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Suman K, Bharath Y, Anuradha V, Rao MVB, Pal M. Ultrasound Assisted One-pot and Sequential Synthesis of 3-methylene-isoindolin-1-ones and their in vitro Evaluation. Mini Rev Med Chem 2018; 18:1498-1505. [PMID: 28758576 DOI: 10.2174/1389557517666170728164620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3-Methyleneisoindolin-1-one derivatives containing a pyridin-2-ylmethyl substituent on their ring nitrogen were designed as potential bioactive agents. A one-pot synthesis of these compounds was achieved via sequential C-C coupling, followed by C-Si bond cleavage and subsequent tandem C-C/C-N bond forming reaction under ultrasound irradiation. METHOD The methodology involved coupling of (trimethylsilyl)acetylene with iodoarenes in the presence of 10% Pd/C-CuI-PPh3-Et3N in MeOH followed by treating the reaction mixture with K2CO3 in aqueous MeOH, and finally coupling with 2-iodo-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)benzamide. The in vitro evaluation of these compounds was performed to identify some initial hit molecules one of which showed dose dependent inhibition of PDE4B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kancharla Suman
- Chemistry Division, Department Science and Humanities, Vignan's Foundation for Science Technology and Research, University (VFSTR) University, Vadlamudi, Guntur-522 213, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Yarlagadda Bharath
- Chemistry Division, Department Science and Humanities, Vignan's Foundation for Science Technology and Research, University (VFSTR) University, Vadlamudi, Guntur-522 213, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - V Anuradha
- Chemistry Division, Department Science and Humanities, Vignan's Foundation for Science Technology and Research, University (VFSTR) University, Vadlamudi, Guntur-522 213, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Manojit Pal
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, India
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Yang T, Shu T, Liu G, Mei H, Zhu X, Huang X, Zhang L, Jiang Z. Quantitative profiling of 19 bile acids in rat plasma, liver, bile and different intestinal section contents to investigate bile acid homeostasis and the application of temporal variation of endogenous bile acids. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 172:69-78. [PMID: 28583875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bile acid homeostasis is maintained by liver synthesis, bile duct secretion, microbial metabolism and intestinal reabsorption into the blood. When drug insults result in liver damage, the variances of bile acids (BAs) are related to the physiological status of the liver. Here, we established a method to simultaneously quantify 19 BAs in rat plasma, liver, bile and different intestinal section contents (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon) using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to reveal the pattern of bile acid homeostasis in the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in physiological situations. Dynamic changes in bile acid composition appeared throughout the enterohepatic circulation of the BAs; taurine- and glycine-conjugated BAs and free BAs had different dynamic homeostasis levels in the circulatory system. cholic acid (CA), beta-muricholic acid (beta-MCA), lithocholic acid (LCA), glycocholic acid (GCA) and taurocholic acid (TCA) greatly fluctuated in the bile acid pool under physiological conditions. Taurine- and glycine-conjugated bile acids constituted more than 90% in the bile and liver, whereas GCA and TCA accounted for more than half of the total bile acids and the secretion of bile mainly via conjugating with taurine. While over 80% of BAs in plasma were unconjugated bile acids, CA and HDCA were the most abundant elements. Unconjugated bile acids constituted more than 90% in the intestine, and CA, beta-MCA and HDCA were the top three bile acids in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum content, but LCA and HDCA were highest in the cecum and colon content. As the main secondary bile acid converted by microflora in the intestine, LCA was enriched in the cecum and DCA mostly in the colon. As endogenous substances, the concentrations of plasma BAs were closely related to time rhythm and diet. In conclusion, analyzing detailed BA profiles in the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in a single run is possible using LC-MS/MS. Based on the physiological characteristics of the metabolic profiling of 19 BAs in the total bile acid pool and the time rhythm variation of the endogenous bile acids, this study provided a new valuable method and theoretical basis for the clinical research of bile acid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China, China
| | - Ting Shu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China, China
| | - Guanlan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China, China
| | - Huifang Mei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China, China; Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Cachada A, Pereira R, da Silva EF, Duarte AC. The prediction of PAHs bioavailability in soils using chemical methods: state of the art and future challenges. Sci Total Environ 2014; 472:463-480. [PMID: 24300458 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of the available fraction of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) is extremely important for assessing their risk to the environment and human health. This available fraction, which can be solubilized and/or easily extracted, is believed to be the most accessible for bioaccumulation, biosorption and/or transformation by organisms. Based on this, two main types of chemical methods have been developed, closely related to the concepts of bioaccessibility and freely available concentrations: non-exhaustive extractions and biomimetic methods. Since bioavailability is species and compound specific, this work focused only in one of the most widespread group of HOCs in soils: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This study aims at producing a state of the art knowledge base on bioavailability and chemical availability of PAHs in soils, clarifying which chemical methods can provide a better prediction of an organism exposure, and which are the most promising ones. Therefore, a review of the processes involved on PAHs availability to microorganisms, earthworms and plants was performed and the outputs given by the different chemical methods were evaluated. The suitability of chemical methods to predict bioavailability of the 16 US EPA PAHs in dissimilar naturally contaminated soils was not yet demonstrated, being especially difficult for high molecular weight compounds. Even though the potential to predict microbial mineralization using non-exhaustive extractions is promising, it will be very difficult to achieve for earthworms and plants, due to the complexity of accumulation mechanisms which are not taken into account by chemical methods. Yet, the existing models could be improved by determining compound, species and site specific parameters. Moreover, chemical availability can be very useful to understand the bioavailability processes and the behavior of PAHs in soils. The inclusion of chemical methods on risk assessment has been suggested and it is promising, despite some methods overpredict risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cachada
- University of Aveiro, Department of Chemistry & CESAM, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - R Pereira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Oporto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - E Ferreira da Silva
