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Britton D, Legocki J, Aristizabal O, Mishkit O, Liu C, Jia S, Renfrew PD, Bonneau R, Wadghiri YZ, Montclare JK. Protein-Engineered Fibers For Drug Encapsulation Traceable via 19F Magnetic Resonance. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2023; 6:21245-21257. [PMID: 38037605 PMCID: PMC10682962 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c04357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Theranostic materials research is experiencing rapid growth driven by the interest in integrating both therapeutic and diagnostic modalities. These materials offer the unique capability to not only provide treatment but also track the progression of a disease. However, to create an ideal theranostic biomaterial without compromising drug encapsulation, diagnostic imaging must be optimized for improved sensitivity and spatial localization. Herein, we create a protein-engineered fluorinated coiled-coil fiber, Q2TFL, capable of improved sensitivity to 19F magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) detection. Leveraging residue-specific noncanonical amino acid incorporation of trifluoroleucine (TFL) into the coiled-coil, Q2, which self-assembles into nanofibers, we generate Q2TFL. We demonstrate that fluorination results in a greater increase in thermostability and 19F magnetic resonance detection compared to the nonfluorinated parent, Q2. Q2TFL also exhibits linear ratiometric 19F MRS thermoresponsiveness, allowing it to act as a temperature probe. Furthermore, we explore the ability of Q2TFL to encapsulate the anti-inflammatory small molecule, curcumin (CCM), and its impact on the coiled-coil structure. Q2TFL also provides hyposignal contrast in 1H MRI, echogenic signal with high-frequency ultrasound and sensitive detection by 19F MRS in vivo illustrating fluorination of coiled-coils for supramolecular assembly and their use with 1H MRI, 19F MRS and high frequency ultrasound as multimodal theranostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Britton
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States
| | - Jakub Legocki
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States
| | - Orlando Aristizabal
- Center
for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Bernard
and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Orin Mishkit
- Center
for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Bernard
and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Chengliang Liu
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States
| | - Sihan Jia
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States
| | - Paul Douglas Renfrew
- Center
for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute,
Simons Foundation, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Richard Bonneau
- Center
for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute,
Simons Foundation, New York, New York 10010, United States
- Center for
Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
- Courant
Institute
of Mathematical Sciences, Computer Science Department, New York University, New York, New York 10009, United States
| | - Youssef Z. Wadghiri
- Center
for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Bernard
and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Jin Kim Montclare
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States
- Bernard
and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10012, United States
- Department
of Biomaterials, New York University College
of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010, United States
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Nienhaus F, Walz M, Rothe M, Jahn A, Pfeiler S, Busch L, Stern M, Heiss C, Vornholz L, Cames S, Cramer M, Schrauwen-Hinderling V, Gerdes N, Temme S, Roden M, Flögel U, Kelm M, Bönner F. Quantitative assessment of angioplasty-induced vascular inflammation with 19F cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2023; 25:54. [PMID: 37784080 PMCID: PMC10546783 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-023-00964-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages play a pivotal role in vascular inflammation and predict cardiovascular complications. Fluorine-19 magnetic resonance imaging (19F MRI) with intravenously applied perfluorocarbon allows a background-free direct quantification of macrophage abundance in experimental vascular disease models in mice. Recently, perfluorooctyl bromide-nanoemulsion (PFOB-NE) was applied to effectively image macrophage infiltration in a pig model of myocardial infarction using clinical MRI scanners. In the present proof-of-concept approach, we aimed to non-invasively image monocyte/macrophage infiltration in response to carotid artery angioplasty in pigs using 19F MRI to assess early inflammatory response to mechanical injury. METHODS In eight minipigs, two different types of vascular injury were conducted: a mild injury employing balloon