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Gast LV, Platt T, Nagel AM, Gerhalter T. Recent technical developments and clinical research applications of sodium ( 23Na) MRI. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 138-139:1-51. [PMID: 38065665 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Sodium is an essential ion that plays a central role in many physiological processes including the transmembrane electrochemical gradient and the maintenance of the body's homeostasis. Due to the crucial role of sodium in the human body, the sodium nucleus is a promising candidate for non-invasively assessing (patho-)physiological changes. Almost 10 years ago, Madelin et al. provided a comprehensive review of methods and applications of sodium (23Na) MRI (Madelin et al., 2014) [1]. More recent review articles have focused mainly on specific applications of 23Na MRI. For example, several articles covered 23Na MRI applications for diseases such as osteoarthritis (Zbyn et al., 2016, Zaric et al., 2020) [2,3], multiple sclerosis (Petracca et al., 2016, Huhn et al., 2019) [4,5] and brain tumors (Schepkin, 2016) [6], or for imaging certain organs such as the kidneys (Zollner et al., 2016) [7], the brain (Shah et al., 2016, Thulborn et al., 2018) [8,9], and the heart (Bottomley, 2016) [10]. Other articles have reviewed technical developments such as radiofrequency (RF) coils for 23Na MRI (Wiggins et al., 2016, Bangerter et al., 2016) [11,12], pulse sequences (Konstandin et al., 2014) [13], image reconstruction methods (Chen et al., 2021) [14], and interleaved/simultaneous imaging techniques (Lopez Kolkovsky et al., 2022) [15]. In addition, 23Na MRI topics have been covered in review articles with broader topics such as multinuclear MRI or ultra-high-field MRI (Niesporek et al., 2019, Hu et al., 2019, Ladd et al., 2018) [16-18]. During the past decade, various research groups have continued working on technical improvements to sodium MRI and have investigated its potential to serve as a diagnostic and prognostic tool. Clinical research applications of 23Na MRI have covered a broad spectrum of diseases, mainly focusing on the brain, cartilage, and skeletal muscle (see Fig. 1). In this article, we aim to provide a comprehensive summary of methodological and hardware developments, as well as a review of various clinical research applications of sodium (23Na) MRI in the last decade (i.e., published from the beginning of 2013 to the end of 2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena V Gast
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Tanja Platt
- Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Armin M Nagel
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany; Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Teresa Gerhalter
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
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Kaggie JD, Lanz T, McLean MA, Riemer F, Schulte RF, Benjamin AJV, Kessler DA, Sun C, Gilbert FJ, Graves MJ, Gallagher FA. Combined 23 Na and 13 C imaging at 3.0 Tesla using a single-tuned large FOV birdcage coil. Magn Reson Med 2021; 86:1734-1745. [PMID: 33934383 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE An unmet need in carbon-13 (13 C)-MRI is a transmit system that provides uniform excitation across a large FOV and can accommodate patients of wide-ranging body habitus. Due to the small difference between the resonant frequencies, sodium-23 (23 Na) coil developments can inform 13 C coil design while being simpler to assess due to the higher naturally abundant 23 Na signal. Here we present a removable 23 Na birdcage, which also allows operation as a 13 C abdominal coil. METHODS We demonstrate a quadrature-driven 4-rung 23 Na birdcage coil of 50 cm in length for both 23 Na and 13 C abdominal imaging. The coil transmit efficiencies and B 1 + maps were compared to a linearly driven 13 C Helmholtz-based (clamshell) coil. SNR was investigated with 23 Na and 13 C data using an 8-channel 13 C receive array within the 23 Na birdcage. RESULTS The 23 Na birdcage longitudinal FOV was > 40 cm, whereas the 13 C clamshell was < 32 cm. The transmit efficiency of the birdcage at the 23 Na frequency was 0.65 µT/sqrt(W), similar to the clamshell for 13 C. However, the coefficient of variation of 23 Na- B 1 + was 16%, nearly half that with the 13 C clamshell. The 8-channel 13 C receive array combined with the 23 Na birdcage coil generated a greater than twofold increase in 23 Na-SNR from the central abdomen compared with the birdcage alone. DISCUSSION This 23 Na birdcage coil has a larger FOV and improved B 1 + uniformity when compared to the widely used clamshell coil design while also providing similar transmit efficiency. The coil has the potential to be used for both 23 Na and 13 C imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Kaggie
