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Brown ER, Laman TG, Kane EE, Harwell FS, Susanto TW, Knott CD. Application of a parallel laser apparatus to measure forearms and flanges of wild Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii). Am J Primatol 2022; 84:e23445. [PMID: 36245358 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We constructed a parallel laser photogrammetry apparatus constructed from commercially available parts, and measured forearm lengths and flange widths of 16 wild Bornean orangutans. Our objectives were to validate our method and apparatus, discuss issues encountered, and construct preliminary growth curves. For adult males, we also compared flange width to forearm length as a way to investigate the relationship between body size and flange development. We used a camera cage around a DSLR camera, on top of which we attached two parallel green lasers. We estimated error with repeatability, accuracy, and interobserver reliability measures, and measured forearm lengths in three different ways to see which was most consistent. The longest forearm measure was the most repeatable (CV = 1.64%), and was similar to flange repeatability (3.50%). Accuracy measurements of a known object were high (error = 0.25%), and Interobserver discrepancy low (3.74%). Laser spacing increased with distance to the subject, but we corrected for this using calibration photos after each session. We transparently discuss the issues we encountered with the aim that this accessible method can help expand the use of laser photogrammetry. Preliminary measurements show that male flange widths and forearm length do not reliably increase in tandem, and that female growth plateaus at around the age at first birth (15 years old). We conclude with suggested improvements to the apparatus and method to ensure the lasers remain parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella R Brown
- Gunung Palung Orangutan Conservation Program, West Kalimantan, Indonesia.,Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Timothy G Laman
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erin E Kane
- Gunung Palung Orangutan Conservation Program, West Kalimantan, Indonesia.,Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Faye S Harwell
- Gunung Palung Orangutan Conservation Program, West Kalimantan, Indonesia.,Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tri W Susanto
- Gunung Palung Orangutan Conservation Program, West Kalimantan, Indonesia.,Biology Faculty, Universitas Nasional, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Cheryl D Knott
- Gunung Palung Orangutan Conservation Program, West Kalimantan, Indonesia.,Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Kumpai P, Hamada Y, Kanthaswamy S, Malaivijitnond S. Gene flow from rhesus (Macaca mulatta) to cynomolgus macaques (M. fascicularis) and effects of introgressive hybridization on reproduction in two biomedically relevant non-human primate species. J Med Primatol 2022; 51:108-118. [PMID: 35132636 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We compared the reproductive patterns of wild Indochinese and Sundaic cynomolgus macaques (Mf) exhibiting different levels of genetic admixture with rhesus macaques (Mm). METHODS Ten adult females from each Indochinese (WHM) and Sundaic (KN/KTK) Mf populations, which exhibited 50% and 15% of Mm autosomal SNPs, were selected as focal animals. Animals were observed for 12 months, and the frequencies of sexual proceptivity, attractivity and receptivity, number of newborns, and changes in sex skin were recorded. RESULTS Both populations showed all three sexual behaviors throughout the year, but they were classified as moderately seasonal breeders because their 3-month birth counts were as high as ~50%. The fecundity of WHM was lower than the KN/KTK. Changes in sex skin of WHM were more prone to Mm's pattern than the KN/KTK. CONCLUSION The introgressive gene flow from Mm to Mf does not affect Mf's sexual behaviors; however, it can impact fecundity and physiological (sex skin) changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prangmas Kumpai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yuzuru Hamada
- National Primate Research Center of Thailand, Chulalongkorn University, Saraburi, Thailand
| | - Sree Kanthaswamy
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University West Campus, Glendale, Arizona, USA.,California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Suchinda Malaivijitnond
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,National Primate Research Center of Thailand, Chulalongkorn University, Saraburi, Thailand
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3
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Kawamoto Y. Genetic Assessment on the Origin of Alien Macaques in the Boso Peninsula in Japan. MAMMAL STUDY 2021. [DOI: 10.3106/ms2020-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshi Kawamoto
