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Wang Q, Li C, Yuan B, Yu A, Qu G, Sun Z. Engineering the Activity of a Newly Identified Arylalkylamine N-Acetyltransferase in the Acetylation of 5-Hydroxytryptamine. Chembiochem 2024:e202400069. [PMID: 38504591 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) serves as a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of melatonin by transforming 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) to N-acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine (NAS), while its low activity may hinder melatonin yield. In this study, a novel AANAT derived from Sus scrofa (SsAANAT) was identified through data mining using 5-HT as a model substrate, and a rational design of SsAANAT was conducted in the quest to improving its activity. After four rounds of mutagenesis procedures, a triple combinatorial dominant mutant M3 was successfully obtained. Compared to the parent enzyme, the conversion of the whole-cell reaction bearing the best variant M3 exhibted an increase from 50 % to 99 % in the transformation of 5-HT into NAS. Additionally, its catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) was enhanced by 2-fold while retaining the thermostability (Tm>45 °C). In the up-scaled reaction with a substrate loading of 50 mM, the whole-cell system incorporating variant M3 achieved a 99 % conversion of 5-HT in 30 h with an 80 % yield. Molecular dynamics simulations were ultilized to shed light on the origin of improved activity. This study broadens the repertoire of AANAT for the efficient biosynthesis of melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 300457, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300308, Tianjin, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, 300308, Tianjin, China
| | - Congcong Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300308, Tianjin, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, 300308, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300308, Tianjin, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, 300308, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300308, Tianjin, China
| | - Aiqun Yu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 300457, Tianjin, China
| | - Ge Qu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300308, Tianjin, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, 300308, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300308, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhoutong Sun
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300308, Tianjin, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, 300308, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300308, Tianjin, China
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Li C, Sun P, Wei G, Zhu Y, Li J, Liu Y, Chen J, Deng Y. Efficient biosynthesis of creatine by whole-cell catalysis from guanidinoacetic acid in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2024; 9:99-107. [PMID: 38288444 PMCID: PMC10823089 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Creatine is a naturally occurring derivative of an amino acid commonly utilized in functional foods and pharmaceuticals. Nevertheless, the current industrial synthesis of creatine relies on chemical processes, which may hinder its utilization in certain applications. Therefore, a biological approach was devised that employs whole-cell biocatalysis in the bacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum, which is considered safe for use in food production, to produce safe-for-consumption creatine. The objective of this study was to identify a guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT) with superior catalytic activity for creatine production. Through employing whole-cell biocatalysis, a gamt gene from Mus caroli (Mcgamt) was cloned and expressed in C. glutamicum ATCC 13032, resulting in a creatine titer of 3.37 g/L. Additionally, the study employed a promoter screening strategy that utilized nine native strong promoters in C. glutamicum to enhance the expression level of GAMT. The highest titer was achieved using the P1676 promoter, reaching 4.14 g/L. The conditions of whole-cell biocatalysis were further optimized, resulting in a creatine titer of 5.42 g/L. This is the first report of successful secretory creatine expression in C. glutamicum, which provides a safer and eco-friendly approach for the industrial production of creatine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjian Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Key Laboratory of Special Food Processing (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Special Food, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Nuoan Baite Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Pengdong Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Key Laboratory of Special Food Processing (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Special Food, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Guoqing Wei
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Key Laboratory of Special Food Processing (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Special Food, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yuqi Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Key Laboratory of Special Food Processing (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Special Food, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jingyuan Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Key Laboratory of Special Food Processing (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Special Food, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, and Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, and Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yang Deng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Key Laboratory of Special Food Processing (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Special Food, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, China
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Kosian D, Willistein M, Weßbecher R, Eggers C, May O, Boll M. Highly selective whole-cell 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 synthesis using molybdenum-dependent C25-steroid dehydrogenase and cyclodextrin recycling. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:30. [PMID: 38245746 PMCID: PMC10799449 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02303-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global prevalence of vitamin D (VitD) deficiency associated with numerous acute and chronic diseases has led to strategies to improve the VitD status through dietary intake of VitD-fortified foods and VitD supplementation. In this context, the circulating form of VitD3 (cholecalciferol) in the human body, 25-hydroxy-VitD3 (calcifediol, 25OHVitD3), has a much higher efficacy in improving the VitD status, which has motivated researchers to develop methods for its effective and sustainable synthesis. Conventional monooxygenase-/peroxygenase-based biocatalytic platforms for the conversion of VitD3 to value-added 25OHVitD3 are generally limited by a low selectivity and yield, costly reliance on cyclodextrins and electron donor systems, or by the use of toxic co-substrates. RESULTS In this study, we used a whole-cell approach for biocatalytic 25OHVitD3 synthesis, in which a molybdenum-dependent steroid C25 dehydrogenase was produced in the denitrifying bacterium Thauera aromatica under semi-aerobic conditions, where the activity of the enzyme remained stable. This enzyme uses water as a highly selective VitD3 hydroxylating agent and is independent of an electron donor system. High density suspensions of resting cells producing steroid C25 dehydrogenase catalysed the conversion of VitD3 to 25OHVitD3 using either O2 via the endogenous respiratory chain or externally added ferricyanide as low cost electron acceptor. The maximum 25OHVitD3 titer achieved was 1.85 g L-1 within 50 h with a yield of 99%, which is 2.2 times higher than the highest reported value obtained with previous biocatalytic systems. In addition, we developed a simple method for the recycling of the costly VitD3 solubiliser cyclodextrin, which could be reused for 10 reaction cycles without a significant loss of quality or quantity. CONCLUSIONS The established steroid C25 dehydrogenase-based whole-cell system for the value-adding conversion of VitD3 to 25OHVitD3 offers a number of advantages in comparison to conventional oxygenase-/peroxygenase-based systems including its high selectivity, independence from an electron donor system, and the higher product titer and yield. Together with the established cyclodextrin recycling procedure, the established system provides an attractive platform for large-scale 25OHVitD3 synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Kosian
- Faculty of Biology - Microbiology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Max Willistein
- Faculty of Biology - Microbiology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Weßbecher
- Faculty of Biology - Microbiology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Constantin Eggers
- Faculty of Biology - Microbiology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver May
- DSM Nutritional Products, Koninklijke DSM N.V., Kaiseraugst, 4303, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Boll
- Faculty of Biology - Microbiology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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Fan C, Zhou F, Huang W, Xue Y, Xu C, Zhang R, Xian M, Feng X. Characterization of an efficient N-oxygenase from Saccharothrix sp. and its application in the synthesis of azomycin. Biotechnol Biofuels Bioprod 2023; 16:194. [PMID: 38104149 PMCID: PMC10724926 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nitro group constitutes a significant functional moiety within numerous valuable substances, such as nitroimidazoles, a class of antimicrobial drugs exhibiting broad spectrum activity. Conventional chemical methods for synthesizing nitro compounds suffer from harsh conditions, multiple steps, and environmental issues. Biocatalysis has emerged as a promising alternative to overcome these drawbacks, with certain enzymes capable of catalyzing nitro group formation gradually being discovered in nature. Nevertheless, the practical application is hindered by the restricted diversity and low catalytic activity exhibited by the reported nitrifying enzymes. RESULTS A novel N-oxygenase SaRohS harboring higher catalytic capability of transformation 2-aminoimidazole to azomycin was characterized from Saccharothrix sp. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that SaRohS belongs to the heme-oxygenase-like diiron oxygenase (HDOs) family. SaRohS exhibited optimal activity at pH 5.5 and 25 ℃, respectively. The enzyme maintained relatively stable activity within the pH range of 4.5 to 6.5 and the temperature range of 20 ℃ to 35 ℃. Following sequence alignment and structural analysis, several promising amino acid residues were meticulously chosen for catalytic performance evaluation. Site-directed mutations showed that threonine 75 was essential for the catalytic activity. The dual mutant enzyme G95A/K115T exhibited the highest catalytic efficiency, which was approximately 5.8-fold higher than that of the wild-type and 22.3-fold higher than that of the reported N-oxygenase KaRohS from Kitasatospora azatica. The underlying catalytic mechanism was investigated through molecular docking and molecular dynamics. Finally, whole-cell biocatalysis was performed and 2-aminoimidazole could be effectively converted into azomycin with a reaction conversion rate of 42% within 14 h. CONCLUSIONS An efficient N-oxygenase that catalyzes 2-aminoimidazole to azomycin was screened form Saccharothrix sp., its phylogenetics and enzymatic properties were analyzed. Through site-directed mutation, enhancements in catalytic competence were achieved, and the molecular basis underlying the enhanced enzymatic activity of the mutants was revealed via molecular docking and dynamic simulation. Furthermore, the application potential of this enzyme was assessed through whole cell biocatalysis, demonstrating it as a promising alternative method for azomycin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanle Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Wei Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Yi Xue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Chao Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Rubing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Mo Xian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China.
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China.
| | - Xinjun Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China.
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China.
