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Hao LS, Zhang MM, Li XF, Xin X, Zhao GL. Efficient regioselective enzymatic acylation of troxerutin: difference characterization of in vitro cellular uptake and cytotoxicity. Food Funct 2024; 15:5785-5796. [PMID: 38660890 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00906a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a multi-site acylation strategy to improve the lipophilicity and cellular uptake of troxerutin, a natural flavonoid with many health-promoting bioactivities. By clarifying the acylation properties of troxerutin catalyzed by lipases from different sources, a series of troxerutin ester derivatives acylated at different sites was synthesized, including troxerutin dipropyl (TDP), tripropyl (TTP), tetrapropyl (TEP), dibutyl (TDB), monohexyl (TMH), monooctyl (TMO) and monodecyl (TMD) esters. Interestingly, the troxerutin esters acylated at multiple sites with shorter fatty chains (TDP, TTP and TEP) had similar lipophilicity to the mono-acylated esters bearing longer fatty chains (TMH, TMO and TMD, respectively) and meanwhile demonstrated surprisingly lower cytotoxicity than that of the long fatty-chain mono-esters. In particular, the multi-acylated esters with shorter fatty chains showed remarkably higher cellular uptake than the mono-esters with long fatty chains. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion suggested that the multi-acylated esters of troxerutin were more resistant to gastrointestinal degradation than the mono-esters. These results indicated that multi-site acylation with short fatty chains could be an effective alternative to introducing one-site mono-acylation for the modification of troxerutin and other flavonoid compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Sha Hao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Meng-Meng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Dongsha Street 24, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Xuan Xin
- College of Light Industry and Food Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Dongsha Street 24, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China.
| | - Guang-Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China
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Darwish AG, Moniruzzaman M, Tsolova V, El-Sharkawy I. Integrating Metabolomics and Gene Expression Underlying Potential Biomarkers Compounds Associated with Antioxidant Activity in Southern Grape Seeds. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020210. [PMID: 36837828 PMCID: PMC9963462 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Different southern grape (Muscadine) genotypes (Muscadinia rotundifolia Michx.) were evaluated for their contents of metabolites in ripe berries. The metabolome study identified 331 metabolites in ripening skin and seed tissues. The major chemical groups were organic acids, fatty acyls, polyketides, and organic heterocycle compounds. The metabolic pathways of the identified metabolite were mainly arginine biosynthesis, D-glutamine, D-glutamate metabolism, alanine, aspartate metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, and citrate cycle. Principal component analysis indicated that catechin, gallic acid, and epicatechin-3-gallate were the main metabolites existing in muscadine seed extracts. However, citramalic and malic acids were the main metabolites contributing to muscadine skin extracts. Partial least-squares discriminant analysis (VIP > 1) described 25 key compounds indicating the metabolome in muscadine tissues (skin and seed). Correlation analysis among the 25 compounds and oxidation inhibition activities identified five biomarker compounds that were associated with antioxidant activity. Catechin, gallic acid, epicatechin-3-gallate, fertaric acid, and procyanidin B1 were highly associated with DPPH, FRAP, CUPRAC, and ABTS. The five biomarker compounds were significantly accumulated in the seed relative to the skin tissues. An evaluation of 15 antioxidant-related genes represented by the 3-dehydroquinate dehydratase (DHD), shikimate kinase (SK), chalcone synthase (CHS), anthocyanidin reductase (ANR), laccase (LAC), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), 3-dehydroquinate synthase (DHQS), chorismate mutase (CM), flavanone-3-hydroxylase (F3H), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR), gallate 1-β-glucosyltransferase (UGT), and anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) encode critical enzymes related to polyphenolics pathway throughout four developmental stages (fruit-set FS, véraison V, ripe-skin R, and ripe-seed; S) in the C5 genotype demonstrated the dramatic accumulation of all transcripts in seed tissue or a developmental stage-dependent manner. Our findings suggested that muscadine grape seeds contain essential metabolites that could attract the attention of those interested in the pharmaceutical sector and the plant breeders to develop new varieties with high nutraceutical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed G. Darwish
- Center for Viticulture and Small Fruit Research, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32308, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Md Moniruzzaman
- Center for Viticulture and Small Fruit Research, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32308, USA