oversize angioplasty only (BA, n = 4) and a severe injury provoked by BA in combination with endothelial denudation (BA + ECDN, n = 4). PFOB-NE was administered intravenously three days after injury followed by 1H and 19F MRI to assess vascular inflammatory burden at day six. Vascular response to mechanical injury was validated using X-ray angiography, intravascular ultrasound and immunohistology in at least 10 segments per carotid artery. RESULTS Angioplasty was successfully induced in all eight pigs. Response to injury was characterized by positive remodeling with predominantly adventitial wall thickening and concomitant infiltration of monocytes/macrophages. No severe adverse reactions were observed following PFOB-NE administration. In vivo 19F signals were only detected in the four pigs following BA + ECDN with a robust signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 14.7 ± 4.8. Ex vivo analysis revealed a linear correlation of 19F SNR to local monocyte/macrophage cell density. Minimum detection limit of infiltrated monocytes/macrophages was estimated at approximately 410 cells/mm2. CONCLUSIONS In this proof-of-concept study, 19F MRI enabled quantification of monocyte/macrophage infiltration after vascular injury with sufficient sensitivity. This may provide the opportunity to non-invasively monitor vascular inflammation with MRI in patients after angioplasty or even in atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Nienhaus
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Moritz Walz
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maik Rothe
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Annika Jahn
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Central Animal Research Facility, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Susanne Pfeiler
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lucas Busch
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Manuel Stern
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Heiss
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Guildford, UK
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill, UK
| | - Lilian Vornholz
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sandra Cames
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mareike Cramer
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vera Schrauwen-Hinderling
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Norbert Gerdes
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Temme
- Experimental Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Experimental Anesthesiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulrich Flögel
- Experimental Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Malte Kelm
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Florian Bönner
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Maxouri O, Bodalal Z, Daal M, Rostami S, Rodriguez I, Akkari L, Srinivas M, Bernards R, Beets-Tan R. How to 19F MRI: applications, technique, and getting started. BJR Open 2023; 5:20230019. [PMID: 37953866 PMCID: PMC10636348 DOI: 10.1259/bjro.20230019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a significant role in the routine imaging workflow, providing both anatomical and functional information. 19F MRI is an evolving imaging modality where instead of 1H, 19F nuclei are excited. As the signal from endogenous 19F in the body is negligible, exogenous 19F signals obtained by 19F radiofrequency coils are exceptionally specific. Highly fluorinated agents targeting particular biological processes (i.e., the presence of immune cells) have been visualised using 19F MRI, highlighting its potential for non-invasive and longitudinal molecular imaging. This article aims to provide both a broad overview of the various applications of 19F MRI, with cancer imaging as a focus, as well as a practical guide to 19F imaging. We will discuss the essential elements of a 19F system and address common pitfalls during acquisition. Last but not least, we will highlight future perspectives that will enhance the role of this modality. While not an exhaustive exploration of all 19F literature, we endeavour to encapsulate the broad themes of the field and introduce the world of 19F molecular imaging to newcomers. 19F MRI bridges several domains, imaging, physics, chemistry, and biology, necessitating multidisciplinary teams to be able to harness this technology effectively. As further technical developments allow for greater sensitivity, we envision that 19F MRI can help unlock insight into biological processes non-invasively and longitudinally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Leila Akkari
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - René Bernards
