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Schino G, Cherubini C, Pellegrini Quarantotti B, Di Giovanni M. Precursors and aftermath of severe targeted aggression in captive cotton-top tamarins. Primates 2023; 64:539-547. [PMID: 37284988 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-023-01072-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We observed a zoo-housed group of cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) before and after a bout of severe targeted aggression directed towards two of its members. The aggression was so severe and repeated that the zoo personnel was forced to remove the two victims and the main aggressor. In the tense period that preceded removal, the tamarins showed increased aggression, a steeper and linear dominance hierarchy, and reduced post-conflict reconciliation compared to the period following removal. In contrast, affiliative interactions such as grooming and peaceful food transfers did not differ in the two periods of observations. Patterns of reciprocity also remained stable. These results highlight the flexibility of tamarin social relationships and provide useful information for managing captive colonies and improving animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Schino
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ulisse Aldrovandi 16B, 00197, Rome, Italy.
| | - Carla Cherubini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
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2
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Wu CF, Liao ZJ, Sueur C, Sha JCM, Zhang J, Zhang P. The influence of kinship and dominance hierarchy on grooming partner choice in free-ranging Macaca mulatta brevicaudus. Primates 2018; 59:377-384. [PMID: 29671163 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-018-0662-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In group-living animals, individuals do not interact uniformly with their conspecifics. Among primates, such heterogeneity in partner choice can be discerned from affiliative grooming patterns. While the preference for selecting close kin as grooming partners is ubiquitous across the primate order, the selection of higher-ranking non-kin individuals as grooming partners is less common. We studied a group of provisioned rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta brevicaudus) on Hainan Island, China, to examine rank-related benefits of grooming exchanges and the influence of kin relationships. We tested four hypotheses based on Seyfarth's model: (1) there will be kin preference in grooming relationships; (2) grooming between non-kin individuals will be directed up the dominance rank; (3) grooming between non-kin individuals will reduce aggression from higher-ranking ones; and (4) non-kin individuals will spend more time grooming with adjacent ranked ones. We found that grooming relationships between kin individuals were stronger than those between non-kin individuals. For non-kin relationships, lower-ranking individuals received less aggression from higher-ranking ones through grooming; a benefit they could not derive through grooming exchanges with individuals related by kinship. Individuals spent more time grooming adjacent higher-ranking non-kin individuals and higher-ranking individuals also received more grooming from non-kin individuals. Our results supported Seyfarth's model for predicting partner choice between non-kin individuals. For relationships between kin individuals, we found results that were not consistent with prediction for the exchanges of aggression and grooming, indicating the importance to control for the influence of kinship in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Feng Wu
- Martin Hall, Anthropology Department, School of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Evolution and Archaeometry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Liao
- College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Cedric Sueur
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, UMR 7178, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - John Chih Mun Sha
- Martin Hall, Anthropology Department, School of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Nanwan Monkey Islet, Lingshui Town, 572426, Hainan, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Martin Hall, Anthropology Department, School of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China. .,Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Evolution and Archaeometry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Gutleb DR, Roos C, Noll A, Ostner J, Schülke O. COMT Val 158 Met moderates the link between rank and aggression in a non-human primate. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 17:e12443. [PMID: 29194954 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The COMT Val158 Met polymorphism is one of the most widely studied genetic polymorphisms in humans implicated in aggression and the moderation of stressful life event effects. We screened a wild primate population for polymorphisms at the COMT Val158 Met site and phenotyped them for aggression to test whether the human polymorphism exists and is associated with variation in aggressive behavior. Subjects were all adults from 4 study groups (37 males, 40 females) of Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) in their natural habitat (Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand). We collected focal animal behavioral data (27 males, 36 females, 5964 focal hours) and fecal samples for non-invasive DNA analysis. We identified the human COMT Val158 Met polymorphism (14 Met/Met, 41 Val/Met and 22 Val/Val). Preliminary results suggest that COMT genotype and dominance rank interact to influence aggression rates. Aggression rates increased with rank in Val/Val, but decreased in Met/Met and Val/Met individuals, with no significant main effect of COMT genotype on aggression. Further support for the interaction effect comes from time series analyses revealing that when changing from lower to higher rank position Val/Val individuals decreased, whereas Met/Met individuals increased their aggression rate. Contradicting the interpretation of earlier studies, we show that the widely studied Val158 Met polymorphism in COMT is not unique to humans and yields similar behavioral phenotypes in a non-human primate. This study represents an important step towards understanding individual variation in aggression in a wild primate population and may inform human behavioral geneticists about the evolutionary roots of inter-individual variation in aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Gutleb
- Department of Behavioral Ecology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Research Group Social Evolution in Primates, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany.,Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, Germany
| | - C Roos
- Gene Bank of Primates, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany.,Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - A Noll