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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A comparative assessment of external morphological traits between Macaca munzala, Tawang and Macaca assamensis, Goalpara population in Northeast India. Primates 2020; 62:343-360. [PMID: 33174153 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-020-00872-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to conduct a comparative assessment of the external morphology, relative tail length and colour variation (RGB additive colour model) of Macaca munzala, Tawang and Macaca assamensis, Goalpara (southern Brahmaputra population), using a non-invasive photogrammetry method. The study revealed that the relative tail length of M. munzala (0.43 ± 0.03) is similar to that of M. assamensis assamensis, a subspecies of M. assamensis. On the other hand, the relative tail length of M. assamensis, Goalpara (0.61 ± 0.04) is similar to M. assamensis pelops, the other subspecies of M. assamensis. A total of 12 external morphological traits were observed and similarities found between the two studied populations. The study also found that the species-specific traits of M. munzala such as "dark patch of the crown whorl", "dark patch of hair at the temporal side", "spectacle appearance around eyes" and "whip-like tail appearance" in the infant and "stocky tail" are present in M. assamensis, Goalpara as well. Likewise, the "chin and cheek whiskers" are found in adult female individuals of both species. The comparative assessment of the dorsal coat colour (RGB value) revealed a darker brown dorsal coat in M. munzala (R 123.14 ± 11.62; G 107.71 ± 10.37, B 89.43 ± 9.21) than in M. assamensis, Goalpara (R 136 ± 23.57, G 112 ± 15.63, B 97.83 ± 13.04). The comparative assessment of facial skin colour among the adult individuals showed that the male M. munzala has darker brown facial skin than that of M. assamensis, whereas the female M. munzala shows darker reddish facial skin compared to M. assamensis, Goalpara. The species-specific traits of M. leucogenys were also compared, and the traits "chin and cheek whiskers", "darker dorsal coat" and "round penile" appearance have a striking resemblance to those of the M. munzala population of Tawang. Thus, the external morphological traits that are being used to distinguish these macaque species are highly variable even within the same species, and there is an urgent need to identify more precise species-specific morphological traits.
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Aleixo F, O’Callaghan SA, Ducla Soares L, Nunes P, Prieto R. AragoJ: A free, open‐source software to aid single camera photogrammetry studies. Methods Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luís Ducla Soares
- Instituto de Telecomunicações Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE‐IUL) Lisbon Portugal
| | - Paulo Nunes
- Instituto de Telecomunicações Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE‐IUL) Lisbon Portugal
| | - Rui Prieto
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre Lisbon Portugal
- OKEANOS and IMAR Centre at the University of the Azores Ponta Delgada Portugal
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Huffman MA, Kumara R, Kawamoto Y, Jayaweera PM, Bardi M, Nahallage CAD. What makes a long tail short? Testing Allen's rule in the toque macaques of Sri Lanka. Am J Primatol 2020; 82:e23113. [PMID: 32096278 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Allen's rule (1877) predicts ecogeographical anatomical variation in appendage proportions as a function of body temperature regulation. This phenomenon has been tested in a variety of animal species. In macaques, relative tail length (RTL) is one of the most frequently measured appendages to test Allen's rule. These studies have relied on museum specimens or the invasive and time-consuming capturing of free-ranging individuals. To augment sample size and lessen these logistical limitations, we designed and validated a novel noninvasive technique using digitalized photographs processed using LibreCAD, an open-source 2D-computer-aided design (CAD) application. This was used to generate pixelated measurements to calculate an RTL equivalent, the Tail to Trunk Index (TTI) = (tail [tail base to anterior tip] pixel count/trunk [neck to tail base] pixel count). The TTI of 259 adult free-ranging toque macaques (Macaca sinica) from 36 locations between 7 and 2,087 m above sea level (m.a.s.l.) was used in the analysis. Samples were collected from all three putative subspecies (M. s. sinica, aurifrons, and opisthomelas), at locations representing all altitudinal climatic zones where they are naturally distributed. These data were used to test whether toque macaque tail length variation across elevation follows Allen's rule, predicting that RTL decreases with increasing elevation and lower temperature. Our results strongly supported this prediction. There was also a statistically significant, negative correlation between elevation and annual average temperature. The best predictor for the TTI index was elevation. Significant subspecies differences in RTL are linked in part to their ecological and altitudinal niche separation, but overall the variation is seen as the species' adaptation to climate. The method developed for the quick morphometric assessment of relative body proportions, applicable for use on unhabituated free-ranging animals, widens the range of materials available for research studying morphological characteristics and their evolution in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Huffman