- University of Aveiro, Department of Geosciences, GeoBioTec-GeoBioSciences, Geotechnologies and Geoengineering Research Center, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A C Duarte
- University of Aveiro, Department of Chemistry & CESAM, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Siwe Noundou X, Krause RWM, van Vuuren SF, Tantoh Ndinteh D, Olivier DK. Antibacterial activity of the roots, stems and leaves of Alchornea floribunda. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 151:1023-1027. [PMID: 24333961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Alchornea floribunda Müll. Arg. is used in traditional medicine across Africa for the treatment of bacterial, fungal, parasitic and inflammatory disorders. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the antibacterial activity of the crude extracts of different plant parts in order to provide a scientific rationale for the proposed broad efficacy of Alchornea floribunda in the treatment of bacterial infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS Extracts of roots, stems and leaves were prepared using solvents of various polarities in order to extract a wide range of phytochemicals. The antibacterial activity of these crude extracts was evaluated by micro-dilution assay, against Gram-positive (i.e. Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus saprophyticus) as well as Gram-negative (i.e. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Proteus mirabilis) bacteria. RESULTS Generally, the ethanol (EtOH), methanol (MeOH), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and chloroform (CHCl3) extracts demonstrated the best activities, with the leaves exhibiting the highest average activity for six of the eight pathogens. Of these, the ethanolic leaf extract was the most active against Staphylococcus aureus with an MIC value of 50µg/mL. Some other notable activity was observed for the ethyl acetate and chloroform root extracts against Staphylococcus aureus (50µg/mL), and for selected stem extracts against Staphylococcus aureus (50µg/mL), Klebsiella pneumoniae (63µg/mL) and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (63µg/mL). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the promising antibacterial activity of Alchornea floribunda against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria responsible for gastrointestinal, skin, respiratory and urinary ailments, and validates its use in the ethnopharmacology of the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Siwe Noundou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - R W M Krause
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
| | - S F van Vuuren
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa
| | - D Tantoh Ndinteh
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - D K Olivier
- School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
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Ali H, Kabir N, Muhammad A, Shah MR, Musharraf SG, Iqbal N, Nadeem S. Hautriwaic acid as one of the hepatoprotective constituent of Dodonaea viscosa. Phytomedicine 2014; 21:131-140. [PMID: 24075215 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
It is widely known that hepatitis and its complications such as cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma are one of the major health problems of the world especially since no specific treatment is available. In the present study we investigated the hepatoprotective potential of the methanolic extract of the whole plant of Dodonaea viscosa and its ethyl acetate, aqueous, butanol and n-hexane fractions against carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) induced hepatoxicity in rats. Hepatoprotection was assessed in terms of reduction in serum enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP) that occur after CCl₄ injury, and by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. The methanolic extract reduced the serum enzyme level (ALT, AST, and ALP) down to control levels despite CCl₄ treatment. It also reduced the CCl₄-induced damaged area to 0% as assessed by histopathology. The CD68+ macrophages were also reduced in number around the central vein area by the methanolic extract. These hepatoprotective effects were better than the positive control silymarin. Similar hepatoprotective activities were found with the ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions of the methanolic extract. The butanol and n-hexane fractions showed elevated levels of ALT, AST and ALP as compared to the positive control silymarin. Histopathology showed ∼30% damage to the liver cells with the butanol and n-hexane fractions which still showed some protective activity compared to the CCl₄ treated control. HPLC fingerprinting suggested that hautriwaic acid present in the methanolic extract and its ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions may be responsible for this hepatoprotective activity of Dodonaea viscosa which was confirmed by in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Ali
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Nurul Kabir
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Akhtar Muhammad
- HEJ, Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Raza Shah
- HEJ, Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; HEJ, Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Iqbal
- HEJ, Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Said Nadeem
- HEJ, Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
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Atkins E, Tatineni R, Li H, Gretch D, Harris M, Griffin S. The stability of secreted, acid-labile H77/JFH-1 hepatitis C virus (HCV) particles is altered by patient isolate genotype 1a p7 sequences. Virology 2014; 448:117-24. [PMID: 24314642 PMCID: PMC7615703 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Secreted infectious particles generated by the genotype 2a JFH-1 hepatitis C virus infectious clone are resistant to acidic pH, whereas intracellular virions remain acid-labile. Thus, JFH-1 particles are thought to undergo pH maturation as they are secreted from the cell. Here, we demonstrate that both infectious intracellular and secreted genotype 1a (H77)/JFH-1 chimaeric particles display enhanced acid sensitivity compared with JFH-1, although pH maturation still occurs upon release. Introduction of p7 sequences from genotype 1a infected HCV patients into the H77/JFH-1 background yielded variable effects on infectious particle production and sensitivity to small molecule inhibitors. However, two selected patient p7 sequences increased the acid stability of secreted, but not intracellular H77/JFH-1 particles, suggesting that p7 directly influences particle pH maturation via an as yet undefined mechanism. We propose that HCV particles vary in acid stability, and that this may be dictated by variations in both canonical structural proteins and p7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Atkins
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology & Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Ranjitha Tatineni
- Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology (LICAP) and Leeds Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, St James’ University Hospital, University of Leeds, Beckett St., Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Harborview Medical Centre, Ninth & Jefferson Building, 908 Jefferson Street, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - David Gretch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Harborview Medical Centre, Ninth & Jefferson Building, 908 Jefferson Street, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Mark Harris