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Mo Y, Huang C, Liu C, Duan Z, Liu J, Wu D. Recent Research Progress of 19 F Magnetic Resonance Imaging Probes: Principle, Design, and Their Application. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200744. [PMID: 36512446 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Visualization of biomolecules, cells, and tissues, as well as metabolic processes in vivo is significant for studying the associated biological activities. Fluorine magnetic resonance imaging (19 F MRI) holds potential among various imaging technologies thanks to its negligible background signal and deep tissue penetration in vivo. To achieve detection on the targets with high resolution and accuracy, requirements of high-performance 19 F MRI probes are demanding. An ideal 19 F MRI probe is thought to have, first, fluorine tags with magnetically equivalent 19 F nuclei, second, high fluorine content, third, adequate fluorine nuclei mobility, as well as excellent water solubility or dispersity, but not limited to. This review summarizes the research progresses of 19 F MRI probes and mainly discusses the impacts of structures on in vitro and in vivo imaging performances. Additionally, the applications of 19 F MRI probes in ions sensing, molecular structures analysis, cells tracking, and in vivo diagnosis of disease lesions are also covered in this article. From authors' perspectives, this review is able to provide inspirations for relevant researchers on designing and synthesizing advanced 19 F MRI probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyi Mo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Gongchang Road 66, Guangming, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Chixiang Huang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Gongchang Road 66, Guangming, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Changjiang Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Gongchang Road 66, Guangming, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Ziwei Duan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Gongchang Road 66, Guangming, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Juan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Gongchang Road 66, Guangming, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Dalin Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Gongchang Road 66, Guangming, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
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5
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Łopuszyńska N, Węglarz WP. Contrasting Properties of Polymeric Nanocarriers for MRI-Guided Drug Delivery. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2163. [PMID: 37570481 PMCID: PMC10420849 DOI: 10.3390/nano13152163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Poor pharmacokinetics and low aqueous solubility combined with rapid clearance from the circulation of drugs result in their limited effectiveness and generally high therapeutic doses. The use of nanocarriers for drug delivery can prevent the rapid degradation of the drug, leading to its increased half-life. It can also improve the solubility and stability of drugs, advance their distribution and targeting, ensure a sustained release, and reduce drug resistance by delivering multiple therapeutic agents simultaneously. Furthermore, nanotechnology enables the combination of therapeutics with biomedical imaging agents and other treatment modalities to overcome the challenges of disease diagnosis and therapy. Such an approach is referred to as "theranostics" and aims to offer a more patient-specific approach through the observation of the distribution of contrast agents that are linked to therapeutics. The purpose of this paper is to present the recent scientific reports on polymeric nanocarriers for MRI-guided drug delivery. Polymeric nanocarriers are a very broad and versatile group of materials for drug delivery, providing high loading capacities, improved pharmacokinetics, and biocompatibility. The main focus was on the contrasting properties of proposed polymeric nanocarriers, which can be categorized into three main groups: polymeric nanocarriers (1) with relaxation-type contrast agents, (2) with chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) properties, and (3) with direct detection contrast agents based on fluorinated compounds. The importance of this aspect tends to be downplayed, despite its being essential for the successful design of applicable theranostic nanocarriers for image-guided drug delivery. If available, cytotoxicity and therapeutic effects were also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Łopuszyńska
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Cracow, Poland
| | - Władysław P. Węglarz
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Cracow, Poland
