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Du W, Lu X, Yuan T, Sun Z, Li X, Li S, Zhang Q, Tian X, Li D, Tian Y. Halogen-modified carbazole derivatives for lipid droplet-specific bioimaging and two-photon photodynamic therapy. Analyst 2021; 147:66-71. [PMID: 34821886 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01826d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are dynamic multifunctional organelles that participate in the regulation of many metabolic processes, visualization of which is necessary for biological research. In this work, a series of two-photon responsive fluorescent probes (C-H, C-Br, and C-I) based on carbazole units were designed and synthesized. Thereinto, an iodine-modified carbazole derivative C-I exhibited an exciting lipid droplet targeting ability due to its excellent lipophilicity. Meanwhile, benefiting from its larger Stokes shift and two-photon absorption cross-section, C-I was employed for two-photon confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy imaging to observe LDs more accurately. In addition, given the heavy atom effect, C-I can effectively generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to cancer cell apoptosis under near-infrared light irradiation. Notably, we explained the process of cell apoptosis through in vitro simulation experiments. This study provides a promising platform for visualization of lipid droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Du
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, P. R. China.
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, P. R. China.
| | - Tong Yuan
- School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Zhimin Sun
- Institutes of Physics Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaocheng Li
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, P. R. China.
| | - Shengli Li
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, P. R. China.
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaohe Tian
- Huaxi MR Research Centre (HMRRC), Department of Radiology; Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China, 610041, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Institutes of Physics Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Yupeng Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, P. R. China. .,State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, P. R. China
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Wylot M, Whittaker DTE, Wren SAC, Bothwell JH, Hughes L, Griffin JL. Monitoring apoptosis in intact cells by high-resolution magic angle spinning 1 H NMR spectroscopy. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4456. [PMID: 33398876 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis maintains an equilibrium between cell proliferation and cell death. Many diseases, including cancer, develop because of defects in apoptosis. A known metabolic marker of apoptosis is a notable increase in 1 H NMR-observable resonances associated with lipids stored in lipid droplets. However, standard one-dimensional NMR experiments allow the quantification of lipid concentration only, without providing information about physical characteristics such as the size of lipid droplets, viscosity of the cytosol, or cytoskeletal rigidity. This additional information can improve monitoring of apoptosis-based cancer treatments in intact cells and provide us with mechanistic insight into why these changes occur. In this paper, we use high-resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) 1 H NMR spectroscopy to monitor lipid concentrations and apparent diffusion coefficients of mobile lipid in intact cells treated with the apoptotic agents cisplatin or etoposide. We also use solution-state NMR spectroscopy to study changes in lipid profiles of organic solvent cell extracts. Both NMR techniques show an increase in the concentration of lipids but the relative changes are 10 times larger by HRMAS 1 H NMR spectroscopy. Moreover, the apparent diffusion rates of lipids in apoptotic cells measured by HRMAS 1 H NMR spectroscopy decrease significantly as compared with control cells. Slower diffusion rates of mobile lipids in apoptotic cells correlate well with the formation of larger lipid droplets as observed by microscopy. We also compared the mean lipid droplet displacement values calculated from the two methods. Both methods showed shorter displacements of lipid droplets in apoptotic cells. Our results demonstrate that the NMR-based diffusion experiments on intact cells discriminate between control and apoptotic cells. Apparent diffusion measurements in conjunction with 1 H NMR spectroscopy-derived lipid signals provide a novel means of following apoptosis in intact cells. This method could have potential application in enhancing drug discovery by monitoring drug treatments in vitro, particularly for agents that cause portioning of lipids such as apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Wylot
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David T E Whittaker
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Stephen A C Wren
- New Modalities & Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | | | - Leslie Hughes
- New Modalities & Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Julian L Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Bennett CD, Gill SK, Kohe SE, Wilson MP, Davies NP, Arvanitis TN, Tennant DA, Peet AC. Ex vivo metabolite profiling of paediatric central nervous system tumours reveals prognostic markers. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10473. [PMID: 31324817 PMCID: PMC6642141 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45900-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain tumours are the most common cause of cancer death in children. Molecular studies have greatly improved our understanding of these tumours but tumour metabolism is underexplored. Metabolites measured in vivo have been reported as prognostic biomarkers of these tumours but analysis of surgically resected tumour tissue allows a more extensive set of metabolites to be measured aiding biomarker discovery and providing validation of in vivo findings. In this study, metabolites were quantified across a range of paediatric brain tumours using 1H-High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HR-MAS) and their prognostic potential investigated. HR-MAS was performed on pre-treatment frozen tumour tissue from a single centre. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression was used to examine the ability of metabolites to predict survival. The models were cross validated using C-indices and further validated by splitting the cohort into two. Higher concentrations of glutamine were predictive of a longer overall survival, whilst higher concentrations of lipids were predictive of a shorter overall survival. These metabolites were predictive independent of diagnosis, as demonstrated in multivariate Cox regression models. Whilst accurate quantification of metabolites such as glutamine in vivo is challenging, metabolites show promise as prognostic markers due to development of optimised detection methods and increasing use of 3 T clinical scanners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Bennett