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology & Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Griffin
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology & Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology (LICAP) and Leeds Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, St James’ University Hospital, University of Leeds, Beckett St., Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
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Perkola N, Sainio P. Quantification of four artificial sweeteners in Finnish surface waters with isotope-dilution mass spectrometry. Environ Pollut 2014; 184:391-6. [PMID: 24100049 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The artificial sweeteners sucralose (SCL), acesulfame (ACS), saccharin (SAC), and cyclamate (CYC) have been detected in environmental waters in Europe and North America. Higher environmental levels are expected in view of the increasing consumption of these food additives. In this study, an isotope-dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for quantifying the four artificial sweeteners in boreal lakes (n = 3) and rivers (n = 12). The highest concentrations of ACS, SAC, CYC and SCL were 9,600, 490, 210 and 1000 ng/L, respectively. ACS and SAC were detected in all studied samples, and CYC and SCL in 98% and 56% of the samples. Seasonal trends of ACS and SAC were observed in some rivers. ACS and SCL concentrations in rivers correlated linearly with population equivalents of the wastewater treatment plants in the catchment areas, whereas SAC and CYC concentrations depend more on the source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noora Perkola
- Finnish Environment Institute, Research and Innovation Laboratory, Hakuninmaantie 6, P.O. Box 149, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland.
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Shu X, Duan W, Liu F, Shi X, Geng Y, Wang X, Yang B. Preparative separation of polyphenols from the flowers of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. by high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 947-948:62-7. [PMID: 24406305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
High-speed counter-current chromatography was used to separate and purify polyphenols for the first time from the flowers of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. with two solvent systems as follows: petroleum ether-ethyl acetate-H2O (1:9:10, v/v/v/v) and petroleum ether-ethyl acetate-butanol-H2O (1:9:0.5:10, v/v/v/v). Eight compounds were separated successfully in single run which were identified as quercetin-3-O-(6″-O-galloyl)-glucoside (I, 41.5 mg), 1,2,3,4,6-trigalloyl-β-D-glucose (II, 106.2mg), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside (III, 42.3 mg), kaempferol-3-O-(6″-O-galloyl)-glucoside (IV, 23.5 mg), isohamnetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside (V, 34.1 mg), kaempferol (VI, 14.8 mg), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucoside (VII, 32.6 mg), kaempferol-7-O-β-D-glucoside (VIII, 23.8 mg) by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The purities of compounds I-VIII were all over 97.0% as determined by HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xikai Shu
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Academy of Sciences, 19 Keyuan Street, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Wenjuan Duan
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Academy of Sciences, 19 Keyuan Street, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Academy of Sciences, 19 Keyuan Street, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Xingang Shi
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Academy of Sciences, 19 Keyuan Street, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Yanling Geng
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Academy of Sciences, 19 Keyuan Street, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Academy of Sciences, 19 Keyuan Street, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China.
| | - Bingtian Yang
- Sanfeng Biological Engineering Technology Co., 203 Beiyuan Street, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
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Dixit S, Park JH. Penicillin G as a novel chiral selector in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1326:134-8. [PMID: 24373536 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The penicillin sub-class of β-lactam antibiotics has not been examined for its enantiodiscriminating abilities in capillary electrophoresis (CE) until date. The present work was therefore designed to evaluate penicillin G potassium salt (PenG) as an ion-pair chiral selector (CS) using CE for its several attributes, namely, high solubility in water and lower alcohols, structure allowing multiple interactions with analytes and cost-effectiveness. Systematic experiments were performed to investigate the effect of composition of background electrolyte, applied voltage and capillary temperature on chiral separation. Baseline resolutions of enantiomers of five basic chiral drugs (namely, darifenacin, citalopram, sertraline, propranolol and metoprolol) were attained using a background electrolyte composed of water:methanol (90:10, v/v) and consisting of 10.7 or 16.1mM CS at 20°C using an applied voltage of 5kV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchi Dixit
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea.
| | - Jung Hag Park
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea.
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Bennetto-Hood C, Tabolt G, Savina P, Acosta EP. A sensitive HPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of dolutegravir in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 945-946:225-32. [PMID: 24361860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay was developed and validated to facilitate the assessment of clinical pharmacokinetics of dolutegravir (DTG) in plasma samples. This work describes an assay system requiring only a 20μL aliquot of human plasma that is subjected to a simple acetonitrile protein precipitation containing a stably labeled isotope of DTG used as an internal standard. Chromatography was performed on an XBridge C18, 2.1mm×50mm, reversed phase analytical column, using a 60:40 acetonitrile/water mobile phase containing 0.1% formic acid. Detection of the analyte and internal standard was achieved by ESI positive ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The precursor/product transitions (m/z) monitored were 420.1/136.0 and 428.1/283.1 for DTG and DTG-IS, respectively. The dynamic range of this assay extends from 5 to 10,000ng/mL, with a mean coefficient of determination (r, mean±SD) of 0.9996±0.0003. The mean precision values for calibration standards ranged from 0.7 to 4.1%, while accuracy values were 98.3 to 102.0%. Validation results demonstrated high accuracy (≤6.5% deviation) and high precision (≤9.1% CV) for the quality control samples. This assay system provides an accurate, precise, and sensitive method for DTG quantitation and was successfully applied to clinical research samples as part of a phase I/II pediatric clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantelle Bennetto-Hood
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Glenn Tabolt
- Bioanalytical Science and Toxicokinetics, PTS DMPK, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Paul Savina
- Biotransformation and Drug Disposition, PTS DMPK, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Edward P Acosta
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States.