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - J Ostner
- Department of Behavioral Ecology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Research Group Social Evolution in Primates, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany.,Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, Germany
| | - O Schülke
- Department of Behavioral Ecology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Research Group Social Evolution in Primates, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany.,Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, Germany
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Reciprocal allogrooming among unrelated Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) is affected by previously received cooperative, affiliative and aggressive behaviours. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-017-2406-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kaburu SSK, Newton-Fisher NE. Bystanders, parcelling, and an absence of trust in the grooming interactions of wild male chimpanzees. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20634. [PMID: 26856371 PMCID: PMC4746632 DOI: 10.1038/srep20634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of cooperation remains a central issue in socio-biology with the fundamental problem of how individuals minimize the risks of being short-changed (‘cheated’) should their behavioural investment in another not be returned. Economic decisions that individuals make during interactions may depend upon the presence of potential partners nearby, which offers co operators a temptation to defect from the current partner. The parcelling model posits that donors subdivide services into parcels to force cooperation, and that this is contingent on opportunities for defection; that is, the presence of bystanders. Here we test this model and the effect of bystander presence using grooming interactions of wild chimpanzees. We found that with more bystanders, initiators gave less grooming at the beginning of the bout and were more likely to abandon a grooming bout, while bouts were less likely to be reciprocated. We also found that the groomer’s initial investment was not higher among frequent groomers or stronger reciprocators, suggesting that contrary to current assumptions, grooming decisions are not based on trust, or bonds, within dyads. Our work highlights the importance of considering immediate social context and the influence of bystanders for understanding the evolution of the behavioural strategies that produce cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano S K Kaburu
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of VeterinaryMedicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas E Newton-Fisher
- Living Primates Research Group, School of Anthropology and Conservation, Marlowe Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NR, UK
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8
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Puga-Gonzalez I, Cooper MA, Hemelrijk CK. "Targeting or supporting, what drives patterns of aggressive intervention in fights?". Am J Primatol 2015; 78:247-55. [PMID: 26547901 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
GrooFiWorld is an individual-based, computational model of social interactions that can be used to examine factors underlying reciprocation and interchange of social behavior in primate societies. Individuals within GrooFiWorld are programed to maintain spatial proximity and thereby form a group. When an individual encounters another individual in its proximity, the individual attacks the other if the risk of losing is low. Otherwise, the individual considers grooming the other. Patterns of social behavior that emerge in the model resemble empirical data from primates. Triadic aggression emerges when an individual attacks one of the former combatants by chance immediately after an aggressive interaction, and reciprocation and interchange of grooming and support emerge even though individuals have no intention to help others or pay back services. The model generates predictions for patterns of contra-intervention that are counterintuitive within a framework of interchange of social services, such as that individuals receive more contra-intervention from those whom they groom more frequently. Here we tested these predictions in data collected on social interactions in a group of bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata). We confirmed the predictions of the model in the sense that contra-intervention was strongly correlated with dyadic aggression which suggests that contra-intervention is a subset of dyadic aggression. Adult females directed more contra-intervention to those individuals from whom they received more grooming. Further, contra-intervention was directed down the dominance hierarchy such that adult females received more contra-intervention from higher ranking females. Because these findings are consistent with the predictions from the GrooFiWorld model, they suggest that the distribution of interventions in fights is regulated by factors such as dominance rank and spatial structure rather than a motivation to help others and interchange social services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Puga-Gonzalez
- Behavioural Ecology and Self-organization, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Charlotte K Hemelrijk
- Behavioural Ecology and Self-organization, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Lehmann J, Majolo B, McFarland R. The effects of social network position on the survival of wild Barbary macaques,Macaca sylvanus. Behav Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arv169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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10
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Roubová V, Konečná M, Šmilauer P, Wallner B. Whom to groom and for what? Patterns of grooming in female Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117298. [PMID: 25668722 PMCID: PMC4323340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Grooming is one of the most conspicuous social interactions among nonhuman primates. The selection of grooming partners can provide important clues about factors relevant for the distribution of grooming within a social group. We analyzed grooming behavior among 17 semi-free ranging female Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). We tested whether grooming is related to kinship, rank and friendship. Furthermore, we tested whether grooming is reciprocated or exchanged for rank related benefits (i.e. lower aggression and increased tolerance whilst feeding). We found that in general grooming was reciprocally exchanged, directed up the hierarchy and at the same time affected by friendship and kinship. Grooming was more frequent among individuals with higher friendship values as well as amongst related individuals. We also divided our data set on the basis of rank difference and tested if different power asymmetries between individuals affected the tendency to exchange grooming for rank related benefits and grooming reciprocation. In support of our initial hypothesis our results show that the reciprocation of grooming was a significant predictor of grooming interactions between individuals of similar rank, but not between those individuals more distantly separated in the social hierarchy. However, we did not find any evidence for grooming being exchanged for rank related benefits in either data set. Our results, together with previously published studies, illustrate the behavioral flexibility of macaques. It is clear that multiple studies of the same species are necessary to gather the data required for the solid comparative studies needed to shed light on patterns of grooming behavior in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Roubová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Martina Konečná