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Dubois VP, Sehl OC, Foster PJ, Ronald JA. Visualizing CAR-T cell Immunotherapy Using 3 Tesla Fluorine-19 MRI. Mol Imaging Biol 2022; 24:298-308. [PMID: 34786668 PMCID: PMC8983548 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01672-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell cancer immunotherapies have shown remarkable results in patients with hematological malignancies and represent the first approved genetically modified cellular therapies. However, not all blood cancer patients respond favorably, serious side effects have been reported, and the treatment of solid tumors has been a challenge. An imaging tool for visualizing the variety of CAR-T cell products in use and being explored could provide important patient-specific data on CAR-T cell location to inform on potential success or failure of treatment as well as off-target toxicities. Fluorine-19 (19F) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows for the noninvasive detection of 19F perfluorocarbon (PFC) labeled cells. Our objective was to visualize PFC-labeled (PFC +) CAR-T cells in a mouse model of leukemia using clinical field strength (3 Tesla) 19F MRI and compare the cytotoxicity of PFC + versus unlabeled CAR-T cells. PROCEDURES NSG mice (n = 17) received subcutaneous injections of CD19 + human B cell leukemia cells (NALM6) expressing firefly luciferase in their left hind flank (1 × 106). Twenty-one days later, each mouse received an intratumoral injection of 10 × 106 PFC + CD19-targeted CAR-T cells (n = 6), unlabeled CD19-targeted CAR-T cells (n = 3), PFC + untransduced T cells (n = 5), or an equivalent volume of saline (n = 3). 19F MRI was performed on mice treated with PFC + CAR-T cells days 1, 3, and 7 post-treatment. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) was performed on all mice days - 1, 5, 10, and 14 post-treatment to monitor tumor response. RESULTS PFC + CAR-T cells were successfully detected in tumors using 19F MRI on days 1, 3, and 7 post-injection. In vivo BLI data revealed that mice treated with PFC + or PFC - CAR-T cells had significantly lower tumor burden by day 14 compared to untreated mice and mice treated with PFC + untransduced T cells (p < 0.05). Importantly, mice treated with PFC + CAR-T cells showed equivalent cytotoxicity compared to mice receiving PFC - CAR-T cells. CONCLUSIONS Our studies demonstrate that clinical field strength 19F MRI can be used to visualize PFC + CAR-T cells for up to 7 days post-intratumoral injection. Importantly, PFC labeling did not significantly affect in vivo CAR-T cell cytotoxicity. These imaging tools may have broad applications for tracking emerging CAR-T cell therapies in preclinical models and may eventually be useful for the detection of CAR-T cells in patients where localized injection of CAR-T cells is being pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica P Dubois
- Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- The Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Olivia C Sehl
- Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- The Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Paula J Foster
- Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- The Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - John A Ronald
- Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
- The Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
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Galanakou P, Leventouri T, Muhammad W. Non-radioactive elements for prompt gamma enhancement in proton therapy. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Sehl OC, Foster PJ. The sensitivity of magnetic particle imaging and fluorine-19 magnetic resonance imaging for cell tracking. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22198. [PMID: 34772991 PMCID: PMC8589965 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01642-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) and fluorine-19 (19F) MRI produce images which allow for quantification of labeled cells. MPI is an emerging instrument for cell tracking, which is expected to have superior sensitivity compared to 19F MRI. Our objective is to assess the cellular sensitivity of MPI and 19F MRI for detection of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and breast cancer cells. Cells were labeled with ferucarbotran or perfluoropolyether, for imaging on a preclinical MPI system or 3 Tesla clinical MRI, respectively. Using the same imaging time, as few as 4000 MSC (76 ng iron) and 8000 breast cancer cells (74 ng iron) were reliably detected with MPI, and 256,000 MSC (9.01 × 1016 19F atoms) were detected with 19F MRI, with SNR > 5. MPI has the potential to be more sensitive than 19F MRI for cell tracking. In vivo sensitivity with MPI and 19F MRI was evaluated by imaging MSC that were administered by different routes. In vivo imaging revealed reduced sensitivity compared to ex vivo cell pellets of the same cell number. We attribute reduced MPI and 19F MRI cell detection in vivo to the effect of cell dispersion among other factors, which are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia C Sehl
- Robarts Research Institute, 100 Perth Dr., London, ON, N6A 5K8, Canada.
- The Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada.