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He X, Wang J, Li M, Hao D, Yang Y, Zhang C, He R, Tao R. Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.: ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of an important traditional Chinese medicine. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 151:78-92. [PMID: 24296089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. (Family Eucommiaceae), also known as Dù-zhòng (Chinese: ), Tuchong (in Japanese), is the sole species of the genus Eucommia. The leaf, stem, and bark as well as staminate flower of Eucommia ulmoides have been traditionally used to cure many diseases in China, Japan, Korea, among others. The aim of this review is to comprehensively outline the botanical description, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, biological activities, and toxicology of Eucommia ulmoides and to discuss possible trends for further study of Eucommia ulmoides. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information on Eucommia ulmoides was gathered via the internet (using Pub Med, Elsevier, Baidu Scholar, Google Scholar, Medline Plus, ACS, CNKI, and Web of Science) and from books in local libraries. RESULTS One-hundred twelve compounds of Eucommia ulmoides, including the main active constituents, lignans and iridoids, have been isolated and identified. In vitro and in vivo studies indicated that monomer compounds and extracts from Eucommia ulmoides possess wide-ranging pharmacological actions, especially in treating hypertension, hyperlipemia, diabetes, obesity, sexual dysfunction, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, aging, lupus-like syndrome, and immunoregulation. CONCLUSIONS Eucommia ulmoides has been used as a source of traditional medicine and as a beneficial health food. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies of Eucommia ulmoides have received much interest, and extracts and active compounds continue to be isolated and proven to exert various effects. Further toxicity and clinical studies are warranted to establish more detailed data on crude extracts and pure compounds, enabling more convenient preparations for patients. Therefore, this review on the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, biological activities, and toxicity of Eucommia ulmoides will provide helpful data for further studies as well as the commercial exploitation of this traditional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xirui He
- Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Medical College, Xi'an 710054, PR China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- University Hospital of Gansu Traditional Medicine, Lanzhou 730020, PR China
| | - Maoxing Li
- University Hospital of Gansu Traditional Medicine, Lanzhou 730020, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, Lanzhou General Hospital of PLA, Lanzhou 730050, PR China.
| | - Dingjun Hao
- Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Medical College, Xi'an 710054, PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- Xi'an Hospital, Aviation Industry Corporation of China, Xi'an 710077, PR China
| | - Chunling Zhang
- Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Medical College, Xi'an 710054, PR China
| | - Rui He
- Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Medical College, Xi'an 710054, PR China
| | - Rui Tao
- Department of Pharmacy, Lanzhou General Hospital of PLA, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
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Eibl C, Munoz L, Tomassoli I, Stokes C, Papke RL, Gündisch D. The 3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane scaffold for subtype selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ligands. Part 2: carboxamide derivatives with different spacer motifs. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:7309-29. [PMID: 24145137 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
3,7-Diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (bispidine) based nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) ligands have been synthesized and evaluated for nAChRs interaction. Diverse spacer motifs were incorporated between the hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) part and a variety of substituted (hetero)aryl moieties. Bispidine carboxamides bearing spacer motifs often showed high affinity in the low nanomolar range and selectivity for the α4β2(∗) nAChR. Compounds 15, 25, and 47 with Ki values of about 1 nM displayed the highest affinities for α4β2(∗) nAChR. All evaluated compounds are partial agonists or antagonists at α4β2(∗), with reduced or no effects on α3β4(∗) with the exception of compound 15 (agonist), and reduced or no effect at α7 and muscle subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Eibl
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, 34 Rainbow Drive, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
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13
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Madikizela B, Aderogba MA, Van Staden J. Isolation and characterization of antimicrobial constituents of Searsia chirindensis L. (Anacardiaceae) leaf extracts. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 150:609-613. [PMID: 24060408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Searsia chirindensis is used in South African traditional medicine for management of bacterial infections such as diarrhoea. Aim of the study was to examine the phytochemical composition from the leaves of Searsia chirindensis that is responsible for the ethnomedicinal use of this plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS The crude extract (80% methanol) was extracted sequentially with dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and n-butanol. The extracts and isolated compounds were tested for their antibacterial activity against Gram-negative (Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacterial strains using the microdilution method. Bioguided fractionation of EtOAc fraction afforded five phenolic compounds. Structural elucidation was carried out using NMR (1D and 2D) spectroscopic analyses. RESULTS Of the three fractions obtained from the crude extract, EtOAc was the most active and its fractionation afforded methyl gallate (1), and four flavonol glycosides: myricetin-3-O-arabinopyranoside (2), myricetrin-3-O-rhamnoside (3), kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside (4) and quercetin-3-O-arabinofuranoside (5). These compounds are reported from Searsia chirindensis for the first time. All the compounds showed good antibacterial activity against all bacterial strains tested. Their minimum inhibitory concentrations ranged from 30 to 250 µg/mL. CONCLUSIONS Antibacterial activity demonstrated by the extracts and isolated compounds provides credence to the ethnomedicinal use of Searsia chirindensis against diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balungile Madikizela
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
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14