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Kim B, Oh SJ, Hwang JH, Kim HJ, Shin N, Joo JC, Choi KY, Park SH, Park K, Bhatia SK, Yang YH. Complementation of reducing power for 5-hydroxyvaleric acid and 1,5-pentanediol production via glucose dehydrogenase in Escherichia coli whole-cell system. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 170:110305. [PMID: 37595400 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
One of the key intermediates, 5-hydroxyvaleric acid (5-HV), is used in the synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoate monomer, δ-valerolactone, 1,5-pentanediol (1,5-PDO), and many other substances. Due to global environmental problems, eco-friendly bio-based synthesis of various platform chemicals and key intermediates are socially required, but few previous studies on 5-HV biosynthesis have been conducted. To establish a sustainable bioprocess for 5-HV production, we introduced gabT encoding 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase and yqhD encoding alcohol dehydrogenase to produce 5-HV from 5-aminovaleric acid (5-AVA), through glutarate semialdehyde in Escherichia coli whole-cell reaction. As, high reducing power is required to produce high concentrations of 5-HV, we newly introduced glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) for NADPH regeneration system from Bacillus subtilis 168. By applying GDH with D-glucose and optimizing the parameters, 5-HV conversion rate from 5-AVA increased from 47% (w/o GDH) to 82% when using 200 mM (23.4 g/L) of 5-AVA. Also, it reached 56% conversion in 2 h, showing 56 mM/h (6.547 g/L/h) productivity from 200 mM 5-AVA, finally reaching 350 mM (41 g/L) and 14.6 mM/h (1.708 g/L/h) productivity at 24 h when 1 M (117.15 g/L) 5-AVA was used. When the whole-cell system with GDH was expanded to produce 1,5-PDO, its production was also increased 5-fold. Considering that 5-HV and 1,5-PDO production depends heavily on the reducing power of the cells, we successfully achieved a significant increase in 5-HV and 1,5-PDO production using GDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungchan Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Jin Oh
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hyeon Hwang
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nara Shin
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Chan Joo
- Deparment of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Young Choi
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - See-Hyoung Park
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmoon Park
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yung-Hun Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Cui Z, Zheng M, Ding M, Dai W, Wang Z, Chen T. Efficient production of acetoin from lactate by engineered Escherichia coli whole-cell biocatalyst. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12560-x. [PMID: 37178309 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12560-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Acetoin, an important and high-value added bio-based platform chemical, has been widely applied in fields of foods, cosmetics, chemical synthesis, and agriculture. Lactate is a significant intermediate short-chain carboxylate in the anaerobic breakdown of carbohydrates that comprise ~ 18% and ~ 70% in municipal wastewaters and some food processing wastewaters, respectively. In this work, a series of engineered Escherichia coli strains were constructed for efficient production of acetoin from cheaper and abundant lactate through heterogenous co-expression of fusion protein (α-acetolactate synthetase and α-acetolactate decarboxylase), lactate dehydrogenase and NADH oxidase, and blocking acetate synthesis pathways. After optimization of whole-cell bioconversion conditions, the engineered strain BL-11 produced 251.97 mM (22.20 g/L) acetoin with a yield of 0.434 mol/mol in shake flasks. Moreover, a titer of 648.97mM (57.18 g/L) acetoin was obtained in 30 h with a yield of 0.484 mol/mol lactic acid in a 1-L bioreactor. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the production of acetoin from renewable lactate through whole-cell bioconversion with both high titer and yield, which demonstrates the economy and efficiency of acetoin production from lactate. Key Points • The lactate dehydrogenases from different organisms were expressed, purified, and assayed. • It is the first time that acetoin was produced from lactate by whole-cell biocatalysis. • The highest titer of 57.18 g/L acetoin was obtained with high theoretical yield in a 1-L bioreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Cui
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Meiyu Zheng
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengnan Ding
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
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Siziya IN, Jung JH, Seo MJ, Lim MC, Seo DH. Whole-cell bioconversion using non-Leloir transglycosylation reactions: a review. Food Sci Biotechnol 2023; 32:749-768. [PMID: 37041815 PMCID: PMC10082888 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01283-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial biocatalysts are evolving technological tools for glycosylation research in food, feed and pharmaceuticals. Advances in bioengineered Leloir and non-Leloir carbohydrate-active enzymes allow for whole-cell biocatalysts to curtail production costs of purified enzymes while enhancing glucan synthesis through continued enzyme expression. Unlike sugar nucleotide-dependent Leloir glycosyltransferases, non-Leloir enzymes require inexpensive sugar donors and can be designed to match the high value, yield and selectivity of the former. This review addresses the current state of bacterial cell-based production of glucans and glycoconjugates via transglycosylation, and describes how alterations made to microbial hosts to surpass purified enzymes as the preferred mode of catalysis are steadily being acquired through genetic engineering, rational design and process optimization. A comprehensive exploration of relevant literature has been summarized to describe whole-cell biocatalysis in non-Leloir glycosylation reactions with various donors and acceptors, and the characterization, application and latest developments in the optimization of their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inonge Noni Siziya
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896 Republic of Korea
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Jung
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, 56212 Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Ji Seo
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012 Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Cheol Lim
- Research Group of Consumer Safety, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Jeollabuk-do, 55365 Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Seo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896 Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 Republic of Korea
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8
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Bieringer E, García Vázquez U, Klein L, Moretó Bravo N, Tobler M, Weuster-Botz D. Bioproduction and applications of aldobionic acids with a focus on maltobionic and cellobionic acid. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2023:10.1007/s00449-023-02872-7. [PMID: 37058246 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-023-02872-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Aldobionic acids are sugar acids which consist of a disaccharide with an anomeric acid group. The most famous is lactobionic acid (LBA). LBA is used in many applications such as food and beverages, pharmaceuticals and medicine, cosmetics or chemical processes. During the last decade, all these industries are observing a shift of consumer preferences towards plant-based options. Thus, the biotechnological industry is trying to replace the animal-derived LBA. Maltobionic acid (MBA) and cellobionic acid (CBA) are two stereoisomers of LBA which have emerged as vegan alternatives. However, MBA and CBA face different obstacles related to their industrial production. While traditionally used electrochemical or chemical catalysis often rely on cost intensive and/or hazardous catalysts, novel production methods with microorganisms are still poorly studied. In the first part, this paper discusses both alternatives in terms of their characteristics and applications. In the second part, it reviews the long-studied chemical production and the novel bioproduction methods, which are based on enzymatic and microbial systems. This review concludes with a discussion of future work needed to bring their production to the industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmeran Bieringer
- TUM School of Engineering and Design, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Chair of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Uxía García Vázquez
- TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Luisa Klein
- TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Núria Moretó Bravo
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Matthias Tobler
- TUM Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Petersgasse 5, 94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Dirk Weuster-Botz
- TUM School of Engineering and Design, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Chair of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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9
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Zhou Q, Wu Y, Deng J, Liu Y, Li J, Du G, Lv X, Liu L. Combinatorial metabolic engineering enables high yield production of α-arbutin from sucrose by biocatalysis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2897-2910. [PMID: 37000229 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12496-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
α-Arbutin has been widely used as a skin-whitening ingredient. Previously, we successfully produced α-arbutin via whole-cell biocatalysis and found that the conversion rate of sucrose to α-arbutin was low (~45%). To overcome this issue, herein, we knocked out the genes of enzymes related to the sucrose hydrolysis, including sacB, sacC, levB, and sacA. The sucrose consumption was reduced by 17.4% in 24 h, and the sucrose conversion rate was increased to 51.5%. Furthermore, we developed an inducible protein degradation system with Lon protease isolated from Mesoplasma florum (MfLon) and proteolytic tag to control the PfkA activity, so that more fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) can be converted into glucose-1-phosphate (Glc1P) for α-arbutin synthesis, which can reduce the addition of sucrose and increase the sucrose conversion efficiency. Finally, the pathway of F6P to Glc1P was enhanced by integrating another copy of glucose 6-phosphate isomerase (Pgi) and phosphoglucomutase (PgcA); a high α-arbutin titer (~120 g/L) was obtained. The sucrose conversion rate was increased to 60.4% (mol/mol). In this study, the substrate utilization rate was boosted due to the attenuation of its hydrolysis and the assistance of the intracellular enzymes that converted the side product back into the substrate for α-arbutin synthesis. This strategy provides a new idea for the whole-cell biocatalytic synthesis of other products using sucrose as substrate, especially valuable glycosides.Key points The genes of sucrose metabolic pathway were knocked out to reduce the sucrose consumption. The by-product fructose was reused to synthesize α-arbutin. The optimized whole-cell system improved sucrose conversion by 15.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Wuxi Food Safety Inspection and Test Center & Technology Innovation Center of Special Food for State Market Regulation, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yaokang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jieying Deng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xueqin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- Science Center for Future Foods, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
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10
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Donova MV. Current Trends and Perspectives in Microbial Bioconversions of Steroids. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2704:3-21. [PMID: 37642835 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3385-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The microbiological transformation of sterols is currently the technological basis for the industrial production of valuable steroid precursors, the so-called synthons, from which a wide range of steroid and indane isoprenoids are obtained by combined chemical and enzymatic routes. These compounds include value-added corticoids, neurosteroids, sex hormones, bile acids, and other terpenoid lipids required by the medicine, pharmaceutical, food, veterinary, and agricultural industries.Progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms of microbial degradation of steroids, and the development and implementation of genetic technologies, opened a new era in steroid biotechnology. Metabolic engineering of microbial producers makes it possible not only to improve the biocatalytic properties of industrial strains by enhancing their target activity and/or suppressing undesirable activities in order to avoid the formation of by-products or degradation of the steroid core, but also to redirect metabolic fluxes in cells towards accumulation of new metabolites that may be useful for practical applications. Along with whole-cell catalysis, the interest of researchers is growing in enzymatic methods that make it possible to carry out selective structural modifications of steroids, such as the introduction of double bonds, the oxidation of steroidal alcohols, or the reduction of steroid carbonyl groups. A promising area of research is strain engineering based on the heterologous expression of foreign steroidogenesis systems (bacterial, fungal, or mammalian) that ensure selective formation of demanded hydroxylated steroids.Here, current trends and progress in microbial steroid biotechnology over the past few years are briefly reviewed, with a particular focus on the application of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology techniques to improve existing and create new whole-cell microbial biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Donova
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, Russia.