- Department of Ecology and Social Behavior, Primate Research Institute, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | - Raveendra Kumara
- Department of Anthropology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Yoshi Kawamoto
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | - Prasad M Jayaweera
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Massimo Bardi
- Department of Psychology, Randolph-Mason College, Ashland, Virginia
| | - Charmalie A D Nahallage
- Department of Anthropology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
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OGAWA H, PAUDEL PK, KOIRALA S, KHATIWADA S, CHALISE MK. Social Interactions Between Rhesus Macaques ( Macaca mulatta) and Assamese Macaques ( M. assamensis) in Nepal: Why Do Male Rhesus Macaques Follow Social Groups of Assamese Macaques? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2354/psj.35.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideshi OGAWA
- School of International Liberal Studies, Chukyo University
| | | | - Sabina KOIRALA
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Small Mammals Conservation and Research Foundation
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Bunlungsup S, Kanthaswamy S, Oldt RF, Smith DG, Houghton P, Hamada Y, Malaivijitnond S. Genetic analysis of samples from wild populations opens new perspectives on hybridization between long-tailed (Macaca fascicularis) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Am J Primatol 2017; 79. [PMID: 29095514 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, many researchers have published papers about hybridization between long-tailed and rhesus macaques. These previous works have proposed unidirectional gene flow with the Isthmus of Kra as the zoogeographical barrier of hybridization. However, these reports analyzed specimens of unknown origin and/or did not include specimens from Thailand, the center of the proposed area of hybridization. Collected specimens of long-tailed and rhesus macaques representing all suspected hybridization areas were examined. Blood samples from four populations each of long-tailed and rhesus macaques inhabiting Thailand, Myanmar, and Laos were collected and analyzed with conspecific references from China (for rhesus macaques) and multiple countries from Sundaic regions (for long-tailed macaques). Ninety-six single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers specifically designed to interrogate admixture and ancestry were used in genotyping. We found genetic admixture maximized at the hybrid zone (15-20°N), as well as admixture signals of varying strength in both directions outside of the hybrid zone. These findings show that the Isthmus of Kra is not a barrier to gene flow from rhesus to long-tailed populations. However, to precisely identify a southernmost barrier, if in fact a boundary rather than simple isolation by distance exists, the samples from peninsular Malaysia must be included in the analysis. Additionally, a long-tailed to rhesus gene flow boundary was found between northern Thailand and Myanmar. Our results suggest that selection of long-tailed and rhesus macaques, the two most commonly used non-human primates for biomedical research, should take into account not only the species identification but also the origin of and genetic admixture within and between the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srichan Bunlungsup
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sree Kanthaswamy
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University West Campus, Glendale, Arizona.,University of California, California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California
| | - Robert F Oldt
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University West Campus, Glendale, Arizona.,Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - David Glenn Smith
- Molecular Anthropology Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, California
| | | | - Yuzuru Hamada
- Evolutionary Morphology Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Suchinda Malaivijitnond
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,National Primate Research Center of Thailand-Chulalongkorn University, Saraburi, Thailand