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Masondo NA, Finnie JF, Van Staden J. Pharmacological potential and conservation prospect of the genus Eucomis (Hyacinthaceae) endemic to southern Africa. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 151:44-53. [PMID: 24247080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The genus Eucomis (Hyacinthaceae) consists of 10 species that are extensively used in African traditional medicine. This review is an appraisal of current information on the distribution and morphology, traditional uses, pharmacology, toxicology and approaches devised to enhance the conservation of the genus. METHODS A systematic and comprehensive literature search using electronic searches such as Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science and ethnobotanical books was conducted. RESULTS Evidence from traditional medicine usage shows wide utilization of this genus for ailments such as respiratory, venereal diseases, rheumatism as well as kidney and bladder infections. Pharmacological screening reported antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, antitumor, cytotoxic, phytotoxic and anti-inflammatory properties. CONCLUSIONS The potential of the genus Eucomis especially in terms of pharmacology cannot be overemphasized. Apart from the anti-inflammatory properties, the antifungal activity of Eucomis remains a valuable reservoir with potential application in the agriculture sector as a source of an affordable biocontrol agent. Based on the speculated toxic constituents in the genus Eucomis, it will be valuable to conduct detailed toxicological studies. Extensive utilization of members of the genus Eucomis is causing severe strain on wild populations. Although conventional propagation has been relatively effective in the alleviation of the declining status, micropropagation of members may be vital to guarantee the conservation of wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nqobile A Masondo
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Jeffrey F Finnie
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Johannes Van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa.
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15
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de Miguel L, Noiray M, Surpateanu G, Iorga BI, Ponchel G. Poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate)-PEG-alendronate multivalent nanoparticles for bone targeting. Int J Pharm 2013; 460:73-82. [PMID: 24211357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HAP), a highly specific component of bone tissue, is the main target in order to impart osteotropicity. Bone targeted nanoparticles can increase the strength of the interaction with HAP through multivalency and thus constitute a valuable strategy in the therapeutics of skeletal diseases. PBLG10k-b-PEG6k-alendronate nanoparticles (~ 75 nm) were prepared by a simple nanoprecipitation method. The calcium affinity (KCa(+2)=1.8 × 10(4)M(-1)) of these nanoparticles was evaluated using isothermal titration calorimetry. The multivalent interaction with HAP surfaces (KHAP) was studied by fluorescence and was estimated to be 1.1 × 10(10)M(-1), which is more than 4000 times stronger than the reported monovalent interaction between alendronate and HAP surfaces. Molecular modeling suggests that the number of binding sites available at the HAP surface is in large excess than what is required for the whole surface coverage by alendronate decorated nanoparticles. The lower calcium affinity of these nanoparticles than for HAP allows calcium bound nanoparticles to interact with HAP, which yields a deeper understanding of bone targeted carriers and could potentially improve their bone targeting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura de Miguel
- Univ. Paris Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Institut Galien, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France.
| | - Magali Noiray
- Univ. Paris Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Institut Galien, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - Georgiana Surpateanu
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Centre de Recherche de Gif-sur-Yvette, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bogdan I Iorga
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Centre de Recherche de Gif-sur-Yvette, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gilles Ponchel
- Univ. Paris Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Institut Galien, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
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16
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Lou Y, Zheng J, Wang B, Zhang X, Zhang X, Zeng S. Metabolites characterization of chamaechromone in vivo and in vitro by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/Xevo G2 quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 151:242-252. [PMID: 24189033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Stellera chamaejasme L. (Thymelaeaceae) was a toxic perennial herb and widely used as pesticide and dermatological agents in China. Chamaechromone was a major component in the dried roots of Stellera chamaejasme with anti-HBV and insecticidal activity. Analysis of metabolic profile in vivo and in vitro plays a pivotal role to unravel how TCM works. And the metabolites of chamaechromone might influence the effects and toxicity of Stellera chamaejasme. Moreover, the metabolic routes of chamaechromone provide an important basis for toxicological safety evaluation. Until now, little is known about the metabolism of chamaechromone. The current study was designed to characterize the whole metabolic pathways of chamaechromone in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into four groups, including two oral administration groups (100mgkg(-1)), one intravenous injection group (5 mgkg(-1)), and one control group. The metabolites in rat urine and feces and bile were identified by UPLC/Q-TOF MS analysis and β-glucuronidase hydrolysis. Moreover, the possible metabolic mechanism was further confirmed by Phase I and Phase II metabolism and catechol-O-methyltransferase methylation in rat liver S9 fraction and degradation in rat intestinal bacteria. RESULTS A total of 24 metabolites from chamaechromone were detected and identified in vivo and in vitro, 20 of which were novel. And the major metabolic processes were hydroxylation, methylation, glucuronation, acetylation, dehydroxylation and degradation. CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed the whole metabolic pathways of chamaechromone in rat through both in vitro and in vivo experiments for the first time. And chamaechromone could undergo extensive phase I and phase II metabolism in rat. These findings would provide an important basis for the further study and clinical application of chamaechromone. In addition, the results of this work have showed the feasibility of the UPLC/Q-TOF-MS approach for rapid and reliable characterization of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University; The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 QingChun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinqi Zheng
- Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou 310004, People's Republic of China
| | - Baohong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 QingChun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingguo Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 QingChun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University
| | - Su Zeng
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University.