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šmilauer
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Bernard Wallner
- Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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11
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12
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Molesti S, Majolo B. No Short-Term Contingency Between Grooming and Food Tolerance in Barbary Macaques (Macaca sylvanus). Ethology 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Campennì M, Manciocco A, Vitale A, Schino G. Exchanging grooming, but not tolerance and aggression in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Am J Primatol 2014; 77:222-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Campennì
- Reparto di Neuroscienze Comportamentali; Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e Neuroscienze; Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome Italy
- Stockholm Resilience Centre; Stockholms Universitet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Arianna Manciocco
- Reparto di Neuroscienze Comportamentali; Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e Neuroscienze; Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome Italy
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione; C.N.R.; Rome Italy
| | - Augusto Vitale
- Reparto di Neuroscienze Comportamentali; Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e Neuroscienze; Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome Italy
| | - Gabriele Schino
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione; C.N.R.; Rome Italy
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Molesti S, Majolo B. Grooming increases self-directed behaviour in wild Barbary macaques, Macaca sylvanus. Anim Behav 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Grooming reciprocity in male Tibetan macaques. Am J Primatol 2013; 75:1009-20. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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The Absence of Grooming for Rank-Related Benefits in Female Assamese Macaques (Macaca assamensis). INT J PRIMATOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-013-9680-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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McFarland R, Majolo B. Exploring the components, asymmetry and distribution of relationship quality in wild Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). PLoS One 2011; 6:e28826. [PMID: 22194923 PMCID: PMC3237547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Social relationships between group members are a key feature of many animal societies. The quality of social relationships has been described by three main components: value, compatibility and security, based on the benefits, tenure and stability of social exchanges. We aimed to analyse whether this three component structure could be used to describe the quality of social relationships in wild Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). Moreover, we examined whether relationship quality was affected by the sex, age and rank differences between social partners, and investigated the asymmetric nature of social relationships. We collected over 1,900 hours of focal data on seven behavioural variables measuring relationship quality, and used principal component analysis to investigate how these variables clustered together. We found that relationship quality in wild Barbary macaques can be described by a three component structure that represents the value, compatibility and security of a relationship. Female-female dyads had more valuable relationships and same-age dyads more compatible relationships than any other dyad. Rank difference had no effect on the quality of a social relationship. Finally, we found a high degree of asymmetry in how members of a dyad exchange social behaviour. We argue that the asymmetry of social relationships should be taken into account when exploring the pattern and function of social behaviour in animal societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard McFarland
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom.
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19
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Carne C, Wiper S, Semple S. Reciprocation and interchange of grooming, agonistic support, feeding tolerance, and aggression in semi-free-ranging Barbary macaques. Am J Primatol 2011; 73:1127-33. [PMID: 21769908 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Evidence from a range of primate species indicates that grooming can be exchanged either for itself or for other rank-related "commodities," such as agonistic support, feeding tolerance, or reduced aggression. Patterns of exchange behavior have been found to vary considerably between species, and understanding the causes of this variation is central to the study of the evolution of primate social systems. It is, therefore, essential that exchange behavior is examined in a wide range of species and settings. This article is the first to explore the reciprocation and interchange of grooming in the Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus). We collected focal data on semi-free-ranging adult female Barbary macaques at Trentham Monkey Forest, England, and analyzed dyadic data using Generalized Linear Mixed Models. We found evidence for the reciprocal exchange of grooming and for the interchange of grooming for agonistic support and tolerance while feeding. There was no evidence that grooming was traded for a reduction in aggression; indeed, we found a positive relationship between aggression given and grooming received. This may reflect the "extortion" of grooming from subordinates by dominant animals. These results will facilitate comparative analyses of exchange behavior by adding to the current database a new species, characterized by a different social style from those macaque species previously investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Carne
- Centre for Research in Evolutionary Anthropology, Roehampton University, London, United Kingdom.
