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Jose L, Lee W, Hanya G, Tuuga A, Goossens B, Tangah J, Matsuda I, Kumar VS. Gut microbial community in proboscis monkeys ( Nasalis larvatus): implications for effects of geographical and social factors. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:231756. [PMID: 39050721 PMCID: PMC11265907 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Recent technological advances have enabled comprehensive analyses of the previously uncharacterized microbial community in the gastrointestinal tracts of numerous animal species; however, the gut microbiota of several species, such as the endangered proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) examined in this study, remains poorly understood. Our study sought to establish the first comprehensive data on the gut microbiota of free-ranging foregut-fermenting proboscis monkeys and to determine how their microbiota are affected locally by environmental factors, i.e. geographical distance, and social factors, i.e. the number of adult females within harem groups and the number of adults and subadults within non-harem groups, in a riverine forest in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing of 264 faecal samples collected from free-ranging proboscis monkeys, we demonstrated the trend that their microbial community composition is not particularly distinctive compared with other foregut- and hindgut-fermenting primates. The microbial alpha diversity was higher in larger groups and individuals inhabiting diverse vegetation (i.e. presumed to have a diverse diet). For microbial beta diversity, some measures were significant, showing higher values with larger geographical distances between samples. These results suggest that social factors such as increased inter-individual interactions, which can occur with larger groups, as well as physical distances between individuals or differences in dietary patterns, may affect the gut microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Jose
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah88400, Malaysia
| | - Wanyi Lee
- National Taiwan University, Taipei10617, Taiwan
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Inuyama484-8506, Japan
| | - Goro Hanya
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Inuyama484-8506, Japan
| | - Augustine Tuuga
- Sabah Wildlife Department, Wisma Muis, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah88100, Malaysia
| | - Benoit Goossens
- Sabah Wildlife Department, Wisma Muis, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah88100, Malaysia
- Danau Girang Field Centre, Sabah Wildlife Department, Wisma Muis, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah88100, Malaysia
- Organisms and Environment Division, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CardiffCF10 3AX, UK
| | - Joseph Tangah
- Sabah Forestry Department, Forest Research Centre, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Ikki Matsuda
- Wildlife Research Center of Kyoto University, 2-24 Tanaka-Sekiden-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto606-8203, Japan
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, 1200, Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai-shi, Aichi487-8501, Japan
- Chubu University Academy of Emerging Sciences, 1200, Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai-shi, Aichi487-8501, Japan
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah88400, Malaysia
| | - Vijay Subbiah Kumar
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah88400, Malaysia
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Matsuda I. Following the trail of the elusive proboscis monkey in Borneo. Ecol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ikki Matsuda
- Chubu University Academy of Emerging Sciences Kasugai‐shi Japan
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University Kasugai‐shi Japan
- Wildlife Research Center of Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS Kota Kinabalu Malaysia
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Strauss ED, DeCasien AR, Galindo G, Hobson EA, Shizuka D, Curley JP. DomArchive: a century of published dominance data. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20200436. [PMID: 35000444 PMCID: PMC8743893 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dominance behaviours have been collected for many groups of animals since 1922 and serve as a foundation for research on social behaviour and social structure. Despite a wealth of data from the last century of research on dominance hierarchies, these data are only rarely used for comparative insight. Here, we aim to facilitate comparative studies of the structure and function of dominance hierarchies by compiling published dominance interaction datasets from the last 100 years of work. This compiled archive includes 436 datasets from 190 studies of 367 unique groups (mean group size 13.8, s.d. = 13.4) of 135 different species, totalling over 243 000 interactions. These data are presented in an R package alongside relevant metadata and a tool for subsetting the archive based on biological or methodological criteria. In this paper, we explain how to use the archive, discuss potential limitations of the data, and reflect on best practices in publishing dominance data based on our experience in assembling this dataset. This archive will serve as an important resource for future comparative studies and will promote the development of general unifying theories of dominance in behavioural ecology that can be grounded in testing with empirical data. This article is part of the theme issue 'The centennial of the pecking order: current state and future prospects for the study of dominance hierarchies'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli D. Strauss
- Department of Collective Behavior, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0118 USA
| | - Alex R. DeCasien
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MA, USA
| | - Gabriela Galindo
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Hobson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Daizaburo Shizuka
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0118 USA
| | - James P. Curley