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11
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Lu J, Wang Y, Xu M, Fei Q, Gu Y, Luo Y, Wu H. Efficient biosynthesis of 3-hydroxypropionic acid from ethanol in metabolically engineered Escherichia coli. Bioresour Technol 2022; 363:127907. [PMID: 36087655 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Engineering microbial cell factories to convert CO2-based feedstock into chemicals and fuels provide a feasible carbon-neutral route for the third-generation biorefineries. Ethanol became one of the major products of syngas fermentation by engineered acetogens. The key building block chemical 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) can be synthesized from ethanol by the malonyl-CoA pathway with CO2 fixation. In this study, the effect of two ethanol consumption pathways on 3-HP synthesis were studied as well as the effect of TCA cycle, gluconeogenesis pathway, and transhydrogenase. And the 3-HP synthesis pathway was also optimized. The engineered strain synthesized 1.66 g/L of 3-HP with a yield of 0.24 g/g. Furthermore, the titer and the yield of 3-HP increased to 13.17 g/L and 0.57 g/g in the whole-cell biocatalysis system. This study indicated that ethanol as feedstock had the potential to synthesize 3-HP, which provided an alternative route for future biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juefeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Mingcheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qiang Fei
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Gu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, The State Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon-Nitrogen Assimilation, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanchan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China; Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Engineering of China National Light Industry Council, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
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12
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Nowrouzi B, Lungang L, Rios-Solis L. Exploring optimal Taxol® CYP725A4 activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:197. [PMID: 36123694 PMCID: PMC9484169 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01922-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CYP725A4 catalyses the conversion of the first Taxol® precursor, taxadiene, to taxadiene-5α-ol (T5α-ol) and a range of other mono- and di-hydroxylated side products (oxygenated taxanes). Initially known to undergo a radical rebound mechanism, the recent studies have revealed that an intermediate epoxide mediates the formation of the main characterised products of the enzyme, being T5α-ol, 5(12)-oxa-3(11)-cyclotaxane (OCT) and its isomer, 5(11)-oxa-3(11)-cyclotaxane (iso-OCT) as well as taxadienediols. Besides the high side product: main product ratio and the low main product titre, CYP725A4 is also known for its slow enzymatic activity, massively hindering further progress in heterologous production of Taxol® precursors. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically explore the key parameters for improving the regioselectivity and activity of eukaryotic CYP725A4 enzyme in a whole-cell eukaryotic biocatalyst, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Results Investigating the impact of CYP725A4 and reductase gene dosages along with construction of self-sufficient proteins with strong prokaryotic reductases showed that a potential uncoupling event accelerates the formation of oxygenated taxane products of this enzyme, particularly the side products OCT and iso-OCT. Due to the harmful effect of uncoupling products and the reactive metabolites on the enzyme, the impact of flavins and irons, existing as prosthetic groups in CYP725A4 and reductase, were examined in both their precursor and ready forms, and to investigate the changes in product distribution. We observed that the flavin adenine dinucleotide improved the diterpenoids titres and biomass accumulation. Hemin was found to decrease the titre of iso-OCT and T5α-ol, without impacting the side product OCT, suggesting the latter being the major product of CYP725A4. The interaction between this iron and the iron precursor, δ-Aminolevulinic acid, seemed to improve the production of these diterpenoids, further denoting that iso-OCT and T5α-ol were the later products. While no direct correlation between cellular-level oxidative stress and oxygenated taxanes was observed, investigating the impact of salt and antioxidant on CYP725A4 further showed the significant drop in OCT titre, highlighting the possibility of enzymatic-level uncoupling event and reactivity as the major mechanism behind the enzyme activity. To characterise the product spectrum and production capacity of CYP725A4 in the absence of cell growth, resting cell assays with optimal neutral pH revealed an array of novel diterpenoids along with higher quantities of characterised diterpenoids and independence of the oxygenated product spectra from the acidity effect. Besides reporting on the full product ranges of CYP725A4 in yeast for the first time, the highest total taxanes of around 361.4 ± 52.4 mg/L including 38.1 ± 8.4 mg/L of T5α-ol was produced herein at a small, 10-mL scale by resting cell assay, where the formation of some novel diterpenoids relied on the prior existence of other diterpenes/diterpenoids as shown by statistical analyses. Conclusions This study shows how rational strain engineering combined with an efficient design of experiment approach systematically uncovered the promoting effect of uncoupling for optimising the formation of the early oxygenated taxane precursors of Taxol®. The provided strategies can effectively accelerate the design of more efficient Taxol®-producing yeast strains. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-022-01922-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Nowrouzi
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK.,Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BD, UK
| | - Liang Lungang
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK.,Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BD, UK
| | - Leonardo Rios-Solis
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK. .,Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BD, UK. .,School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
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13
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Brandenberg OF, Schubert OT, Kruglyak L. Towards synthetic PETtrophy: Engineering Pseudomonas putida for concurrent polyethylene terephthalate (PET) monomer metabolism and PET hydrolase expression. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:119. [PMID: 35717313 PMCID: PMC9206389 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01849-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biocatalysis offers a promising path for plastic waste management and valorization, especially for hydrolysable plastics such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Microbial whole-cell biocatalysts for simultaneous PET degradation and growth on PET monomers would offer a one-step solution toward PET recycling or upcycling. We set out to engineer the industry-proven bacterium Pseudomonas putida for (i) metabolism of PET monomers as sole carbon sources, and (ii) efficient extracellular expression of PET hydrolases. We pursued this approach for both PET and the related polyester polybutylene adipate co-terephthalate (PBAT), aiming to learn about the determinants and potential applications of bacterial polyester-degrading biocatalysts. RESULTS P. putida was engineered to metabolize the PET and PBAT monomer terephthalic acid (TA) through genomic integration of four tphII operon genes from Comamonas sp. E6. Efficient cellular TA uptake was enabled by a point mutation in the native P. putida membrane transporter MhpT. Metabolism of the PET and PBAT monomers ethylene glycol and 1,4-butanediol was achieved through adaptive laboratory evolution. We then used fast design-build-test-learn cycles to engineer extracellular PET hydrolase expression, including tests of (i) the three PET hydrolases LCC, HiC, and IsPETase; (ii) genomic versus plasmid-based expression, using expression plasmids with high, medium, and low cellular copy number; (iii) three different promoter systems; (iv) three membrane anchor proteins for PET hydrolase cell surface display; and (v) a 30-mer signal peptide library for PET hydrolase secretion. PET hydrolase surface display and secretion was successfully engineered but often resulted in host cell fitness costs, which could be mitigated by promoter choice and altering construct copy number. Plastic biodegradation assays with the best PET hydrolase expression constructs genomically integrated into our monomer-metabolizing P. putida strains resulted in various degrees of plastic depolymerization, although self-sustaining bacterial growth remained elusive. CONCLUSION Our results show that balancing extracellular PET hydrolase expression with cellular fitness under nutrient-limiting conditions is a challenge. The precise knowledge of such bottlenecks, together with the vast array of PET hydrolase expression tools generated and tested here, may serve as a baseline for future efforts to engineer P. putida or other bacterial hosts towards becoming efficient whole-cell polyester-degrading biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver F Brandenberg
- Department of Human Genetics, Department of Biological Chemistry, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Olga T Schubert
- Department of Human Genetics, Department of Biological Chemistry, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA.,Department of Environmental Microbiology, EAWAG, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Leonid Kruglyak
- Department of Human Genetics, Department of Biological Chemistry, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA.