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mary A McLean
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Riemer
- Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualisation Centre (MMIV), Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Arnold J V Benjamin
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitri A Kessler
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chang Sun
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona J Gilbert
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Graves
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ferdia A Gallagher
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Grist JT, Riemer F, Hansen ESS, Tougaard RS, McLean MA, Kaggie J, Bøgh N, Graves MJ, Gallagher FA, Laustsen C. Visualization of sodium dynamics in the kidney by magnetic resonance imaging in a multi-site study. Kidney Int 2020; 98:1174-1178. [PMID: 32585166 PMCID: PMC7652549 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sodium magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful, non-invasive technique to assess sodium distribution within the kidney. Here we undertook pre-clinical and clinical studies to quantify the corticomedullary sodium gradient in healthy individuals and in a porcine model of diuresis. The results demonstrated that sodium MRI could detect spatial differences in sodium biodistribution across the kidney. The sodium gradient of the kidney changed significantly after diuresis in the pig model and was independent of blood electrolyte measurements. Thus, rapid sodium MRI can be used to dynamically quantify sodium biodistribution in the porcine and human kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Grist
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank Riemer
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Esben S S Hansen
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rasmus S Tougaard
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mary A McLean
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joshua Kaggie
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nikolaj Bøgh
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin J Graves
- Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Christoffer Laustsen
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Gomolka RS, Ciritsis A, Rossi C. 23 Na-T 1 quantification with saturation recovery TrueFISP and variable flip angle GRE at 3T: A phantom study. Magn Reson Med 2020; 84:3300-3307. [PMID: 32544302 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the current study was to compare the reproducibility of sodium (23 Na)-T1 estimation using a centric-reordered saturation recovery (SR) true fast imaging with steady-state precession (TrueFISP) and a variable flip angle (VFA) spoiled gradient echo (GRE). Additionally, we evaluated the effect of spatial averaging on 23 Na-T1 estimation by the two methods. METHODS Measurements were performed in the phantom, consisting of 10 dm3 volume rectangular polyethylene container filled with distilled water solution of 0.6% NaCl + 0.004% CuSO4 , using a dual-tunable 23 Na/1 H coil at 3 Tesla. 23 Na images were acquired for FOV = 384 × 384 mm2 and voxel size = 6 × 6 × 6 mm3 using: (1) TrueFISP: TR/TE = 900/1.5 ms, flip angle = 90°, bandwidth = 450 Hz/px, and (2) GRE: TR/TE = 30/1.5 ms, bandwidth = 350 Hz/px. 23 Na-T1 weightings were obtained with nonselective saturation prepulses delayed from the center of the k-space acquisition by 25/40/60/130/280 ms (SR-TrueFISP) and by applying different nominal flip angles: 10°/30°/50°/70°/90° (VFA-GRE). Both sequences were acquired twice, applying 20 and 30 spatial averages. The resulting images were B1 -corrected with a double-angle GRE method. RESULTS Image acquisition varied from 5:41 to 9:37 for TrueFISP and from 12:48 to 19:12 min for GRE using 20 and 30 spatial averages, respectively. Higher averaging increased the acquisition time by 53% and mean SNR at scan < 10%, without an effect on 23 Na-T1 estimations with both methods (SR-Truefisp |Δ| = 1.58 ms, VFA-GRE |Δ| = 0.53 ms; for SNR P < .001). Overall, mean ± SD of 23 Na-T1 was found as 51 ± 3 ms with SR-TrueFISP and 53 ± 2 ms with VFA-GRE. CONCLUSION Both SR-TrueFISP and VFA-GRE provided similar 23 Na-T1 estimates based on the phantom measurements with isotropic resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard S Gomolka
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Ciritsis
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Rossi
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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