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Davila-Ross M, Pople H, Gibson V, Nathan SKSS, Goossens B, Stark DJ. An Approaching Motor Boat Induces Stress-Related Behaviors in Proboscis Monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) Living in a Riparian Area. INT J PRIMATOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-022-00277-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPrimate ecotourism is a fast-growing tourism sector that may have a negative effect on wildlife. In riparian areas, tourists can conveniently reach primates via motor boats, but no study has directly examined whether such boats cause stress in primates. Our goal was to test whether the approach of a motor boat induces stress-related and other behaviors in proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus), an Endangered species. We studied six one-male, multifemale groups living in a remote riparian area in Sabah, Malaysia, and conducted an experiment by approaching the monkeys in a motor boat by using three conditions with different speeds and travel distances (fast-close, slow-close, and slow-far conditions; 7-8 subjects per condition). For each condition, we compared stress-related behaviors before the boat approach with after the boat started approaching. Feeding, allogrooming and aggression were similarly examined, respectively. We also observed the monkeys’ behaviors at other times to examine age-sex classes differences in vigilance, social proximity, allogrooming, aggression and play (87 subjects). In the experiment, subjects displayed stress-related behaviors for longer in the fast-close and slow-close conditions once the boat started approaching than before the boat approach. The subjects also reduced feeding in the fast-close condition after the boat started approaching. In our observational study, males were more vigilant than females—a behavior that is likely to relate to male-male competition and group protection. This study provides evidence that even a single motor boat moving slowly, with humans behaving calmly, may negatively affect primate behavior and induce stress—an impact that is likely to be larger with tourist boats. Our study also shows that using conditions comparable to the slow-far condition (speed of 3.6 km/hr; no closer than 60 m), where no impact was observed, may help with to develop guidelines for primate tourism in riparian areas. Future research that examines the impact of boats on other primates is needed.
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Abstract
AbstractVocal intervention is a triadic social interaction, where a third party responds vocally to a conflict between group members, minimizing the costs of aggression in response to the intervention. Because there is little information on vocal third-party intervention in nonhuman mammals, we investigated whether adult male proboscis monkeys use the bray vocalization as a vocal third-party intervention signal to intervene in intragroup conflicts. First, we audio-recorded 1,811 vocalizations from 17 free-ranging proboscis monkey groups in the Lower Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary, analyzing 378 vocal responses of the adult male to agonistic vocal exchanges (shrieks) of group members. Second, we video- and audio-recorded five habituated groups in the Labuk Bay Proboscis Monkey Sanctuary investigating the context of these vocalizations and the conflict dyads evoking vocal support. We found that adult males of one-male/multifemale groups mainly uttered bray vocalizations, whereas females, immatures, and infants uttered shrieks in intragroup conflicts or in response to other animal species. The adult male uttered significantly more often brays after agonistic shrieks than expected based on the overall occurrence of brays. Brays ended 65% of agonistic conflicts, which were accompanied by vocalizations of the conflict partners and occurred more often after conflicts between females than between offspring. This suggests that the bray functions as a vocal third-party intervention signal for intragroup conflict resolution. We suggest that living in the high canopies of the tropical rainforest might restrict direct access to conflict partners and prevent physical intervention, favoring the evolution of the bray as a third-party vocal intervention signal.
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Matsuda I, Stark DJ, Saldivar DAR, Tuuga A, Nathan SKSS, Goossens B, van Schaik CP, Koda H. Large male proboscis monkeys have larger noses but smaller canines. Commun Biol 2020; 3:522. [PMID: 32958853 PMCID: PMC7506553 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01245-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The uniquely enlarged noses of male proboscis monkeys are prominent adornments, and a sexually selected male trait. A recent study showed significant correlations among nose, body, and testis sizes and clear associations between nose size and the number of females in a male's harem. However, to date, the analyses of other common male traits, i.e., canines, are lacking. Whereas male nose size had a positive correlation with body size, we unexpectedly found a negative correlation between body and canine sizes. We explain this by an interaction between sexual and natural selection. Larger noses in males may interfere with the use of canines, thereby reducing their effectiveness as weapons. Additionally, longer canines are opposed by natural selection because the larger gape it imposes upon its bearer reduces foraging efficiency, particularly in folivores. This unique case of decoupling of body and canine size reveals that large canines carry an ecological cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikki Matsuda
- Chubu University Academy of Emerging Sciences, 1200, Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai-shi, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan. .,Wildlife Research Center of Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. .,Japan Monkey Centre, Inuyama, Japan. .,Institute for Tropical Biology & Conservation, Universiti Malaysia, Sabah, Malaysia.
| | - Danica J Stark
- Danau Girang Field Centre, c/o Sabah Wildlife Department, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Diana A Ramirez Saldivar
- Danau Girang Field Centre, c/o Sabah Wildlife Department, Sabah, Malaysia.,Sabah Wildlife Department, Sabah, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Benoit Goossens
- Danau Girang Field Centre, c/o Sabah Wildlife Department, Sabah, Malaysia.,Sabah Wildlife Department, Sabah, Malaysia.,Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,Organisms and Environment Division, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Carel P van Schaik
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hiroki Koda
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan.