| | - Paula J Foster
- Robarts Research Institute, 100 Perth Dr., London, ON, N6A 5K8, Canada
- The Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
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9
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Krafft MP, Riess JG. Therapeutic oxygen delivery by perfluorocarbon-based colloids. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 294:102407. [PMID: 34120037 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
After the protocol-related indecisive clinical trial of Oxygent, a perfluorooctylbromide/phospholipid nanoemulsion, in cardiac surgery, that often unduly assigned the observed untoward effects to the product, the development of perfluorocarbon (PFC)-based O2 nanoemulsions ("blood substitutes") has come to a low. Yet, significant further demonstrations of PFC O2-delivery efficacy have continuously been reported, such as relief of hypoxia after myocardial infarction or stroke; protection of vital organs during surgery; potentiation of O2-dependent cancer therapies, including radio-, photodynamic-, chemo- and immunotherapies; regeneration of damaged nerve, bone or cartilage; preservation of organ grafts destined for transplantation; and control of gas supply in tissue engineering and biotechnological productions. PFC colloids capable of augmenting O2 delivery include primarily injectable PFC nanoemulsions, microbubbles and phase-shift nanoemulsions. Careful selection of PFC and other colloid components is critical. The basics of O2 delivery by PFC nanoemulsions will be briefly reminded. Improved knowledge of O2 delivery mechanisms has been acquired. Advanced, size-adjustable O2-delivering nanoemulsions have been designed that have extended room-temperature shelf-stability. Alternate O2 delivery options are being investigated that rely on injectable PFC-stabilized microbubbles or phase-shift PFC nanoemulsions. The latter combine prolonged circulation in the vasculature, capacity for penetrating tumor tissues, and acute responsiveness to ultrasound and other external stimuli. Progress in microbubble and phase-shift emulsion engineering, control of phase-shift activation (vaporization), understanding and control of bubble/ultrasound/tissue interactions is discussed. Control of the phase-shift event and of microbubble size require utmost attention. Further PFC-based colloidal systems, including polymeric micelles, PFC-loaded organic or inorganic nanoparticles and scaffolds, have been devised that also carry substantial amounts of O2. Local, on-demand O2 delivery can be triggered by external stimuli, including focused ultrasound irradiation or tumor microenvironment. PFC colloid functionalization and targeting can help adjust their properties for specific indications, augment their efficacy, improve safety profiles, and expand the range of their indications. Many new medical and biotechnological applications involving fluorinated colloids are being assessed, including in the clinic. Further uses of PFC-based colloidal nanotherapeutics will be briefly mentioned that concern contrast diagnostic imaging, including molecular imaging and immune cell tracking; controlled delivery of therapeutic energy, as for noninvasive surgical ablation and sonothrombolysis; and delivery of drugs and genes, including across the blood-brain barrier. Even when the fluorinated colloids investigated are designed for other purposes than O2 supply, they will inevitably also carry and deliver a certain amount of O2, and may thus be considered for O2 delivery or co-delivery applications. Conversely, O2-carrying PFC nanoemulsions possess by nature a unique aptitude for 19F MR imaging, and hence, cell tracking, while PFC-stabilized microbubbles are ideal resonators for ultrasound contrast imaging and can undergo precise manipulation and on-demand destruction by ultrasound waves, thereby opening multiple theranostic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pierre Krafft
- University of Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron (CNRS), 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Jean G Riess
- Harangoutte Institute, 68160 Ste Croix-aux-Mines, France
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Makela AV, Gaudet JM, Schott MA, Sehl OC, Contag CH, Foster PJ. Magnetic Particle Imaging of Macrophages Associated with Cancer: Filling the Voids Left by Iron-Based Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 22:958-968. [PMID: 31933022 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-020-01473-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is an emerging molecular imaging technique that directly detects iron nanoparticles distributed in living subjects. Compared with imaging iron with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), MPI signal can be measured to determine iron content in specific regions. In this paper, the detection of iron-labeled macrophages associated with cancer by MRI and MPI was compared. PROCEDURES Imaging was performed on 4T1 tumor-bearing mice 16-21 days post-cancer cell implantation, 24 h after intravenous injection of Ferucarbotran, a superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) or Ferumoxytol, an ultra-small SPIO. Images of living mice were acquired on a 3T clinical MRI (General Electric, n = 6) or MPI (Magnetic Insight, n = 10) system. After imaging, tumors and lungs were removed, imaged by MPI and examined by histology. RESULTS MRI signal voids were observed within all tumors. In vivo, MPI signals were observed in the tumors of 4 of 5 mice after the administration of each contrast agent and in all excised tumors. Signal voids visualized by MRI were more apparent in tumors of mice injected with Ferumoxytol than those that received Ferucarbotran; this was consistent with iron content measured by MPI. Signal voids relating to macrophage uptake of iron were not detected in lungs by MRI, since air also appears hypointense. In vivo, MPI could not differentiate between iron in the lungs vs the high signal from iron in the liver. However, once the lungs were excised, MPI signal was detectable and quantifiable. Histologic examination confirmed iron within macrophages present in the tumors. CONCLUSIONS MPI provides quantitative information on in vivo iron labeling of macrophages that is not attainable with MRI. The optimal iron nanoparticle for MPI in general is still under investigation; however, for MPI imaging of macrophages labeled in vivo by intravenous administration, Ferumoxytol nanoparticles were superior to Ferucarbotran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley V Makela