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Jadejaroen J, Kawamoto Y, Hamada Y, Malaivijitnond S. An SNP marker at the STAT6 locus can identify the hybrids between rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and long-tailed macaques (M. fascicularis) in Thailand: a rapid and simple screening method and its application. Primates 2015; 57:93-102. [PMID: 26660683 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-015-0502-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay was developed to genetically discriminate rhesus (Macaca mulatta) macaques from long-tailed (M. fascicularis) macaques. The 745 bp PCR amplicon of the STAT6 locus that spans a potentially species-diagnostic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker was digested with ApaI and gel electrophoresed to give (1) two (234 and 511 bp), (2) one (745 bp) and (3) three (234, 511 and 745 bp) band patterns that correspond to the genotypes G/G (long-tailed macaque specific homozygote), A/A (rhesus macaque specific homozygote) and A/G (hybrid specific heterozygote), respectively. The diagnostic robustness and efficiency of this PCR-RFLP assay was tested on wild rhesus and long-tailed macaques inhabiting Thailand and a known hybrid population. The Indochinese and Sundaic long-tailed macaque samples (n = 18) all showed a homozygous G/G pattern, while the Indochinese rhesus macaques (n = 10) all showed a homozygous A/A pattern. The rhesus/long-tailed hybrid population at Khao Khieow Open Zoo, which resulted from an introduced group of rhesus macaques that hybridized with the indigenous long-tailed macaques about 20 years ago, revealed 47% (56/118 samples analyzed) with the heterogenous A/G genotype. In addition, the frequency of the rhesus-specific allele A significantly decreased in the hybrid population during 2006-2014, where a strong association between the STAT6 genotype and the morphology of the individuals was detected. In conclusion, a robust PCR-RFLP assay allows a simple, effective and inexpensive approach, in particular for field studies, to assess hybrid individuals between rhesus and long-tailed macaques. Although this assay cannot conclusively identify all the hybrids over two or more generations, it at least can allow the evaluation of the process of hybridization, and so it is applicable to the assessment of the status of natural or anthropogenic hybridization between the two species across their geographic range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janya Jadejaroen
- Zoological Science Program, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Yoshi Kawamoto
- Genome Diversity Section, Department of Evolution and Phylogeny, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Hamada
- Evolutionary Morphology Section, Department of Evolution and Phylogeny, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Suchinda Malaivijitnond
- Zoological Science Program, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. .,National Primate Research Center of Thailand, Chulalongkorn University, Saraburi, Thailand.
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Hamada Y, San AM, Malaivijitnond S. Assessment of the hybridization between rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and long-tailed macaques (M. fascicularis) based on morphological characters. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 159:189-98. [PMID: 26354607 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hybridization between rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and long-tailed (M. fascicularis) macaques has become a focal point of interest. The majority of such studies have evaluated their genetics, but not their morphological characters. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed morphological characters of eight free-ranging populations of Indochinese rhesus and long-tailed macaques distributed at the proposed hybrid zone (15.75-21.58° N) in comparison with one population each of Chinese and Indian-derived rhesus macaques and three populations of Sundaic long-tailed macaques. RESULTS Chinese and Indian rhesus macaques had a heavier body mass, longer crown-rump length, shorter relative facial length and relative tail length, and a greater contrast of reddish and yellowish dorsal pelage color than the Sundaic long-tailed macaques for which the latter three parameters could be used to visually discriminate between the two species. Although the morphological characters of Indochinese rhesus and long-tailed macaques were intermediate between the Chinese/Indian rhesus and Sundaic long-tailed macaques, they were more similar to their respective conspecifics. The species-specific characters of a shorter tail (<70%) and a bipartite pelage color pattern were retained in the Indochinese rhesus macaques while the longer tail (>90%) and no bipartite pattern was found in the Indochinese long-tailed macaques. No morphological cline was observed across the species and the variations were abrupt to some extent. DISCUSSION The hybridization between rhesus and long-tailed macaques may be results of multiple contacts and isolations over a long period of time, thus their evolutionary history should not be drawn solely by genetic or morphological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Hamada
- Evolutionary Morphology Section, Department of Evolution and Phylogeny, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Aye Mi San
- Department of Zoology, Mawlamyine University, Mawlamyine, Myanmar
| | - Suchinda Malaivijitnond
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,National Primate Research Center of Thailand, Chulalongkorn University, Saraburi, Thailand
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