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22
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Madden JR, Clutton-Brock TH. Manipulating grooming by decreasing ectoparasite load causes unpredicted changes in antagonism. Proc Biol Sci 2009; 276:1263-8. [PMID: 19129138 PMCID: PMC2660965 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2008.1661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is thought that allogrooming is practised strategically in order to establish, maintain and reinforce social bonds between group members, exchanging one altruistic behaviour for a different form of reciprocated benefit at a later date. Correlational evidence supports this, but evidence of causality is lacking. We reduced parasite loads in eight meerkat Suricata suricatta groups, generating a substantial decrease in grooming. Contrary to the predictions, overall antagonism did not increase. However, within group networks, grooming increased towards individuals who increased their antagonism. This was restricted to antagonism focused on social position, rather than access to physical resources. The treatment also increased an alternative placatory behaviour: unprompted submissions. Following treatment, individuals performed higher rates of guarding and marking behaviours, suggesting that they were stressed. A reduction in opportunity to mediate stress through grooming may explain local rises in antagonism and corresponding increases in placatory behaviours. We suggest that meerkats use allogrooming (and submissions) as a facultative response to antagonism, rather than a pre-emptive strategy to avert it by establishing a network of associations, as has been suggested for primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joah R Madden
- Large Animal Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.
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Port M, Clough D, Kappeler PM. Market effects offset the reciprocation of grooming in free-ranging redfronted lemurs, Eulemur fulvus rufus. Anim Behav 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Nakamichi M, Yamada K. Long-term grooming partnerships between unrelated adult females in a free-ranging group of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata). Am J Primatol 2008; 69:652-63. [PMID: 17216619 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In order to examine the presence of long-term grooming relationships among unrelated females, grooming interactions of 18 adult females (range: 16-32 years) in a free-ranging group of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) were recorded in 2003 and compared with those recorded 10 years earlier, i.e., in 1993. In 2003, on average, each female who had survived the 10 years had grooming interactions with 2.2 surviving old partners with whom she was recorded to have grooming interactions in 1993, 3.5 females related to the surviving old partners, and 4.5 unrelated females who were other than the surviving old partners or their related females. By calculating the ratio of actual grooming partners to available females in 2003, we concluded that females had a greater possibility of selecting surviving old partners as their grooming partners than other unrelated partners, and that they also had a greater possibility of selecting females related to surviving old partners than females other than surviving old partners and their related females. These findings indicate that with regard to grooming relationships, female Japanese monkeys are basically conservative, showing a tendency to concentrate their grooming interactions on closely related females and certain familiar unrelated females such as surviving old partners and some females closely related to these partners. At the same time, however, female Japanese monkeys also showed a progressive trait for grooming since they formed grooming relationships with new partners. The necessity of long-term psychological bonding for long-term grooming relationships between unrelated females is discussed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nakamichi
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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Ventura R, Majolo B, Koyama NF, Hardie S, Schino G. Reciprocation and interchange in wild Japanese macaques: grooming, cofeeding, and agonistic support. Am J Primatol 2006; 68:1138-49. [PMID: 17096423 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Social primates spend a significant proportion of their time exchanging grooming with their group companions. Although grooming is mainly exchanged in kind, given its hygienic and tension-reducing functions, it is still debated whether grooming also provides some social benefits, such as preferential access to resources (e.g., food or mating partners). In this study we analyzed grooming distribution among wild female Japanese macaques living in two groups on Yakushima. We tested the tendency of monkeys to reciprocate the amount of grooming received, and to direct their grooming up the hierarchy. Then we analyzed the relation of grooming to three of its possible benefits: reduced aggression, increased tolerance over food, and agonistic support against a male aggressor. The data were analyzed by means of row-wise matrix correlations. Grooming was highly reciprocated (i.e., exchanged in kind) and directed up the hierarchy in both the study groups. No significant relationship was found between grooming and aggression. Conversely, grooming favored tolerance over food, since it was positively correlated with presence on the same food patch, close proximity, and close approaches (both within 1 m) during feeding. Grooming was also positively related to agonistic support against adult males, although this relationship became nonsignificant when we controlled for kinship. Although these results are not definitive, they suggest that monkeys may derive various social benefits from grooming. This conclusion is supported by the fact that in various primate species animals tend to prefer high-ranking individuals as grooming partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Ventura
- Scottish Primate Research Group, Division of Psychology, School of Social and Health Sciences, University of Abertay Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
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