- The Institute for Quantitative Health Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Dr., East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Jeffrey M Gaudet
- The Institute for Quantitative Health Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Dr., East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Magnetic Insight Inc, Alameda, CA, USA
| | - Melissa A Schott
- The Institute for Quantitative Health Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Dr., East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Olivia C Sehl
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher H Contag
- The Institute for Quantitative Health Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Dr., East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Paula J Foster
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Lee AL, Lee SH, Nguyen H, Cahill M, Kappel E, Pomerantz WCK, Haynes CL. Investigation of the Post-Synthetic Confinement of Fluorous Liquids Inside Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:5222-5231. [PMID: 33886317 PMCID: PMC9682517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorocarbon (PFC) filled nanoparticles are increasingly being investigated for various biomedical applications. Common approaches for PFC liquid entrapment involve surfactant-based emulsification and Pickering emulsions. Alternatively, PFC liquids are capable of being entrapped inside hollow nanoparticles via a postsynthetic loading method (PSLM). While the methodology for the PSLM is straightforward, the effect each loading parameter has on the PFC entrapment has yet to be investigated. Previous work revealed incomplete filling of the hollow nanoparticles. Changing the loading parameters was expected to influence the ability of the PFC to fill the core of the nanoparticles. Hence, it would be possible to model the loading mechanism and determine the influence each factor has on PFC entrapment by tracking the change in loading yield and efficiency of PFC-filled nanoparticles. Herein, neat PFC liquid was loaded into silica nanoparticles and extracted into aqueous phases while varying the sonication time, concentration of nanoparticles, volume ratio between aqueous and fluorous phases, and pH of the extraction water. Loading yields and efficiency were determined via 19F nuclear magnetic resonance and N2 physisorption isotherms. Sonication time was indicated to have the strongest correlation to loading yield and efficiency; however, method validation revealed that the current model does not fully explain the loading capabilities of the PSLM. Confounding variables and more finely controlled parameters need to be considered to better predict the behavior and loading capacity by the PSLM and warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani L Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Sang-Hyuk Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Huan Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Meghan Cahill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Elaine Kappel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - William C K Pomerantz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christy L Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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12
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Sehl OC, Makela AV, Hamilton AM, Foster PJ. Trimodal Cell Tracking In Vivo: Combining Iron- and Fluorine-Based Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Magnetic Particle Imaging to Monitor the Delivery of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and the Ensuing Inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 5:367-376. [PMID: 31893235 PMCID: PMC6935990 DOI: 10.18383/j.tom.2019.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is limited, as many cells undergo apoptosis following administration. In addition, the attraction of immune cells (predominately macrophages) to the site of implantation can lead to MSC rejection. We implemented a trimodal imaging technique to monitor the fate of transplanted MSCs and infiltrating macrophages in vivo. MSCs were labeled with an iron oxide nanoparticle (ferumoxytol) and then implanted within the hind limb muscle of 10 C57BI/6 mice. Controls received unlabeled MSCs (n = 5). A perfluorocarbon agent was administered intravenously for uptake by phagocytic macrophages in situ; 1 and 12 days later, the ferumoxytol-labeled MSCs were detected by proton (1H) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic particle imaging (MPI). Perfluorocarbon-labeled macrophages were detected by fluorine-19 (19F) MRI. 1H/19F MRI was acquired on a clinical scanner (3 T) using a dual-tuned surface coil and balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) sequence. The measured volume of signal loss and MPI signal declined over 12 days, which is consistent with the death and clearance of iron-labeled MSCs. 19F signal persisted over 12 days, suggesting the continuous infiltration of perfluorocarbon-labeled macrophages. Because MPI and 19F MRI signals are directly quantitative, we calculated estimates of the number of MSCs and macrophages present over time. The presence of MSCs and macrophages was validated with histology following the last imaging session. This is the first study to combine the use of iron- and fluorine-based MRI with MPI cell tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia C Sehl