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14
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Zhao M, Song X, Liu W, Qi F, Zhao T, Xia K, Liu Z, Zheng Y. Whole-cell biotransformation for large scale production of carcinine in Escherichia coli. J Biotechnol 2022; 354:45-52. [PMID: 35716886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Carcinine is a natural imidazole-containing peptide derivative. It is widely used in the cosmetics industry as anti-aging supplement with antioxidant, anti-glycation and glycation reversal functions, and it also has a notable pharmacological effect as anti-tumor drug and in protection against retinopathy. However, a technological method for synthesis and production of carcinine has not been established. In this study, a whole-cell transformation system converting β-alanine and histamine to carcinine by the enzymes Ebony and phosphopantetheine transferase (Sfp) has been developed. The results revealed that the catalytic efficiency of the strain containing the fusion protein of Ebony and Sfp (Sfp-glycine-serine-glycine-Ebony, SGE) in Escherichia coli W3110 (WSGE strain) is significantly higher (7.45 mM) than the combinatorial strain of pET28a-ebony and pACYCDuet-sfp in E. coli BL21(DE3) (BSE strain) (2.17 mM). Under the optimal reaction conditions (25 ℃, pH 7.0, 12.5 g/L wet cells, 20 mM β-alanine and 40 mM histamine), the carcinine can be quickly synthesized within 24 h up to a concentration of 22.63 mM. To achieve a continuous and efficient conversion of the precursors, a batch-feeding catalysis was designed. With this system, β-alanine (40 mM) and histamine (40 mM) could be completely transformed to carcinine (40.34 mM) in 36 h with a productivity of 0.204 g/L h reaching a titer of 7.34 g/L. Hence, the batch-feeding whole-cell biocatalysis is a promising technology for the high yield production of carcinine which can promote the industrial production of carcinine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangting Song
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengjie Qi
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Keke Xia
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuguo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
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15
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Oh YR, Jang YA, Song JK, Eom GT. Whole-cell biocatalysis using genetically modified Pseudomonas taetrolens for efficient production of maltobionic acid from pure maltose and high-maltose corn syrup. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2022; 45:901-909. [PMID: 35201399 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02708-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Maltobionic acid (MBA) can be applied to various fields such as food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, whole-cell biocatalysis for MBA production was performed using recombinant Pseudomonas taetrolens homologously expressing quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase (GDH). Various reaction parameters such as temperature, cell density, and cell harvest time, were optimized for improving MBA production. Under the optimized reaction conditions using pure maltose as a substrate, the MBA production titer, yield, and productivity of whole-cell biocatalyst (WCB) were 200 g/L, 95.6%, and 18.18 g/L/h, respectively, which were the highest compared to those reported previously. Productivity, a key factor for industrial MBA production, obtained from whole-cell biocatalysis in this study, was enhanced by approximately 1.9-fold compared to that obtained in our previous work (9.52 g/L/h) using the fermentation method. Additionally, the WCB could be reused up to six times without a significant reduction in MBA productivity, indicating that the WCB is very robust. Although MBA productivity (8.33 g/L/h) obtained from high-maltose corn syrup (HMCS) as a substrate was 45.8% of that using pure maltose, HMCS can be a better substrate for commercial MBA production because its price is only 1.1% of that of pure maltose. The results of this study using a WCB to convert maltose into MBA may support the development of a potential industrial process for more economically effective MBA production in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ri Oh
- Bio-based Chemistry Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ah Jang
- Bio-based Chemistry Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Song
- Bio-based Chemistry Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Tae Eom
- Bio-based Chemistry Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea. .,Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Dai AD, Wu ZM, Zheng RC, Zheng YG. Constitutive expression of nitrilase from Rhodococcus zopfii for efficient biosynthesis of 2-chloronicotinic acid. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:50. [PMID: 35127305 PMCID: PMC8795250 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
2-chloronicotinic acid (2-CA) is a key precursor for the synthesis of a series of pesticides and pharmaceuticals. Nitrilase-catalyzed bioprocess is a promising method for 2-CA production from 2-chloronicotinonitrile (2-CN). In this study, a mutant of nitrilase from Rhodococcus zopfii (RzNIT/W167G) was constitutively overexpressed with Escherichia coli as host, which exhibited a onefold increase in enzymatic activity compared with inducible expression. Biosynthesis of 2-CA using whole cells harboring nitrilase as biocatalysts were investigated and 318.5 mM 2-CA was produced, which was the highest level for 2-CA production catalyzed by nitrilase to date. 2-CA was recovered from the reaction mixture through a simple acidification step with a recovery yield of 90%. This study developed an efficient bioprocess for 2-CA with great potential for industrial application. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03119-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Di Dai
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China ,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhe-Ming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China ,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ren-Chao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China ,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China ,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
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17
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Liu K, Yu H, Sun G, Liu Y, Li J, Du G, Lv X, Liu L. Semi-rational design of L-amino acid deaminase for production of pyruvate and D-alanine by Escherichia coli whole-cell biocatalyst. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1361-71. [PMID: 34417892 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study, one-step pyruvate and D-alanine production from D,L-alanine by a whole-cell biocatalyst Escherichia coli expressing L-amino acid deaminase (Pm1) derived from Proteus mirabilis was investigated. However, due to the low catalytic efficiency of Pm1, the pyruvate titer was relatively low. Here, semi-rational design based on site-directed saturation mutagenesis was carried out to improve the catalytic efficiency of Pm1. A novel high-throughput screening (HTS) method for pyruvate based on 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine indicator was then established. The catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of the mutant V437I screened out by this method was 1.88 times higher than wild type. Next, to improve the growth of the engineered strain BLK07, the genes encoding for Xpk and Fbp were integrated into its genome to construct non-oxidative glycolysis (NOG) pathway. Finally, the CRISPR/Cas9 system was used to integrate the N6-pm1-V437I gene into the genome of BLK07. Pyruvic acid titer of the plasmid-free strain reached 42.20 g/L with an L-alanine conversion rate of 77.62% and a D-alanine resolution of 82.4%. This work would accelerate the industrial production of pyruvate and D-alanine by biocatalysis, and the HTS method established here could be used to screen other Pm1 mutants with high pyruvate titers.
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Xiong J, Chen H, Liu R, Yu H, Zhuo M, Zhou T, Li S. Tuning a bi-enzymatic cascade reaction in Escherichia coli to facilitate NADPH regeneration for ε-caprolactone production. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:32. [PMID: 38650214 PMCID: PMC10992311 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00370-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
ε-Caprolactone is a monomer of poly(ε-caprolactone) which has been widely used in tissue engineering due to its biodegradability and biocompatibility. To meet the massive demand for this monomer, an efficient whole-cell biocatalytic approach was constructed to boost the ε-caprolactone production using cyclohexanol as substrate. Combining an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) with a cyclohexanone monooxygenase (CHMO) in Escherichia coli, a self-sufficient NADPH-cofactor regeneration system was obtained. Furthermore, some improved variants with the better substrate tolerance and higher catalytic ability to ε-caprolactone production were designed by regulating the ribosome binding sites. The best mutant strain exhibited an ε-caprolactone yield of 0.80 mol/mol using 60 mM cyclohexanol as substrate, while the starting strain only got a conversion of 0.38 mol/mol when 20 mM cyclohexanol was supplemented. The engineered whole-cell biocatalyst was used in four sequential batches to achieve a production of 126 mM ε-caprolactone with a high molar yield of 0.78 mol/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Xiong
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hefeng Chen
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ran Liu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hao Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Min Zhuo
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shuang Li
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Zhang DP, Jing XR, Wu LJ, Fan AW, Nie Y, Xu Y. Highly selective synthesis of D-amino acids via stereoinversion of corresponding counterpart by an in vivo cascade cell factory. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:11. [PMID: 33422055 PMCID: PMC7797136 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01506-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND D-Amino acids are increasingly used as building blocks to produce pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals. However, establishing a universal biocatalyst for the general synthesis of D-amino acids from cheap and readily available precursors with few by-products is challenging. In this study, we developed an efficient in vivo biocatalysis system for the synthesis of D-amino acids from L-amino acids by the co-expression of membrane-associated L-amino acid deaminase obtained from Proteus mirabilis (LAAD), meso-diaminopimelate dehydrogenases obtained from Symbiobacterium thermophilum (DAPDH), and formate dehydrogenase obtained from Burkholderia stabilis (FDH), in recombinant Escherichia coli. RESULTS To generate the in vivo cascade system, three strategies were evaluated to regulate enzyme expression levels, including single-plasmid co-expression, double-plasmid co-expression, and double-plasmid MBP-fused co-expression. The double-plasmid MBP-fused co-expression strain Escherichia coli pET-21b-MBP-laad/pET-28a-dapdh-fdh, exhibiting high catalytic efficiency, was selected. Under optimal conditions, 75 mg/mL of E. coli pET-21b-MBP-laad/pET-28a-dapdh-fdh whole-cell biocatalyst asymmetrically catalyzed the stereoinversion of 150 mM L-Phe to D-Phe, with quantitative yields of over 99% ee in 24 h, by the addition of 15 mM NADP+ and 300 mM ammonium formate. In addition, the whole-cell biocatalyst was used to successfully stereoinvert a variety of aromatic and aliphatic L-amino acids to their corresponding D-amino acids. CONCLUSIONS The newly constructed in vivo cascade biocatalysis system was effective for the highly selective synthesis of D-amino acids via stereoinversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Ping Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Key laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiao-Ran Jing
- School of Biotechnology and Key laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Lun-Jie Wu
- School of Biotechnology and Key laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - An-Wen Fan
- School of Biotechnology and Key laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yao Nie
- School of Biotechnology and Key laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- Suqian Industrial Technology Research Institute of Jiangnan University, Suqian, 223814, China.