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simrandip K Gill
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Kohe
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Martin P Wilson
- Birmingham University Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel P Davies
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Theodoros N Arvanitis
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Institute of Digital Healthcare, WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel A Tennant
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrew C Peet
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
- Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Cohen BC, Raz C, Shamay A, Argov-Argaman N. Lipid Droplet Fusion in Mammary Epithelial Cells is Regulated by Phosphatidylethanolamine Metabolism. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2017; 22:235-249. [PMID: 29188493 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-017-9386-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary epithelial cells (MEC) secrete fat in the form of milk fat globules (MFG) which are found in milk in diverse sizes. MFG originate from intracellular lipid droplets, and the mechanism underlying their size regulation is still elusive. Two main mechanisms have been suggested to control lipid droplet size. The first is a well-documented pathway, which involves regulation of cellular triglyceride content. The second is the fusion pathway, which is less-documented, especially in mammalian cells, and its importance in the regulation of droplet size is still unclear. Using biochemical and molecular inhibitors, we provide evidence that in MEC, lipid droplet size is determined by fusion, independent of cellular triglyceride content. The extent of fusion is determined by the cell membrane's phospholipid composition. In particular, increasing phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) content enhances fusion between lipid droplets and hence increases lipid droplet size. We further identified the underlying biochemical mechanism that controls this content as the mitochondrial enzyme phosphatidylserine decarboxylase; siRNA knockdown of this enzyme reduced the number of large lipid droplets threefold. Further, inhibition of phosphatidylserine transfer to the mitochondria, where its conversion to PE occurs, diminished the large lipid droplet phenotype in these cells. These results reveal, for the first time to our knowledge in mammalian cells and specifically in mammary epithelium, the missing biochemical link between the metabolism of cellular complex lipids and lipid-droplet fusion, which ultimately defines lipid droplet size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bat-Chen Cohen
- The Animal Science Department, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Chen Raz
- The Animal Science Department, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Avi Shamay
- Department of Ruminant Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Nurit Argov-Argaman
- The Animal Science Department, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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Kaebisch E, Fuss TL, Vandergrift L, Toews K, Habbel P, Cheng LL. Applications of high-resolution magic angle spinning MRS in biomedical studies I-cell line and animal models. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2017; 30:10.1002/nbm.3700. [PMID: 28301071 PMCID: PMC5501085 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) MRS allows for direct measurements of non-liquid tissue and cell specimens to present valuable insights into the cellular metabolisms of physiological and pathological processes. HRMAS produces high-resolution spectra comparable to those obtained from solutions of specimen extracts but without complex metabolite extraction processes, and preserves the tissue cellular structure in a form suitable for pathological examinations following spectroscopic analysis. The technique has been applied in a wide variety of biomedical and biochemical studies and become one of the major platforms of metabolomic studies. By quantifying single metabolites, metabolite ratios, or metabolic profiles in their entirety, HRMAS presents promising possibilities for diagnosis and prediction of clinical outcomes for various diseases, as well as deciphering of metabolic changes resulting from drug therapies or xenobiotic interactions. In this review, we evaluate HRMAS MRS results on animal models and cell lines reported in the literature, and present the diverse applications of the method for the understanding of pathological processes and the effectiveness of therapies, development of disease animal models, and new progress in HRMAS methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kaebisch
- Departments of Radiology and Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114 USA
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Taylor L. Fuss
- Departments of Radiology and Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114 USA
| | - Lindsey Vandergrift
- Departments of Radiology and Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114 USA
| | - Karin Toews
- Departments of Radiology and Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114 USA
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Piet Habbel
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leo L. Cheng
- Departments of Radiology and Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114 USA
- Corresponding Author: Leo L. Cheng, PhD, 149 13 Street, CNY-6, Charlestown, MA 02129, Ph.617-724-6593, Fax.617-726-5684,
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Kohe S, Colmenero I, McConville C, Peet A. Immunohistochemical staining of lipid droplets with adipophilin in paraffin-embedded glioma tissue identifies an association between lipid droplets and tumour grade. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.7243/2055-091x-4-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Pan X, Smith F, Cliff MT, Capozzi F, Mills ENC. The Application of Nutrimetabolomics to Investigating the Bioaccessibility of Nutrients in Ham Using a Batch <i>in Vitro</i> Digestion Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2014.51003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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