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute and.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; and
| | - Ashley V Makela
- The Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | | | - Paula J Foster
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute and.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; and
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13
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Darçot E, Colotti R, Pellegrin M, Wilson A, Siegert S, Bouzourene K, Yerly J, Mazzolai L, Stuber M, van Heeswijk RB. Towards Quantification of Inflammation in Atherosclerotic Plaque in the Clinic - Characterization and Optimization of Fluorine-19 MRI in Mice at 3 T. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17488. [PMID: 31767900 PMCID: PMC6877590 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53905-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorine-19 (19F) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of injected perfluorocarbons (PFCs) can be used for the quantification and monitoring of inflammation in diseases such as atherosclerosis. To advance the translation of this technique to the clinical setting, we aimed to 1) demonstrate the feasibility of quantitative 19F MRI in small inflammation foci on a clinical scanner, and 2) to characterize the PFC-incorporating leukocyte populations and plaques. To this end, thirteen atherosclerotic apolipoprotein-E-knockout mice received 2 × 200 µL PFC, and were scanned on a 3 T clinical MR system. 19F MR signal was detected in the aortic arch and its branches in all mice, with a signal-to-noise ratio of 11.1 (interquartile range IQR = 9.5–13.1) and a PFC concentration of 1.15 mM (IQR = 0.79–1.28). Imaging flow cytometry was used on another ten animals and indicated that PFC-labeled leukocytes in the aortic arch and it branches were mainly dendritic cells, macrophages and neutrophils (ratio 9:1:1). Finally, immunohistochemistry analysis confirmed the presence of those cells in the plaques. We thus successfully used 19F MRI for the noninvasive quantification of PFC in atherosclerotic plaque in mice on a clinical scanner, demonstrating the feasibility of detecting very small inflammation foci at 3 T, and advancing the translation of 19F MRI to the human setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Darçot
- Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Colotti
- Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maxime Pellegrin
- Division of Angiology, Heart and Vessel Department, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne Wilson
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Department of Formation and Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Siegert
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Department of Formation and Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Karima Bouzourene
- Division of Angiology, Heart and Vessel Department, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Yerly
- Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Lausanne and Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Mazzolai
- Division of Angiology, Heart and Vessel Department, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Stuber
- Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Lausanne and Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ruud B van Heeswijk
- Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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14
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Cho MH, Shin SH, Park SH, Kadayakkara DK, Kim D, Choi Y. Targeted, Stimuli-Responsive, and Theranostic 19F Magnetic Resonance Imaging Probes. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:2502-2518. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Hyeon Cho
- National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Shin
- National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Park
- National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Deepak Kana Kadayakkara
- Department of Medicine, Bridgeport Hospital−Yale New Haven Health, Bridgeport, Connecticut 06610, United States
| | - Daehong Kim
- National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongdoo Choi
- National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Republic of Korea
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15
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Waiczies S, Srinivas M, Flögel U, Boehm-Sturm P, Niendorf T. Special issue on fluorine-19 magnetic resonance: technical solutions, research promises and frontier applications. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 32:1-3. [PMID: 30730025 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-019-00741-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Waiczies
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Mangala Srinivas
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (RadboudUMC), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Flögel
- Experimental Cardiovascular Imaging, Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Philipp Boehm-Sturm
- Department of Experimental Neurology and Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence and Charité Core Facility 7T Experimental MRIs, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thoralf Niendorf
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Fluorine-19 Cellular MRI Detection of In Vivo Dendritic Cell Migration and Subsequent Induction of Tumor Antigen-Specific Immunotherapeutic Response. Mol Imaging Biol 2019; 22:549-561. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-019-01393-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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