| | - Yan Xu
- School of Biotechnology and Key laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
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Zou S, Hua D, Jiang Z, Han X, Xue Y, Zheng Y. A integrated process for nitrilase-catalyzed asymmetric hydrolysis and easy biocatalyst recycling by introducing biocompatible biphasic system. Bioresour Technol 2021; 320:124392. [PMID: 33246240 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The whole-cell nitrilase-catalyzed asymmetric hydrolysis of nitriles is a green and efficient preparation approach for chiral carboxylic acids, but often suffers from toxicity and cell lysis from organic substrates. In this work, a novel integrated process for whole-cell nitrilase-catalyzed asymmetric hydrolysis was developed for the first time by introducing a biocompatible ionic liquid (IL)-based biphasic system. The whole-cell nitrilases displayed an outstanding stability and recyclability in the biphasic system and still retained > 85% activity even after 7 cycles reaction. A preparative-scale fed-batch hydrolysis of o-chloromandelonitrile to (R)-o-chloromandelic acid (R-CMA) was performed using the integrated process. The results revealed a yield of 91.3% and a space-time yield of 746.4 g·L-1·d-1, which are currently the highest reported values for R-CMA biosynthesis. The proposed integrated process avoids substrate inhibition, facilitates the reusability of whole-cell nitrilases, and thus shows great potential for the sustainable production of chiral carboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Zou
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Dengen Hua
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhentao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xin Han
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yaping Xue
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Yuguo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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Salamanca D, Bühler K, Engesser KH, Schmid A, Karande R. Whole-cell biocatalysis using the Acidovorax sp. CHX100 Δ6HX for the production of ω-hydroxycarboxylic acids from cycloalkanes. N Biotechnol 2020; 60:200-206. [PMID: 33127412 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Omega hydroxycarboxylic acids (ω-HAs) possess two functional groups, a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group, and are essential precursors for the production of biodegradable polyester polymers. In this work, an Acidovorax mutant was investigated as a whole-cell biocatalyst for the conversion of cycloalkanes to their respective ω-hydroxycarboxylic acids. This Acidovorax sp. strain CHX100 originated from a wastewater treatment plant and uses cyclohexane as the sole source of carbon and energy with excellent growth rates (0.199 h-1). The metabolic efficiency of Acidovorax CHX100 is based on a highly efficient enzyme cascade used for the mineralization of cyclohexane. A deletion of 6-hydroxyhexanoate dehydrogenase in the native cycloalkane pathway resulted in the Acidovorax sp. strain CHX100 Δ6HX mutant, which accumulated short ω-hydroxycarboxylic acids (C5 to C10) from cycloalkanes. This mutant transformed cyclopentane and cyclohexane (5 mM) to 5-hydroxypentanoic acid and 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid, respectively, with a molar conversion above 98% in 6 h. An elementary environmental and economical assessment based on E-factor and biocatalyst yield suggests the use of inexpensive electron donor and carbon sources, with subsequent efforts to minimize waste generation. Such an early-stage analysis highlights the main bottlenecks that need to be solved in developing a sustainable bioprocess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Salamanca
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ GmbH, Department of Solar Materials, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katja Bühler
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ GmbH, Department of Solar Materials, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinrich Engesser
- Department of Biological Waste Air Purification, Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ GmbH, Department of Solar Materials, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rohan Karande
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ GmbH, Department of Solar Materials, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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Priebe X, Hoang MD, Rüdiger J, Turgel M, Tröndle J, Schwab W, Weuster-Botz D. Byproduct-free geraniol glycosylation by whole-cell biotransformation with recombinant Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:247-59. [PMID: 32860164 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02993-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective Geraniol, a fragrance of great importance in the consumer goods industry, can be glucosylated by the UDP-glucose-dependent glucosyltransferase VvGT14a from Vitis vinifera, yielding more stable geranyl glucoside. Escherichia coli expressing VvGT14a is a convenient whole-cell biocatalyst for this biotransformation due to its intrinsic capability for UDP-glucose regeneration. The low water solubility and high cytotoxicity of geraniol can be overcome in a biphasic system where the non-aqueous phase functions as an in situ substrate reservoir. However, the effect of different process variables on the biphasic whole-cell biotransformation is unknown. Thus, the goal of this study was to identify potential bottlenecks during biotransformation with in situ geraniol supply via isopropyl myristate as second non-aqueous phase. Results First, insufficient UDP-glucose supply could be ruled out by measurement of intracellular UDP-glucose concentrations. Instead, oxygen supply was determined as a bottleneck. Moreover, the formation of the byproduct geranyl acetate by chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) was identified as a constraint for high product yields. The use of a CAT-deficient whole-cell biocatalyst prevented the formation of geranyl acetate, and geranyl glucoside could be obtained with 100% selectivity during a biotransformation on L-scale. Conclusion This study is the first to closely analyze the whole-cell biotransformation of geraniol with Escherichia coli expressing an UDP-glucose-dependent glucosyltransferase and can be used as an optimal starting point for the design of other glycosylation processes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10529-020-02993-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Zhu J, Yang W, Wang B, Liu Q, Zhong X, Gao Q, Liu J, Huang J, Lin B, Tao Y. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for efficient production of L-alanyl-L-glutamine. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:129. [PMID: 32527330 PMCID: PMC7291740 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01369-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-Alanyl-L-glutamine (AQ) is a functional dipeptide with high water solubility, good thermal stability and high bioavailability. It is widely used in clinical treatment, post-operative rehabilitation, sports health care and other fields. AQ is mainly produced via chemical synthesis which is complicated, time-consuming, labor-intensive, and have a low yield accompanied with the generation of by-products. It is therefore highly desirable to develop an efficient biotechnological process for the industrial production of AQ. RESULTS A metabolically engineered E. coli strain for AQ production was developed by over-expressing L-amino acid α-ligase (BacD) from Bacillus subtilis, and inactivating the peptidases PepA, PepB, PepD, and PepN, as well as the dipeptide transport system Dpp. In order to use the more readily available substrate glutamic acid, a module for glutamine synthesis from glutamic acid was constructed by introducing glutamine synthetase (GlnA). Additionally, we knocked out glsA-glsB to block the first step in glutamine metabolism, and glnE-glnB involved in the ATP-dependent addition of AMP/UMP to a subunit of glutamine synthetase, which resulted in increased glutamine supply. Then the glutamine synthesis module was combined with the AQ synthesis module to develop the engineered strain that uses glutamic acid and alanine for AQ production. The expression of BacD and GlnA was further balanced to improve AQ production. Using the final engineered strain p15/AQ10 as a whole-cell biocatalyst, 71.7 mM AQ was produced with a productivity of 3.98 mM/h and conversion rate of 71.7%. CONCLUSION A metabolically engineered strain for AQ production was successfully developed via inactivation of peptidases, screening of BacD, introduction of glutamine synthesis module, and balancing the glutamine and AQ synthesis modules to improve the yield of AQ. This work provides a microbial cell factory for efficient production of AQ with industrial potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangming Zhu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Wei Yang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Bohua Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Qun Liu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Xiaotong Zhong
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Quanxiu Gao
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117 Fujian People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiezheng Liu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Jianzhong Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117 Fujian People’s Republic of China
| | - Baixue Lin
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yong Tao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
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Abstract
What is the impact of cellular heterogeneity on process performance? How do individual cells contribute to averaged process productivity? Single-cell analysis is a key technology for answering such key questions of biotechnology, beyond bulky measurements with populations. The analysis of cellular individuality, its origins, and the dependency of process performance on cellular heterogeneity has tremendous potential for optimizing biotechnological processes in terms of metabolic, reaction, and process engineering. Microfluidics offer unmatched environmental control of the cellular environment and allow massively parallelized cultivation of single cells. However, the analytical accessibility to a cell's physiology is of crucial importance for obtaining the desired information on the single-cell production phenotype. Highly sensitive analytics are required to detect and quantify the minute amounts of target analytes and small physiological changes in a single cell. For their application to biotechnological questions, single-cell analytics must evolve toward the measurement of kinetics and specific rates of the smallest catalytic unit, the single cell. In this chapter, we focus on an introduction to the latest single-cell analytics and their application for obtaining physiological parameters in a biotechnological context from single cells. We present and discuss recent advancements in single-cell analytics that enable the analysis of cell-specific growth, uptake, and production kinetics, as well as the gene expression and regulatory mechanisms at a single-cell level.
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Schwarz FM, Müller V. Whole-cell biocatalysis for hydrogen storage and syngas conversion to formate using a thermophilic acetogen. Biotechnol Biofuels 2020; 13:32. [PMID: 32140177 PMCID: PMC7048051 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-1670-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In times of global climate change, the conversion and capturing of inorganic CO2 have gained increased attention because of its great potential as sustainable feedstock in the production of biofuels and biochemicals. CO2 is not only the substrate for the production of value-added chemicals in CO2-based bioprocesses, it can also be directly hydrated to formic acid, a so-called liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC), by chemical and biological catalysts. Recently, a new group of enzymes were discovered in the two acetogenic bacteria Acetobacterium woodii and Thermoanaerobacter kivui which catalyze the direct hydrogenation of CO2 to formic acid with exceptional high rates, the hydrogen-dependent CO2 reductases (HDCRs). Since these enzymes are promising biocatalysts for the capturing of CO2 and the storage of molecular hydrogen in form of formic acid, we designed a whole-cell approach for T. kivui to take advantage of using whole cells from a thermophilic organism as H2/CO2 storage platform. Additionally, T. kivui cells were used as microbial cell factories for the production of formic acid from syngas. RESULTS This study demonstrates the efficient whole-cell biocatalysis for the conversion of H2 + CO2 to formic acid in the presence of bicarbonate by T. kivui. Interestingly, the addition of KHCO3 not only stimulated formate formation dramatically but it also completely abolished unwanted side product formation (acetate) under these conditions and bicarbonate was shown to inhibit the membrane-bound ATP synthase. Cell suspensions reached specific formate production rates of 234 mmol gprotein -1 h-1 (152 mmol gCDW -1 h-1), the highest rates ever reported in closed-batch conditions. The volumetric formate production rate was 270 mmol L-1 h-1 at 4 mg mL-1. Additionally, this study is the first demonstration that syngas can be converted exclusively to formate using an acetogenic bacterium and high titers up to 130 mM of formate were reached. CONCLUSIONS The thermophilic acetogenic bacterium T. kivui is an efficient biocatalyst which makes this organism a promising candidate for future biotechnological applications in hydrogen storage, CO2 capturing and syngas conversion to formate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian M. Schwarz
- Molecular Microbiology & Bioenergetics, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Volker Müller
- Molecular Microbiology & Bioenergetics, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Rüdiger J, Schwab W. Improving an Escherichia coli-based biocatalyst for terpenol glycosylation by variation of the expression system. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 46:1129-38. [PMID: 31062116 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-019-02184-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Glycosides are becoming increasingly more relevant for various industries as low-cost whole-cell-biocatalysts are now available for the manufacture of glycosides. However, there is still a need to optimize the biocatalysts. The aim of this work was to increase the titre of terpenyl glucosides in biotransformation assays with E. coli expressing VvGT14ao, a glycosyltransferase gene from grape (Vitis vinifera). Seven expression plasmids differing in the resistance gene, origin of replication, promoter sequence, and fusion protein tag were generated and transformed into four different E. coli expression strains, resulting in 18 strains that were tested for glycosylation efficiency with terpenols and a phenol. E. coli BL21(DE3)/pET-SUMO_VvGT14ao yielded the highest titres. The product concentration was improved 8.6-fold compared with E. coli BL21(DE3)pLysS/pET29a_VvGT14ao. The selection of a small solubility-enhancing protein tag and exploitation of the T7 polymerase-induction system allowed the formation of increased levels of functional recombinant protein, thereby improving the performance of the whole-cell biocatalyst.