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Groh KJ, Schönenberger R, Eggen RIL, Segner H, Suter MJF. Analysis of protein expression in zebrafish during gonad differentiation by targeted proteomics. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 193:210-20. [PMID: 23968773 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms governing sex determination and differentiation in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) are not fully understood. To gain more insights into the function of specific genes in these complex processes, the expression of multiple candidates needs to be assessed, preferably on the protein level. Here, we developed a targeted proteomics method based on selected reaction monitoring (SRM) to study the candidate sex-related proteins in zebrafish which were selected based on a global proteomics analysis of adult gonads and representational difference analysis of male and female DNA, as well as on published information on zebrafish and other vertebrates. We employed the developed SRM protocols to acquire time-resolved protein expression profiles during the gonad differentiation period in vas::EGFP transgenic zebrafish. Evidence on protein expression was obtained for the first time for several candidate genes previously studied only on the mRNA level or suggested by bioinformatic predictions. Tuba1b (tubulin alpha 1b), initially included in the study as one of the potential housekeeping proteins, was found to be preferentially expressed in the adult testis with nearly absent expression in the ovary. The revealed changes in protein expression patterns associated with gonad differentiation suggest that several of the examined proteins, especially Ilf2 and Ilf3 (interleukin enhancer-binding factors 2 and 3), Raldh3 (retinaldehyde dehydrogenase type 3), Zgc:195027 (low density lipoprotein-related receptor protein 3) and Sept5a (septin 5a), may play a specific role in the sexual differentiation in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia J Groh
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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18
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Bathena SPR, Mukherjee S, Olivera M, Alnouti Y. The profile of bile acids and their sulfate metabolites in human urine and serum. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 942-943:53-62. [PMID: 24212143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of sulfation in ameliorating the hepatotoxicity of bile acids (BAs) in humans remains unknown due to the lack of proper analytical methods to quantify individual BAs and their sulfate metabolites in biological tissues and fluids. To this end, a simple and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated to characterize the detailed BA profile in human urine and serum. The limit of quantification was 1ng/mL and baseline separation of all analytes was achieved within in a run time of 32min. The method was validated over the dynamic range of 1-1000ng/mL. The LC-MS/MS method was more accurate, precise, and selective than the commercially available kits for the quantification of sulfated and unsulfated BAs, and the indirect quantification of individual sulfated BAs after solvolysis. The LC-MS/MS method was applied to characterize the BA profile in urine and serum of healthy subjects. Thirty three percent of serum BAs were sulfated, whereas 89% of urinary BAs existed in the sulfate form, indicating the role of sulfation in enhancing the urinary excretion of BAs. The percentage of sulfation of individual BAs increased with the decrease in the number of hydroxyl groups indicating the role of sulfation in the detoxification of the more hydrophobic and toxic BA species. Eighty percent of urinary BAs and 55% of serum BAs were present in the glycine-amidated form, whereas 8% of urinary BAs and 13% of serum BAs existed in the taurine-amidated form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Praneeth R Bathena
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
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19
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Eibl C, Tomassoli I, Munoz L, Stokes C, Papke RL, Gündisch D. The 3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane scaffold for subtype selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) ligands. Part 1: the influence of different hydrogen bond acceptor systems on alkyl and (hetero)aryl substituents. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:7283-308. [PMID: 24156938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
3,7-Diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane is a naturally occurring scaffold interacting with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). When one nitrogen of the 3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane scaffold was implemented in a carboxamide motif displaying a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) functionality, compounds with higher affinities and subtype selectivity for α4β2(∗) were obtained. The nature of the HBA system (carboxamide, sulfonamide, urea) had a strong impact on nAChR interaction. High affinity ligands for α4β2(∗) possessed small alkyl chains, small un-substituted hetero-aryl groups or para-substituted phenyl ring systems along with a carboxamide group. Electrophysiological responses of selected 3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane derivatives to Xenopus oocytes expressing various nAChR subtypes showed diverse activation profiles. Compounds with strongest agonistic profiles were obtained with small alkyl groups whereas a shift to partial agonism/antagonism was observed for aryl substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Eibl
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-533121 Bonn, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, 34 Rainbow Drive, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
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20