| | - Violeta Tsolova
- Center for Viticulture and Small Fruit Research, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32308, USA
| | - Islam El-Sharkawy
- Center for Viticulture and Small Fruit Research, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32308, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-850-599-8685
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Tolba MM, Salim MM, El-Awady M. Simultaneous estimation of troxerutin and calcium dobesilate in presence of the carcinogenic hydroquinone using green spectrofluorimetric method. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:201888. [PMID: 33972870 PMCID: PMC8074710 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.201888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we conducted two facile and highly sensitive spectrofluorimetric approaches in order to quantify the vasoprotective agents; troxerutin (TROX) and calcium dobesilate (DOB) in the presence of hydroquinone (HQ) (as a highly toxic impurity and potential degradation product of DOB) in commercial formulations and human plasma. The first approach relies simply on using ethanol as an eco-friendly solvent for the estimation of DOB at 345 nm after being excited at 305 nm. The linearity was carefully investigated between DOB concentration and the relative fluorescence intensity in the range of 0.05-0.8 µg ml-1. Due to the high method simplicity and sensitivity, applying the first approach to quality control analysis and spiked human plasma samples with mean % recoveries 100.74 ± 3.71 adds another merit. The second approach involved rapid conventional fluorimetric estimation of ethanolic TROX solution in TROX/DOB combined dosage forms at 455/350 nm (emission/excitation) with a linear calibration chart covering the range of 0.1-1.2 µg ml-1. Moreover, the second approach involved a comprehensive study in a trial to solve the problem of superposition of DOB and HQ graph adopting the first derivative synchronous fluorimetric mechanism in ethanol at Δλ = 60 nm. Therefore, DOB was measured at 286 and 323 nm, while HQ could be quantitated at 301 nm. The Beer-Lambert Law has complied over the ranges of 0.1-1.0 and 0.02-0.4 µg ml-1 for DOB and HQ, respectively. Guidelines adopted by the International Council of Harmonization (ICH) were used to validate the target approaches. The developed methods are more convenient for routine quality control laboratory instead of the time-consuming and sophisticated reported techniques. Moreover, different aspects of evaluating the greenness of the proposed approaches were conducted to have a complete image of their environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. M. Tolba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - M. M. Salim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
| | - M. El-Awady
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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Xin X, Zhang M, Li X, Lai F, Zhao G. Biocatalytic synthesis of acylated derivatives of troxerutin: their bioavailability and antioxidant properties in vitro. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:130. [PMID: 30134913 PMCID: PMC6106897 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0976-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Flavonoid glycosides have many beneficial effects on health, but these bioactivities tend to decrease after oral administration owing to their poor lipophilicity. In this study, a facile whole-cell-based method was developed for selective preparation of monoester or diester of troxerutin, a flavonoid derivative. In addition, the bioavailabilities and antioxidant properties of troxerutin and its acylated derivatives were also investigated in cells. Results Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas stutzeri cells showed high catalytic efficiency (substrate conversion > 90%) and different preferences for troxerutin, resulting in the production of its monoester (TME) and diester (TDE), respectively. The logP values of troxerutin, TME, and TDE were − 2.04 ± 0.10, − 0.75 ± 0.08, and 1.51 ± 0.05 and their Papp values were 0.34 × 10−6 ± 0.05, 0.99 × 10−6 ± 0.12, and 1.54 × 10−6 ± 0.17 cm/s, respectively. The results of hydroxyl radical, ABTS, and ORAC assays indicated that the antiradical activities of acylated derivatives did not exceed that of troxerutin, but showed higher inhibition effects upon 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride-induced erythrocyte hemolysis than that of troxerutin (P < 0.05). Conclusion A facile and efficient whole-cell biocatalysis method was developed to synthesize troxerutin-acylated derivatives, markedly enhancing the bioavailability and antioxidant activities of troxerutin in cells. Additionally, the mechanism underlying the observed difference in the antioxidant activities of troxerutin and its esters was ascribed to both their free radical scavenging abilities and distribution on the cell membrane surface.![]() Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-018-0976-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Xin
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China.
| | - Furao Lai
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Guanglei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China.