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Rachma Jadi A, Rezeki A, Dwi A, Kusindarta L, Wijayanto H. Locomotion Study of Bekantan ( Nasalis larvatus). BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20202004002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The locomotion system in the primate is developed and diverged following the pressure of the environment. To survive, each species of primate will push their locomotor’s evolution to accommodate their foraging activities. Generally, the primate locomotion system is classified into vertical clinging and leaping (such as Tarsius), quadrupedalism (such as guenon), brachiation (such as gibbon), and bipedalism (human). Classification is usually based on the intermembral index, the ratio between the arm and leg length in percentage. The intermembral index of bekantan is about 90 on average; means the arm length is 90% of leg length. Based on the intermembral index, bekantan's locomotion system is hindlimb dominated gait and supposed to be quadrupedal terrestrial. However, in their natural habitat, bekantan spend their daily activities mostly on the trees. Terrestrial and arboreal movements were observed during foraging. Arboreal movements of bekantan are dominant where the forest canopy is remaining good. On the other hand, in open areas and where they have adapted to human existence, quadrupedal terrestrial behaviors will be dominant during foraging. Further observation in various areas is still needed to strengthen the type of locomotion system of bekantan.
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Koda H, Murai T, Tuuga A, Goossens B, Nathan SK, Stark DJ, Ramirez DAR, Sha JCM, Osman I, Sipangkui R, Seino S, Matsuda I. Nasalization by Nasalis larvatus: Larger noses audiovisually advertise conspecifics in proboscis monkeys. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaaq0250. [PMID: 29507881 PMCID: PMC5833997 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaq0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Male proboscis monkeys have uniquely enlarged noses that are prominent adornments, which may have evolved through their sexually competitive harem group social system. Nevertheless, the ecological roles of the signals encoded by enlarged noses remain unclear. We found significant correlations among nose, body, and testis sizes and a clear link between nose size and number of harem females. Therefore, there is evidence supporting both male-male competition and female choice as causal factors in the evolution of enlarged male noses. We also observed that nasal enlargement systematically modifies the resonance properties of male vocalizations, which probably encode male quality. Our results indicate that the audiovisual contributions of enlarged male noses serve as advertisements to females in their mate selection. This is the first primate research to evaluate the evolutionary processes involved in linking morphology, acoustics, and socioecology with unique masculine characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Koda
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Murai
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | | | - Benoit Goossens
- Sabah Wildlife Department, Sabah, Malaysia
- Danau Girang Field Centre, Sabah Wildlife Department, Sabah, Malaysia
- Organisms and Environment Division, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Danica J. Stark
- Danau Girang Field Centre, Sabah Wildlife Department, Sabah, Malaysia
- Organisms and Environment Division, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Diana A. R. Ramirez
- Sabah Wildlife Department, Sabah, Malaysia
- Danau Girang Field Centre, Sabah Wildlife Department, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - John C. M. Sha
- School of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ismon Osman
- Singapore Zoo, Wildlife Reserves Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Satoru Seino
- Zoorasia, Yokohama Zoological Gardens, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ikki Matsuda
- Chubu University Academy of Emerging Sciences, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai-shi, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
- Wildlife Research Center of Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Japan Monkey Centre, Inuyama, Japan
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia, Sabah, Malaysia
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Abstract
Some anthropologists and primatologists have argued that, judging by extant chimpanzees and humans, which are female-biased dispersers, the common ancestors of humans and chimpanzees were also female-biased dispersers. It has been thought that sex-biased dispersal patterns have been genetically transmitted for millions of years. However, this character has changed many times with changes in environment and life-form during human evolution and historical times. I examined life-form and social organization of nonhuman primates, among them gatherers (foragers), hunter-gatherers, agriculturalists, industrialists, and modern and extant humans. I conclude that dispersal patterns changed in response to environmental conditions during primate and human evolution.