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Siu MT, Shapiro AM, Wiley MJ, Wells PG. A role for glutathione, independent of oxidative stress, in the developmental toxicity of methanol. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 273:508-15. [PMID: 24095963 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in the teratogenicity of methanol (MeOH) in rodents, both in vivo and in embryo culture. We explored the ROS hypothesis further in vivo in pregnant C57BL/6J mice. Following maternal treatment with a teratogenic dose of MeOH, 4 g/kg via intraperitoneal (ip) injection on gestational day (GD) 12, there was no increase 6h later in embryonic ROS formation, measured by 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescence, despite an increase observed with the positive control ethanol (EtOH), nor was there an increase in embryonic oxidatively damaged DNA, quantified as 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) formation. MeOH teratogenicity (primarily ophthalmic anomalies, cleft palate) also was not altered by pre- and post-treatment with varying doses of the free radical spin trapping agent alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN). In contrast, pretreatment with L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of glutathione (GSH) synthesis, depleted maternal hepatic and embryonic GSH, and enhanced some new anomalies (micrognathia, agnathia, short snout, fused digits, cleft lip, low set ears), but not the most common teratogenic effects of MeOH (ophthalmic anomalies, cleft palate) in this strain. These results suggest that ROS did not contribute to the teratogenic effects of MeOH in this in vivo mouse model, in contrast to results in embryo culture from our laboratory, and that the protective effect of GSH in this model may arise from its role as a cofactor for formaldehyde dehydrogenase in the detoxification of formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle T Siu
- Division of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Trabelsi N, Oueslati S, Ksouri R, Nassra M, Marchal A, Krisa S, Abdelly C, Mérillon JM, Waffo-Téguo P. The antioxidant properties of new dimer and two monomers of phenolic acid amides isolated from Limoniastrum guyonianum. Food Chem 2013; 146:466-71. [PMID: 24176369 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Limoniastramide, a new dimer of phenolic acid amide, isolated from Limoniastrum guyonianum, along with two natural monomers N-E-caffeoyl tyramine (1) and N-E-feruloyl tyramine (2), using centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC). Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data analysis. We investigate the antioxidant activities of Limoniastrum amides using various in vitro assays. Results showed that N-E-feruloyl tyramine and N-E-caffeoyl tyramine exhibited the highest DPPH scavenging activity compared to the dimer (IC50=0.5, 0.6 and 6.5μg/ml, respectively). In addition, they have significant capacities to inhibit the bleaching of β-carotene. Limoniastramide presented the best activity with an IC50 value equal to 8μg/ml. Finally, the N-E-caffeoyl tyramine showed the highest reducing power (EC50=26μg/ml) compared to the other molecules. The present study found that L. guyonianum amides have effective in vitro antioxidant and radical scavenging activity which can be used in pharmacological and food industry due to their antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najla Trabelsi
- Laboratoire Des Plantes Extrêmophile, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj Cédria, BP 901, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia; Univ. Bordeaux2, ISVV, Groupe d'Etude des Substances Végétales à Activité Biologique, EA 3675, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France.
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22
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Gañán J, Pérez-Quintanilla D, Morante-Zarcero S, Sierra I. Comparison of different mesoporous silicas for off-line solid phase extraction of 17β-estradiol from waters and its determination by HPLC-DAD. J Hazard Mater 2013; 260:609-617. [PMID: 23827729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Functionalized (SBA-C₁₈ and SM-C₁₈) and non-functionalized (SBA-15 and SM) mesoporous silicas were then examined as sorbents for solid-phase extraction of 17β-estradiol in aqueous media. Experiments were run in order to test critical factors affecting the procedure extraction efficiency, including the type of sorbent, the analyte concentration, the solvent and volume used for elution and the sample volume. Among the prepared materials, SBA-C₁₈ had the highest adsorption affinity towards 17β-estradiol and under optimized conditions (200mg of sorbent, 150 mL of water sample, elution with 3 × 2 mL of methanol) this sorbent proved good extraction capacity and elution efficiency for this hormone from aqueous media (recovery near 100%). To evaluate the analytical applicability of the proposed method, it was applied to the determination of 17β-estradiol in drinking water by high performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector. Calibration curves were shown to be linear between 1.25 and 100 mg L(-1)with correlation coefficients ≥0.999 (n=5) for 17β-estradiol. The instrumental detection and quantitation limits calculated were 0.38 and 1.25 mg L(-1), respectively. The relative standard deviation obtained values were ≤3% and the mean recoveries obtained were of 82%. The results suggest that SBA-C18 is a promising material for the off-line solid phase extraction of 17β-estradiol from waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Gañán
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
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Wenzel B, Günther R, Brust P, Steinbach J. A fluoro versus a nitro derivative-a high-performance liquid chromatography study of two basic analytes with different reversed phases and silica phases as basis for the separation of a positron emission tomography radiotracer. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1311:98-105. [PMID: 24021831 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To develop a basis for the separation of a (18)F-labeled PET radiotracer from its nitro precursor, we performed an analytical HPLC study using the unlabeled reference compound and the corresponding nitro precursor. Aim of the study was to find a separation in which the fluoro derivative elutes in front of the nitro precursor with appropriate separation parameters. Several RP phases as well as a bare silica column were investigated with ACN and MeOH as organic modifiers and aqueous NH4OAc because of the basic character of the analytes. Four types of separation were observed based on different interaction mechanisms. When ACN/20mM NH4OAc aq. was used mainly cationic-exchange and hydrophobic interactions contributed to the retention. A reversal of elution order could be observed starting from 95% ACN and subsequent increasing of the water content. This phenomenon was observed for all RP phases and seems to be independent of the different spacers bound to the silica. By contrast, using MeOH/20mM NH4OAc aq. the elution order depends on the phase material. Two columns with the potential to perform π-π interactions showed different separation behavior compared to the other RP phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Wenzel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research (former Institute of Radiopharmacy), Research Site Leipzig, Dept. of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Germany.