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Xin X, Zhang M, Li X, Lai F, Zhao G. Biocatalytic synthesis of acylated derivatives of troxerutin: their bioavailability and antioxidant properties in vitro. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:130. [PMID: 30134913 PMCID: PMC6106897 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0976-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Flavonoid glycosides have many beneficial effects on health, but these bioactivities tend to decrease after oral administration owing to their poor lipophilicity. In this study, a facile whole-cell-based method was developed for selective preparation of monoester or diester of troxerutin, a flavonoid derivative. In addition, the bioavailabilities and antioxidant properties of troxerutin and its acylated derivatives were also investigated in cells. Results Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas stutzeri cells showed high catalytic efficiency (substrate conversion > 90%) and different preferences for troxerutin, resulting in the production of its monoester (TME) and diester (TDE), respectively. The logP values of troxerutin, TME, and TDE were − 2.04 ± 0.10, − 0.75 ± 0.08, and 1.51 ± 0.05 and their Papp values were 0.34 × 10−6 ± 0.05, 0.99 × 10−6 ± 0.12, and 1.54 × 10−6 ± 0.17 cm/s, respectively. The results of hydroxyl radical, ABTS, and ORAC assays indicated that the antiradical activities of acylated derivatives did not exceed that of troxerutin, but showed higher inhibition effects upon 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride-induced erythrocyte hemolysis than that of troxerutin (P < 0.05). Conclusion A facile and efficient whole-cell biocatalysis method was developed to synthesize troxerutin-acylated derivatives, markedly enhancing the bioavailability and antioxidant activities of troxerutin in cells. Additionally, the mechanism underlying the observed difference in the antioxidant activities of troxerutin and its esters was ascribed to both their free radical scavenging abilities and distribution on the cell membrane surface.![]() Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-018-0976-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Xin
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China.
| | - Furao Lai
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Guanglei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China.
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Honda K, Ono T, Okano K, Miyake R, Dekishima Y, Kawabata H. Expression of engineered carbonyl reductase from Ogataea minuta in Rhodococcus opacus and its application to whole-cell bioconversion in anhydrous solvents. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 127:145-9. [PMID: 30075940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The carbonyl reductase from the methylotrophic yeast Ogataea minuta can catalyze the regio- and enantio-selective reduction of prochiral ketones to chiral alcohols, and is available for industrial manufacturing of statin drugs. We previously conducted a directed evolution experiment of the enzyme, and obtained a mutant (OCR_V166A) with improved tolerance to organic solvents. This expanded the applicability of the enzyme to the bioconversion of water-insoluble compounds (Honda et al., J. Biosci. Bioeng., 123, 673-678, 2017). In the present study, we expressed OCR_V166A in Rhodococcus opacus cells, which have a highly lipophilic surface structure and are dispersible in anhydrous organic solvents, and developed a whole-cell biocatalyst which can function in an organic-solvent-based reaction medium. The secondary alcohol dehydrogenase from Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus (TeADH) was employed as an NADPH-regenerating enzyme and co-expressed with OCR_V166A in R. opacus. The whole-cell bioconversion of 2,2,2-trifluoroacetophenone to α-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl alcohol was performed in organic solvents, including isopropanol, isobutanol, and cyclohexanol, which served both as reaction media and as substrates for TeADH. The type of organic solvents markedly affected not only the product titer but also the enantio-purity of the product. When isobutanol was used as the reaction medium, the whole-cell biocatalyst showed higher stability than the isolated enzyme. Consequently, a high concentration (1 M) of the substrate was converted to the product with an overall conversion yield of 81% (mol/mol) in 24 h.
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Chen R. Enzyme and microbial technology for synthesis of bioactive oligosaccharides: an update. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:3017-26. [PMID: 29476402 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8839-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Oligosaccharides, in either free or bound forms, play crucial roles in a wide range of biological processes. Increasing appreciation of their roles in cellular communication, interaction, pathogenesis, and prebiotic functions has stimulated tremendous interests in their synthesis. Pure and structurally defined oligosaccharides are essential for fundamental studies. On the other hand, for those with near term medical and nutraceutical applications, their large-scale synthesis is necessary. Unfortunately, oligosaccharides are notoriously difficult in their synthesis, and their enormous diverse structures leave a vast gap between what have been synthesized in laboratory and those present in various biological systems. While enzymes and microbes are nature's catalysts for oligosaccharides, their effective use is not without challenges. Using examples of galactose-containing oligosaccharides, this review analyzes the pros and cons of these two forms of biocatalysts and provides an updated view on the status of biocatalysis in this important field. Over the past few years, a large number of novel galactosidases were discovered and/or engineered for improved synthesis via transglycosylation. The use of salvage pathway for regeneration of uridine diphosphate (UDP)-galactose has made the use of Leloir glycosyltransferases simpler and more efficient. The recent success of large-scale synthesis of 2' fucosyllactose heralded the power of whole-cell biocatalysis as a scalable technology. While it still lags behind enzyme catalysis in terms of the number of oligosaccharides synthesized, an acceleration in the use of this form of biocatalyst is expected as rapid advances in synthetic biology have made the engineering of whole cell biocatalysts less arduous and less time consuming.
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Han L, Zhao Y, Cui S, Liang B. Redesigning of Microbial Cell Surface and Its Application to Whole-Cell Biocatalysis and Biosensors. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 185:396-418. [PMID: 29168153 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2662-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microbial cell surface display technology can redesign cell surfaces with functional proteins and peptides to endow cells some unique features. Foreign peptides or proteins are transported out of cells and immobilized on cell surface by fusing with anchoring proteins, which is an effective solution to avoid substance transfer limitation, enzyme purification, and enzyme instability. As the most frequently used prokaryotic and eukaryotic protein surface display system, bacterial and yeast surface display systems have been widely applied in vaccine, biocatalysis, biosensor, bioadsorption, and polypeptide library screening. In this review of bacterial and yeast surface display systems, different cell surface display mechanisms and their applications in biocatalysis as well as biosensors are described with their strengths and shortcomings. In addition to single enzyme display systems, multi-enzyme co-display systems are presented here. Finally, future developments based on our and other previous reports are discussed.
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van Nuland YM, Eggink G, Weusthuis RA. Combination of ester biosynthesis and ω-oxidation for production of mono-ethyl dicarboxylic acids and di-ethyl esters in a whole-cell biocatalytic setup with Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:185. [PMID: 29096635 PMCID: PMC5667465 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0803-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medium chain length (C6-C12) α,ω-dicarboxylic acids (DCAs) and corresponding esters are important building blocks for the polymer industry. For DCAs of 12 carbon atoms and longer, a sustainable process based on monooxygenase catalyzed ω-oxidation of fatty-acids has been realized. For medium-chain DCAs with a shorter chain length however, such a process has not been developed yet, since monooxygenases poorly ω-oxidize medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs). On the contrary, esterified MCFAs are ω-oxidized well by the AlkBGTHJ proteins from Pseudomonas putida GPo1. RESULTS We show that MCFAs can be efficiently esterified and subsequently ω-oxidized in vivo. We combined ethyl ester synthesis and ω-oxidation in one-pot, whole-cell biocatalysis in Escherichia coli. Ethyl ester production was achieved by applying acyl-CoA ligase AlkK and an alcohol acyltransferase, either AtfA or Eeb1. E. coli expressing these proteins in combination with the ω-oxidation pathway consisting of AlkBGTHJ, produced mono-ethyl DCAs directly from C6, C8 and C9 fatty acids. The highest molar yield was 0.75, for mono-ethyl azelate production from nonanoic acid. Furthermore, di-ethyl esters were produced. Diethyl suberate was produced most among the di-ethyl esters, with a molar yield of 0.24 from octanoic acid. CONCLUSION The results indicate that esterification of MCFAs and subsequent ω-oxidation to mono-ethyl DCAs via whole-cell biocatalysis is possible. This process could be the first step towards sustainable production of medium-chain DCAs and medium-chain di-ethyl esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youri M van Nuland
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Gerrit Eggink
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Biobased Products, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ruud A Weusthuis
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Kolmar JF, Thum O, Baganz F. Customized microscale approach for optimizing two-phase bio-oxidations of alkanes with high reproducibility. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:174. [PMID: 29017530 PMCID: PMC5634833 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0788-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous challenges remain to achieve industrially competitive space–time yields for bio-oxidations. The ability to rapidly screen bioconversion reactions for characterization and optimization is of major importance in bioprocess development and biocatalyst selection; studies at conventional lab scale are time consuming and labor intensive with low experimental throughput. The direct ω-oxyfunctionalization of aliphatic alkanes in a regio- and chemoselective manner is efficiently catalyzed by monooxygenases such as the AlkBGT enzyme complex from Pseudomonas putida under mild conditions. However, the adoption of microscale tools for these highly volatile substrates has been hindered by excessive evaporation and material incompatibility. Results This study developed and validated a robust high-throughput microwell platform for whole-cell two-liquid phase bio-oxidations of highly volatile n-alkanes. Using microwell plates machined from polytetrafluoroethylene and a sealing clamp, highly reproducible results were achieved with no significant variability such as edge effects determined. A design of experiment approach using a response surface methodology was adopted to systematically characterize the system and identify non-limiting conditions for a whole cell bioconversion of dodecane. Using resting E. coli cells to control cell concentration and reducing the fill volume it is possible to operate in non-limiting conditions with respect to oxygen and glucose whilst achieving relevant total product yields (combining 1-dodecanol, dodecanal and dodecanoic acid) of up to 1.5 mmol gDCW−1. Conclusions Overall, the developed microwell plate greatly improves experimental throughput, accelerating the screening procedures specifically for biocatalytic processes in non-conventional media. Its simplicity, robustness and standardization ensure high reliability of results. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-017-0788-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes F Kolmar
- Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Oliver Thum
- Evonik Creavis GmbH, Paul-Baumann-Straße 1, 45772, Marl, Germany
| | - Frank Baganz
- Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AH, UK.