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Matsuda I, Fukaya K, Pasquaretta C, Sueur C. Factors Influencing Grooming Social Networks: Insights from Comparisons of Colobines with Different Dispersal Patterns. DISPERSING PRIMATE FEMALES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-55480-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Matsuda I, Akiyama Y, Tuuga A, Bernard H, Clauss M. Daily feeding rhythm in proboscis monkeys: a preliminary comparison with other non-human primates. Primates 2014; 55:313-26. [PMID: 24504856 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-014-0407-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In non-human primates, the daily feeding rhythm, i.e., temporal fluctuation in feeding activity across the day, has been described but has rarely received much analytical interpretation, though it may play a crucial part in understanding the adaptive significance of primate foraging strategies. This study is the first to describe the detailed daily feeding rhythm in proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) based on data collected from both riverbank and inland habitats. From May 2005 to May 2006, data on feeding behavior in a group of proboscis monkeys consisting of an alpha-male, six adult females and immatures was collected via continuous focal animal sampling technique in a forest along the Menanggul River, Sabah, Malaysia. In both the male and females, the highest peak of feeding activity was in the late afternoon at 15:00-17:00, i.e., shortly before sleeping. The differences in the feeding rhythm among the seasons appeared to reflect the time spent eating fruit and/or the availability of fruit; clearer feeding peaks were detected when the monkeys spent a relevant amount of time eating fruit, but no clear peak was detected when fruit eating was less frequent. The daily feeding rhythm was not strongly influenced by daily temperature fluctuations. When comparing the daily feeding rhythm of proboscis monkeys to that of other primates, one of the most common temporal patterns detected across primates was a feeding peak in the late afternoon, although it was impossible to demonstrate this statistically because of methodological differences among studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikki Matsuda
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Akiyama
- Environmental Research and Management Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Henry Bernard
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Guan ZH, Huang B, Ning WH, Ni QY, Sun GZ, Jiang XL. Significance of grooming behavior in two polygynous groups of western black crested gibbons: Implications for understanding social relationships among immigrant and resident group members. Am J Primatol 2013; 75:1165-73. [PMID: 23843246 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In primates, grooming is considered among the most common behaviors for maintaining social bonds; however, to date, few studies have examined grooming behavior in gibbon species in detail. We used both a 5-min interval scan method and social network analysis to study grooming in two groups of polygynous western black-crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) in Wuliang Mountain, Central Yunnan, China. Individuals in both groups spent little time in social grooming (1.45% and 1.97% of active time). We compared the two groups' grooming networks and found that the group that maintained a more stable social unit had a more complex grooming network while the group with new immigrants had a grooming network characterized by fewer grooming pairs. Females in both groups played important roles in the grooming network. A newly immigrant female spent the most time grooming others and chose the resident adult female as her main adult grooming partner. Other females from both groups chose the adult male as their primary grooming partner (except their offspring). A sub-adult male who had resided in his natal group for 2 years after maturing into an adult also groomed more and was at the center of the network. This male finally replaced the breeding male in his group 3 years after our data collection period ended. We hypothesize that the immigrant female and the resident young adult male engaged in more extensive grooming interactions as a behavioral strategy to gain tolerance from long-term residents. Our results suggest that female gibbons in polygynous groups actively cooperate in maintaining social relationships rather than co-exist through tolerance or avoidance. Our observations indicate that grooming networks in crested gibbons reflect individual dynamics and partly support the social cohesion hypothesis for primate grooming. In this regard, we suggest that changes in gibbon grooming networks can be used to predict social change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hua Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Matsuda I, Zhang P, Swedell L, Mori U, Tuuga A, Bernard H, Sueur C. Comparisons of Intraunit Relationships in Nonhuman Primates Living in Multilevel Social Systems. INT J PRIMATOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-012-9616-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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A Proximity-Based Social Network of a Group of Sichuan Snub-Nosed Monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana). INT J PRIMATOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-012-9608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Sha JCM, Alagappasamy S, Chandran S, Cho KM, Guha B. Establishment of a Captive All-male Group of Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis larvatus) at the Singapore Zoo. Zoo Biol 2012; 32:281-90. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Chih Mun Sha
- Conservation and Research Department; Wildlife Reserves Singapore; Singapore
| | | | | | - Khin Maung Cho
- Conservation and Research Department; Wildlife Reserves Singapore; Singapore
| | - Biswajit Guha
- Conservation and Research Department; Wildlife Reserves Singapore; Singapore
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