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Bezerra GP, Góis RWDS, de Brito TS, de Lima FJB, Bandeira MAM, Romero NR, Magalhães PJC, Santiago GMP. Phytochemical study guided by the myorelaxant activity of the crude extract, fractions and constituent from stem bark of Hymenaea courbaril L. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 149:62-69. [PMID: 23764737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hymenaea courbaril L. (Caesalpinoideae) is used in Brazilian folk medicine to treat anemia, kidney problems, sore throat and other dysfunctions of the respiratory system, such as bronchitis and asthma, although such properties are yet to be scientifically validated. AIM OF THE STUDY In order to give a scientific basis to support the traditional use of Hymenaea courbaril, this study was designed to evaluate antioxidant, myorelaxant and anti-inflammatory properties of the ethanol extract from stem bark and its fractions. The myorelaxant effect of astilbin, a flavonoid isolated from the bioactive ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), has also been evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS In the present study ethanol extract from stem bark (EEHC) and fractions were analyzed using bioassay-guided fractionation. The following activities were investigated: antioxidant by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, myorelaxant on rat tracheal smooth muscle, and anti-inflammatory using ovalbumin-induced leukocytosis and airway hyperresponsiveness in rats. RESULTS The results of the present investigation show that the whole extract of Hymenaea courbaril and some of its fractions strongly scavenged DPPH radical. The extract showed myorelaxant activity on rat trachea, being EAF its highest efficient fraction. Bio-guided study allowed the isolation of astilbin, a well-known flavonoid. The activity induced by this compound indicates that it may be partly responsible for the myorelaxant effect of EAF. EAF reduced contractions that depended on divalent cation inflow through voltage-operated Ca(2+) channels (VOCCs) or receptor-operated Ca(2+) channels (ROCCs), but it was more potent to inhibit VOCC- than ROCC-dependent contraction induced by Ca(2+) addition in ACh-enriched Ca(2+)-free medium. Oral pretreatment of antigen-challenged animals with EAF prevented airway hyperresponsiveness on KCl-induced contraction and reduced the number of total white cells, particularly eosinophils and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage. CONCLUSIONS This study provided scientific basis that Hymenaea courbaril presents potential antioxidant, myorelaxant and anti-inflammatory actions, which support its use in folk medicine to treat inflammatory airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrieli Penha Bezerra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Odontologia e Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Brazil.
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Ares AM, Nozal MJ, Bernal J. Extraction, chemical characterization and biological activity determination of broccoli health promoting compounds. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1313:78-95. [PMID: 23899380 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica) contains substantial amount of health-promoting compounds such as vitamins, glucosinolates, phenolic compounds, and dietary essential minerals; thus, it benefits health beyond providing just basic nutrition, and consumption of broccoli has been increasing over the years. This review gives an overview on the extraction and separation techniques, as well as the biological activity of some of the above mentioned compounds which have been published in the period January 2008 to January 2013. The work has been distributed according to the different families of health promoting compounds discussing the extraction procedures and the analytical techniques employed for their characterization. Finally, information about the different biological activities of these compounds has been also provided.
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Mucci A, Parenti F, Righi V, Schenetti L. Citron and lemon under the lens of HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy. Food Chem 2013; 141:3167-76. [PMID: 23871074 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
High Resolution Magic Angle Spinning (HR-MAS) is an NMR technique that can be applied to semi-solid samples. Flavedo, albedo, pulp, seeds, and oil gland content of lemon and citron were studied through HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy, which was used directly on intact tissue specimens without any physicochemical manipulation. HR-MAS NMR proved to be a very suitable technique for detecting terpenes, sugars, organic acids, aminoacids and osmolites. It is valuable in observing changes in sugars, principal organic acids (mainly citric and malic) and ethanol contents of pulp specimens and this strongly point to its use to follow fruit ripening, or commercial assessment of fruit maturity. HR-MAS NMR was also used to derive the molar percentage of fatty acid components of lipids in seeds, which can change depending on the Citrus species and varieties. Finally, this technique was employed to elucidate the metabolic profile of mold flavedo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Mucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 183, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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Eilert E, Kranz A, Hollenberg CP, Piontek M, Suckow M. Synthesis and release of the bacterial compatible solute 5-hydroxyectoine in Hansenula polymorpha. J Biotechnol 2013; 167:85-93. [PMID: 23467000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ectoine and 5-hydroxyectoine belong to the family of compatible solutes which are known to mainly contribute to the adaptation of the cell to osmotic stress by mediation of a constant turgor. In addition the cell's essential functions are maintained under stress conditions like high salinity, heat or aridity stress. Hansenula polymorpha was engineered to catalyze the transformation of monomeric substrates to 5-hydroxyectoine. For this purpose four genes encoding the enzymes of the 5-hydroxyectoine biosynthesis pathway of Halomonas elongata, EctA, EctB, EctC, and EctD, were inserted into the genome of H. polymorpha. Subsequently the syntheses of ectoine and 5-hydroxyectoine were analyzed and optimized. We showed that H. polymorpha is a suitable system for recombinant 5-hydroxyectoine synthesis in gram per liter scale (2.8 g L⁻¹ culture supernatant, 365 μmol/g dcw) in which almost 100% conversion of ectoine to 5-hydroxyectoine without necessity of high salinity were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Eilert
- ARTES Biotechnology GmbH, Elisabeth-Selbert-Str. 9, 40764 Langenfeld-Rheinland, Germany.
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