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Kohl A, Srinivasamurthy V, Böttcher D, Kabisch J, Bornscheuer UT. Co-expression of an alcohol dehydrogenase and a cyclohexanone monooxygenase for cascade reactions facilitates the regeneration of the NADPH cofactor. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 108:53-58. [PMID: 29108627 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of a three-enzyme cascade (comprising a cyclohexanone monooxygenase (CHMO), an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and a lipase (CAL-A)) for the production of oligo-ε-caprolactone provided self-sufficiency with respect to NADPH-cofactor regeneration and reduced inhibiting effects on the central CHMO enzyme. For further optimization of cofactor regeneration, now a co-expression of CHMO and ADH in E. coli using a Duet™ vector was performed. This led to higher conversion values of the substrate cyclohexanol in whole-cell biocatalysis compared to an expression of both enzymes from two separate plasmids. Furthermore, a more advantageous balance of expression levels between the partial cascade enzymes was achieved via engineering of the ribosome binding site. This contributed to an even faster cofactor regeneration rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kohl
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Vishnu Srinivasamurthy
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dominique Böttcher
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Johannes Kabisch
- Department of Biology, Computer-aided Synthetic Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
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Abstract
Whole-cell biocatalysts provide unique advantages and have been widely used for the efficient biosynthesis of value-added fine and bulk chemicals, as well as pharmaceutically active ingredients. What is more, advances in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering, together with the rapid development of molecular genetic tools, have brought about a renaissance of whole-cell biocatalysis. These rapid advancements mean that whole-cell biocatalysts can increasingly be rationally designed. Genes of heterologous enzymes or synthetic pathways are increasingly being introduced into microbial hosts, and depending on the complexity of the synthetic pathway or the target products, they can enable the production of value-added chemicals from cheap feedstock. Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology efforts aimed at optimizing the existing microbial cell factories concentrate on improving heterologous pathway flux, precursor supply, and cofactor balance, as well as other aspects of cellular metabolism, to enhance the efficiency of biocatalysts. In the present review, we take a critical look at recent developments in whole-cell biocatalysis, with an emphasis on strategies applied to designing and optimizing the organisms that are increasingly modified for efficient production of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baixue Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China.
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Xiong S, Wang Y, Yao M, Liu H, Zhou X, Xiao W, Yuan Y. Cell foundry with high product specificity and catalytic activity for 21-deoxycortisol biotransformation. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:105. [PMID: 28610588 PMCID: PMC5470312 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0720-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 21-deoxycortisol (21-DF) is the key intermediate to manufacture pharmaceutical glucocorticoids. Recently, a Japan patent has realized 21-DF production via biotransformation of 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) by purified steroid 11β-hydroxylase CYP11B1. Due to the less costs on enzyme isolation, purification and stabilization as well as cofactors supply, whole-cell should be preferentially employed as the biocatalyst over purified enzymes. No reports as so far have demonstrated a whole-cell system to produce 21-DF. Therefore, this study aimed to establish a whole-cell biocatalyst to achieve 21-DF transformation with high catalytic activity and product specificity. Results In this study, Escherichia coli MG1655(DE3), which exhibited the highest substrate transportation rate among other tested chassises, was employed as the host cell to construct our biocatalyst by co-expressing heterologous CYP11B1 together with bovine adrenodoxin and adrenodoxin reductase. Through screening CYP11B1s (with mutagenesis at N-terminus) from nine sources, Homo sapiens CYP11B1 mutant (G25R/G46R/L52 M) achieved the highest 21-DF transformation rate at 10.6 mg/L/h. Furthermore, an optimal substrate concentration of 2.4 g/L and a corresponding transformation rate of 16.2 mg/L/h were obtained by screening substrate concentrations. To be noted, based on structural analysis of the enzyme-substrate complex, two types of site-directed mutations were designed to adjust the relative position between the catalytic active site heme and the substrate. Accordingly, 1.96-fold enhancement on 21-DF transformation rate (to 47.9 mg/L/h) and 2.78-fold improvement on product/by-product ratio (from 0.36 to 1.36) were achieved by the combined mutagenesis of F381A/L382S/I488L. Eventually, after 38-h biotransformation in shake-flask, the production of 21-DF reached to 1.42 g/L with a yield of 52.7%, which is the highest 21-DF production as known. Conclusions Heterologous CYP11B1 was manipulated to construct E. coli biocatalyst converting 17-OHP to 21-DF. Through the strategies in terms of (1) screening enzymes (with N-terminal mutagenesis) sources, (2) optimizing substrate concentration, and most importantly (3) rational design novel mutants aided by structural analysis, the 21-DF transformation rate was stepwise improved by 19.5-fold along with 4.67-fold increase on the product/byproduct ratio. Eventually, the highest 21-DF reported production was achieved in shake-flask after 38-h biotransformation. This study highlighted above described methods to obtain a high efficient and specific biocatalyst for the desired biotransformation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-017-0720-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingdong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhai Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China. .,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yingjin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
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Zhou Y, Zhu Y, Men Y, Dong C, Sun Y, Zhang J. Construction of engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain to improve that whole-cell biocatalytic production of melibiose from raffinose. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 44:489-501. [PMID: 28101808 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-017-1901-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There are excessive by-products in the biocatalysis process of this whole-cell biocatalytic production of melibiose from raffinose with current Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. To solve this problem, we constructed engineered strains based on a liquor yeast (S. cerevisiae) via gene deletion (mel1 gene), heterologous integration (fsy1 or/and ffzi1 gene from Candida magnoliae), and gene overexpression (gcr1 gene). Functional verification showed that deletion of the mel1 gene led to elimination of the reactions catalyzed by α-galactosidase, as well as elimination of the degradation of melibiose and the formation of galactose by-product. Insertion of the fsy1 or/and ffzi1 gene and overexpression of the gcr1 gene could contribute to fructose transport for enhancing the biopurification rate of the fructose by-product. Compared with the wild-type strain, the optimal engineered strain of MP8 (Δmel1::fsy1 cm ::ffzi1 cm ::gcr1 sc ) had improved about 30% on yield, 31% on productivity, and 36% on purity of the melibiose product.
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Yabutani T, Shimizu S, Nakano H. Pilot-scale whole-cell biocatalysis for the hydroxylation of cyclosporine derivative, FR901459, at higher concentrations by Lentzea sp. 7887 using soybean flour as a novel substrate dispersant. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 123:56-62. [PMID: 27546302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pilot-scale hydroxylation of FR901459, an immunosuppressive cyclosporine derivative, was performed using resting cells of a Gram-positive bacteria Lentzea sp. 7887 (as whole-cell biocatalysts) and soybean flour as a substrate dispersant. Through biocatalysis, FR901459 was hydroxylated at position 9, producing AS1837812, an important intermediate in the production of drug candidates against hepatitis C. Since FR901459 is insoluble in water, the conversion ratio ([moles of AS1837812 produced/moles of FR901459 added]×100) of the biocatalysis decreased under conditions with substrate concentrations higher than 0.615 mM. To increase the concentration of FR901459 for biocatalysis, we screened various materials to effectively disperse FR901459 in the biocatalysis mixture and found that soybean flour was the best substrate dispersant. The addition of soybean flour to the biocatalysis mixture increased the FR901459 concentration in a 3-L reactor up to 3-fold (1.85 mM). Thus, we successfully established a pilot-scale (1-m3) biocatalysis with a 2-fold higher concentration (1.23 mM) of FR901459 using soybean flour as the substrate dispersant and obtained 419 g of AS1837812 at a conversion ratio of 34.5% in a 28-h batch reaction. Soybean flour can be used as a substrate dispersant for various industrial biocatalysis processes because of its low cost, high availability, and low environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Yabutani
- Technology Product Management, Astellas Pharma Inc., 2-5-1 Nihonbashi-Honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8411, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Division of Biotechnology, Department of Bioengineering Science, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Shiho Shimizu
- Technology Development, Toyama Technology Center, Astellas Pharma Tech Co., Ltd., 2-5-1 Nihonbashi-Honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8411, Japan
| | - Hideo Nakano
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Division of Biotechnology, Department of Bioengineering Science, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
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Abstract
Steroid modifications by selected wild-type and engineered strains of microorganisms became an effective tool for the production of high-valued steroidal drugs and their precursors for the pharmaceutical industry. Some microorganisms are effective at the performance of sterol side-chain degradation, oxyfunctionalization of steroid core, and redox reactions at different positions of the steroid molecule. A number of bioprocesses using steroid-transforming microbial strains are well established on an industrial level. Although a range of biocatalytic methods has been developed, selection of suitable microorganisms, as well as creation of new engineered strains, is of great importance for generation of improved bioprocesses and production schemes for obtaining known and new metabolites with potent biological activity. The achievements in genetic and metabolic engineering of steroid-transforming strains in combination with novel approaches in the enzymatic and whole-cell biocatalysis provide a platform for highly effective and selective biotransformations.Here, we briefly review the current state and prospects in the field of microbial bioconversions with special attention to the application of molecular microbiology methods for the generation of new whole cell biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Donova
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry & Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Nauki, 5, Puschino, Russia, 142290.