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Bianchi M, Canavesi R, Aprile S, Grosa G, Del Grosso E. Troxerutin, a mixture of O-hydroxyethyl derivatives of the natural flavonoid rutin: Chemical stability and analytical aspects. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 150:248-257. [PMID: 29258044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Troxerutin (TRX) is a mixture of semisynthetic hydroxyethylrutosides (Hers) arising from hydroxyethylation of rutin, a natural occurring flavonoid. TRX is commonly used for its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in chronic venous insufficiency and other vascular disorders. In recent studies, the protective effects of TRX in Alzheimer's disease, colon carcinogenesis and hepatocellular carcinoma are emerged. However, the chemical stability of TRX has never been studied. Hence, the aims of the work were to study the TRX chemical stability through a forced degradation study and to develop and validate a new stability indicating LC-UV method for determination of TRX. In order to perform the study, TRX stability was tested in various stress conditions analysing the degradation samples by LC-MS. Three degradation products (DPs; D1, D2 and D3, 3',4',7-Tri-O-(β-hydroxyethyl)quercetin, 3',4',5,7-Tetra-O-(β-hydroxyethyl)quercetin and 3',4'-Di-O-(β-hydroxyethyl)quercetin respectively) arising from degradation in acidic conditions were identified and synthesized: among them, D1 resulted the stability indicator for hydrolytic degradation. Furthermore, a stability-indicating LC-UV method for simultaneous determination of triHer (3',4',7-Tri-O-(β-hydroxyethyl)rutin, the principal component of the mixture) and D1 was developed and validated. The LC-UV method consisted in a gradient elution on a Phenomenex Kinetex EVO C18 (150 × 3 mm, 5 μm) with acetonitrile and ammonium bicarbonate buffer (10 mM, pH 9.2). The method was linear for triHer (20-60 μg mL-1) and D1 (5.1-35 μg mL-1). The intraday and interday precision were determined and expressed as RSDs: all the values were ≤ 2% for both triHer and D1. The method demonstrated also to be accurate and robust and the average recoveries were 98.8 and 97.9% for triHer and D1, respectively. Moreover, the method resulted selective and specific for all of the components present in the degradation pattern of TRX (diHer (3',4'-Di-O-(β-hydroxyethyl)rutin), triHer, tetraHer (3',4',5,7-Tetra-O-(β-hydroxyethyl)rutin), D3, D1 and D2) and it was successfully applied for the stability studies of both drug substances and drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bianchi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Rossana Canavesi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Silvio Aprile
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Grosa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Erika Del Grosso
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
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Sun H, Wang J, Sun Y, Peng W, Sun L, Yang Y, Gu J. Rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of yonkenafil and its major metabolites in rat plasma. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:3700-3708. [PMID: 27601197 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Yonkenafil is a promising drug for treatment of male erectile dysfunction. Previous studies showed that the piperazine-N,N'-deethylation metabolite, piperazine-N-deethylation metabolite, and piperazine-N-deethylation-N,N'-deethylation metabolite were the major metabolites of yonkenafil after extensive metabolism. We developed a sensitive and selective method for the simultaneous quantification of yonkenafil and its major metabolites using high-throughput liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Analytes and internal standard were extracted from a small quantity of plasma (50 μL) using liquid-liquid extraction with diethyl ether/dichloromethane (60:40, v/v), and the baseline separation was achieved on Zorbax SB-C18 column using ammonia/water/methanol (0.2:20:80, v/v/v) as the mobile phase. The assay was performed with an electrospray positive ionization mass spectrometry through the multiple-reaction monitoring mode within 2 min. Calibration curve of the method was linear within the range of 1.00-1000 ng/mL for all the analytes with the intra- and interday precisions of 4.0-5.2 and 4.0-5.3% for yonkenafil, 3.1-4.9 and 3.1-5.2% for the piperazine-N,N'-deethylation metabolite, 4.8-6.8 and 4.8-7.3% for the piperazine-N-deethylation metabolite, and 2.9-6.1 and 5.4-6.3% for the piperazine-N-deethylation-N,N'-deethylation metabolite, respectively. The recoveries were above 90% with low matrix effects. The validated assay was successfully applied to support a preclinical pharmacokinetic study in six rats using a single oral dose of yonkenafil (8 mg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Sun
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yantong Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Wenwen Peng
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Lingxia Sun
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yan Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Jingkai Gu
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China.
- Clinical Pharmacology Center, Research Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China.
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Mohamed Abdelrahman M, Abdelaleem EA, Ali NW, Emam RA. Simultaneous determination of Carbazochrome and Troxerutin in their binary mixture by HPLC and HPTLC-Densitometric methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bfopcu.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Xu M, Yu Q, Zhao Q, Chen W, Lin Y, Jin Y. Development and in vitro–in vivo evaluation of a water-in-oil microemulsion formulation for the oral delivery of troxerutin. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2015; 42:280-7. [PMID: 26165244 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1047849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Man Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China and
- Department of Pharmacy, Lu'an People's Hospital, Lu'an Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Lu'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China and
| | - Qianru Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China and
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China and
| | - Yuanjie Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China and
| | - Yong Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China and
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Llorent-Martínez EJ, Molina-García L, Ruiz-Medina A, Ortega-Barrales P. Quantitation of Selected Polyphenols in Plant-Based Food Supplements by Liquid Chromatography–Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-014-9858-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Assay of Citrus Flavonoids, Troxerutin, and Ascorbic Acid in Food Supplements and Pharmaceuticals by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-013-9573-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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