully in human chemotherapy, with the discovery and development of several metabolite-based drugs. This review looks at the contribution that biotransformations can play in antimalarial drug discovery.
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Zhang K, Shafer BM, Demars MD, Stern HA, Fasan R. Controlled oxidation of remote sp3 C-H bonds in artemisinin via P450 catalysts with fine-tuned regio- and stereoselectivity. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:18695-704. [PMID: 23121379 PMCID: PMC3498520 DOI: 10.1021/ja3073462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The selective oxyfunctionalization of isolated sp(3) C-H bonds in complex molecules represents a formidable challenge in organic chemistry. Here, we describe a rational, systematic strategy to expedite the development of P450 oxidation catalysts with refined regio- and stereoselectivity for the hydroxylation of remote, unactivated C-H sites in a complex scaffold. Using artemisinin as model substrate, we demonstrate how a three-tier strategy involving first-sphere active site mutagenesis, high-throughput P450 fingerprinting, and fingerprint-driven P450 reactivity predictions enabled the rapid evolution of three efficient biocatalysts for the selective hydroxylation of a primary and a secondary C-H site (with both S and R stereoselectivity) in a relevant yet previously inaccessible region of this complex natural product. The evolved P450 variants could be applied to provide direct access to the desired hydroxylated derivatives at preparative scales (0.4 g) and in high isolated yields (>90%), thereby enabling further elaboration of this molecule. As an example, enantiopure C7-fluorinated derivatives of the clinical antimalarial drugs artesunate and artemether, in which a major metabolically sensitive site is protected by means of a C-H to C-F substitution, were afforded via P450-mediated chemoenzymatic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaidong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry,
University of Rochester, Rochester,
New York 14627, United States
| | - Brian M. Shafer
- Department of Chemistry,
University of Rochester, Rochester,
New York 14627, United States
| | - Matthew D. Demars
- Department of Chemistry,
University of Rochester, Rochester,
New York 14627, United States
| | - Harry A. Stern
- Department of Chemistry,
University of Rochester, Rochester,
New York 14627, United States
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry,
University of Rochester, Rochester,
New York 14627, United States
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Parshikov IA, Netrusov AI, Sutherland JB. Microbial transformation of antimalarial terpenoids. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:1516-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Microbial transformation of the sesquiterpene lactone tagitinin C by the fungus Aspergillus terreus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 39:1719-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-012-1165-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The biotransformation of the sesquiterpene lactone tagitinin C by the fungus Aspergillus terreus MT 5.3 yielded a rare derivative that was elucidated by spectrometric methods. The fungus led to the formation of a different product through an unusual epoxidation reaction between C4 and C5, formation of a C3,C10 ether bridge, and a methoxylation of the C1 of tagitinin C. The chemical structure of the product, namely 1β-methoxy-3α-hydroxy-3,10β-4,5α-diepoxy-8β-isobutyroyloxygermacr-11(13)-en-6α,12-olide, is the same as that of a derivative that was recently isolated from the flowers of a Brazilian population of Mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia), which is the source of the substrate tagitinin C. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of the substrate and the biotransformed product were evaluated in HL-60 cells using an MTT assay, and both compounds were found to be cytotoxic. We show that soil fungi may be useful in the biotransformation of sesquiterpene lactones, thereby leading to unusual changes in their chemical structures that may preserve or alter their biological activities, and may also mimic plant biosynthetic pathways for production of secondary metabolites.
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Njuguna NM, Ongarora DSB, Chibale K. Artemisinin derivatives: a patent review (2006 – present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 22:1179-203. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2012.724063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Cruz-Morató C, Rodríguez-Rodríguez CE, Marco-Urrea E, Sarrà M, Caminal G, Vicent T, Jelić A, García-Galán MJ, Pérez S, Díaz-Cruz MS, Petrović M, Barceló D. Biodegradation of Pharmaceuticals by Fungi and Metabolites Identification. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2012_158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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A golden phoenix arising from the herbal nest — A review and reflection on the study of antimalarial drug Qinghaosu. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11458-010-0214-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Bio-transformation of artemisinin using soil microbe: Direct C-acetoxylation of artemisinin at C-9 by Penicillium simplissimum. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:359-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.10.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Carvalho PB, Liu B, Wu Y, Williamson JS, Avery MA. 7β-Hydroxy-artemisinin. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2008; 64:o395-6. [PMID: 21201424 PMCID: PMC2960444 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536808000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Crystals of the title compound [systematic name: (3R,6R,7S,8aR,9R,12aR)-7-hydroxy-3,6,9-trimethyloctahydro-3,12-epoxy[1,2]dioxepino[4,3-i]isochromen-10(3H)-one], C15H22O6, were obtained from microbial transformation of artemisinin by a culture of Cunninghamella elegans. The stereochemistry of the compound is consistent with the spectroscopic findings in previously published works. A weak O—H⋯O hydrogen bond occurs in the crystal structure, together with intermolecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
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