- Pharmins LTD, Pushchino, 142290, Russia.
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Mi J, Schewe H, Buchhaupt M, Holtmann D, Schrader J. Efficient hydroxylation of 1,8-cineole with monoterpenoid-resistant recombinant Pseudomonas putida GS1. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:112. [PMID: 27263007 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, monoterpenoid hydroxylation with Pseudomonas putida GS1 and KT2440 were investigated as host strains, and the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP176A1 (P450cin) and its native redox partner cindoxin (CinC) from Citrobacter braakii were introduced in P. putida to catalyze the stereoselective hydroxylation of 1,8-cineole to (1R)-6β-hydroxy-1,8-cineole. Growth experiments in the presence of 1,8-cineole confirmed pseudomonads' superior resilience compared to E. coli. Whole-cell P. putida harboring P450cin with and without CinC were capable of hydroxylating 1,8-cineole, whereas coexpression of CinC has been shown to accelerate this bioconversion. Under the same conditions, P. putida GS1 produced more than twice the amount of heterologous P450cin and bioconversion product than P. putida KT2440. A concentration of 1.1 ± 0.1 g/L (1R)-6β-hydroxy-1,8-cineole was obtained within 55 h in shake flasks and 13.3 ± 1.9 g/L in 89 h in a bioreactor, the latter of which corresponds to a yield YP/S of 79 %. To the authors' knowledge, this is the highest product titer for a P450 based whole-cell monoterpene oxyfunctionalization reported so far. These results show that solvent-tolerant P. putida GS1 can be used as a highly efficient recombinant whole-cell biocatalyst for a P450 monooxygenase-based valorization of monoterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Mi
- Biochemical Engineering, DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hendrik Schewe
- Biochemical Engineering, DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Markus Buchhaupt
- Biochemical Engineering, DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dirk Holtmann
- Biochemical Engineering, DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jens Schrader
- Biochemical Engineering, DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Ramesh H, Zajkoska P, Rebroš M, Woodley JM. The effect of cultivation media and washing whole-cell biocatalysts on monoamine oxidase catalyzed oxidative desymmetrization of 3-azabicyclo[3,3,0]octane. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015; 83:7-13. [PMID: 26777245 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that washing whole-cells containing enzyme activities after fermentation, but prior to biocatalysis can improve their activity in the subsequent reaction. In this paper, we quantify the impact of both the fermentation media and cell washing on the performance of whole-cell biocatalysis. The results are illustrated using a recombinant monoamine oxidase (expressed in Escherichia coli, used in resting state) for the oxidative desymmetrization of 3-azabicyclo[3,3,0]octane. It was shown that the need for washing biocatalyst prior to use in a reaction is dependent upon growth medium. Unlike cells grown in LB medium, washing of the cells was essential for cells grown on TB medium. With TB media, washing the cells improved the final conversion by approximately a factor of two. Additionally, over 50-fold improvement was achieved in initial activity. A potential reason for this improvement in activity was identified to be the increase in transfer of substrates across the cell membrane as a result of cell washing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemalata Ramesh
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Building 229, Søltofts Plads, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Petra Zajkoska
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Rebroš
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - John M Woodley
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Building 229, Søltofts Plads, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Song W, Sun X, Chen X, Liu D, Liu L. Enzymatic production of l-citrulline by hydrolysis of the guanidinium group of l-arginine with recombinant arginine deiminase. J Biotechnol 2015; 208:37-43. [PMID: 26022421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a simple, efficient enzymatic production process for the environmentally friendly synthesis of l-citrulline from l-arginine was developed using arginine deiminase (ADI) from Lactococcus lactis. Following overexpression of L. lactis ADI in Escherichia. coli BL21 (DE3) and experimental evolution using error-prone PCR, mutant FMME106 was obtained with a Km for l-arginine of 3.5mM and a specific activity of 195.7U/mg. This mutant exhibited a maximal conversion of 92.6% and achieved a final l-citrulline concentration of 176.9g/L under optimal conditions (190g/L l-arginine, 15g/L whole-cell biocatalyst treated with 2% isopropanol for 30min, 50°C, pH 7.2, 8h). The average l-citrulline synthesis rate of 22.1g/L/h is considerably higher than that reported for other similar biocatalytic approaches, therefore the process developed in the present work has great potential for large-scale production of l-citrulline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Laboratory of Food Microbial-Manufacturing Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xia Sun
- Biotechnology Institute, Laiwu College for Vocational Technology, Laiwu, Shandong 271100, China
| | - Xiulai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Laboratory of Food Microbial-Manufacturing Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Dongxu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Laboratory of Food Microbial-Manufacturing Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Laboratory of Food Microbial-Manufacturing Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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Alissandratos A, Kim HK, Easton CJ. Formate production through carbon dioxide hydrogenation with recombinant whole cell biocatalysts. Bioresour Technol 2014; 164:7-11. [PMID: 24814397 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The biological conversion of CO2 and H2 into formate offers a sustainable route to a valuable commodity chemical through CO2 fixation, and a chemical form of hydrogen fuel storage. Here we report the first example of CO2 hydrogenation utilising engineered whole-cell biocatalysts. Escherichia coli JM109(DE3) cells transformed for overexpression of either native formate dehydrogenase (FDH), the FDH from Clostridium carboxidivorans, or genes from Pyrococcus furiosus and Methanobacterium thermoformicicum predicted to express FDH based on their similarity to known FDH genes were all able to produce levels of formate well above the background, when presented with H2 and CO2, the latter in the form of bicarbonate. In the case of the FDH from P. furiosus the yield was highest, reaching more than 1 g L(-1)h(-1) when a hydrogen-sparging reactor design was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Alissandratos
- CSIRO Biofuels Research Cluster, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Hye-Kyung Kim
- CSIRO Biofuels Research Cluster, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Christopher J Easton
- CSIRO Biofuels Research Cluster, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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Hernández-Martín A, von Bühler CJ, Tieves F, Fernández S, Ferrero M, Urlacher VB. Whole-cell biotransformation with recombinant cytochrome P450 for the selective oxidation of Grundmann's ketone. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:5586-92. [PMID: 25023538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
25-Hydroxy-Grundmann's ketone is a key building block in the chemical synthesis of vitamin D3 and its derivatives through convergent routes. Generally, the chemical synthesis of this compound involves tedious procedures and results in a mixture of several products. Recently, the selective hydroxylation of Grundmann's ketone at position C25 by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 154E1 from Thermobifida fusca YX was described. In this study a recombinant whole-cell biocatalyst was developed and applied for hydroxylation of Grundmann's ketone. Biotransformation was performed by Escherichia coli cells expressing CYP154E1 along with two redox partner systems, Pdx/PdR and YkuN/FdR. The system comprising CYP154E1/Pdx/PdR showed the highest production of 25-hydroxy-Grundmann's ketone and resulted in 1.1mM (300mgL(-1)) product concentration.
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Wang L, Zhou YJ, Ji D, Lin X, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Liu W, Zhao ZK. Identification of UshA as a major enzyme for NAD degradation in Escherichia coli. Enzyme Microb Technol 2014; 58-59:75-9. [PMID: 24731828 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its reduced form NADH are essential cofactors for many redox biocatalysts. Because these cofactors are consumed in stoichiometric amounts, whole-cell biocatalysts have been routinely employed in order to reduce the costs. To further improve the efficacy of redox biocatalysts, it is essential to maintain the stability of nicotinamide cofactors, for which it is attractive to block degradation pathways for NAD(H). While the biosynthesis of NAD(H) has been well studied, it is less understood how NAD(H) are degraded. Here we demonstrated that UshA was a major periplasmic enzyme for NAD degradation in Escherichia coli. Purified recombinant UshA showed high pyrophosphatase activity with the catalytic efficiencies for hydrolysis of NAD and NADH at 3.7μM(-1)s(-1) and 1.4μM(-1)s(-1), respectively. Deletion of the ushA gene from the chromosome led to faster cell growth and improved extracellular NAD stability by 3-fold under conditions similar to whole-cell biocatalysis. These results significantly enriched our understanding on NAD metabolism, and should facilitate many applications including designing more robust redox biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yongjin J Zhou
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Debin Ji
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Xinping Lin
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yuxue Liu
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Wujun Liu
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Zongbao K Zhao
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, PR China; Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, PR China; The State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, PR China.
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Eilert E, Kranz A, Hollenberg CP, Piontek M, Suckow M. Synthesis and release of the bacterial compatible solute 5-hydroxyectoine in Hansenula polymorpha. J Biotechnol 2013; 167:85-93. [PMID: 23467000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ectoine and 5-hydroxyectoine belong to the family of compatible solutes which are known to mainly contribute to the adaptation of the cell to osmotic stress by mediation of a constant turgor. In addition the cell's essential functions are maintained under stress conditions like high salinity, heat or aridity stress. Hansenula polymorpha was engineered to catalyze the transformation of monomeric substrates to 5-hydroxyectoine. For this purpose four genes encoding the enzymes of the 5-hydroxyectoine biosynthesis pathway of Halomonas elongata, EctA, EctB, EctC, and EctD, were inserted into the genome of H. polymorpha. Subsequently the syntheses of ectoine and 5-hydroxyectoine were analyzed and optimized. We showed that H. polymorpha is a suitable system for recombinant 5-hydroxyectoine synthesis in gram per liter scale (2.8 g L⁻¹ culture supernatant, 365 μmol/g dcw) in which almost 100% conversion of ectoine to 5-hydroxyectoine without necessity of high salinity were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Eilert
- ARTES Biotechnology GmbH, Elisabeth-Selbert-Str. 9, 40764 Langenfeld-Rheinland, Germany.
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