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Qi L, Qiao J. Progress of chiral ligand-exchange capillary electrophoresis for enantioseparation. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1679:463381. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Shamsi SA, Akter F. Capillary Electrophoresis Mass Spectrometry: Developments and Applications for Enantioselective Analysis from 2011-2020. Molecules 2022; 27:4126. [PMID: 35807372 PMCID: PMC9268241 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now more than 25 years since the first report of enantioselective analysis by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) appeared. This article reviews the power of chiral CE-MS in resolving issues on the use of chiral selector incompatibility with MS and poor detectability encountered for chiral compounds by UV detection. The review begins with the general principles, requirements, and critical aspects of chiral CE-MS instrumentation. Next, the review provides a survey of MS-compatible chiral selectors (CSs) reported during the past decade, and the key achievements encountered in the time period using these CSs. Within the context of the strategies used to combine CE and MS, special attention is paid to the approaches that feature partial filling technique, counter-migration techniques, and direct use of CS, such as molecular micelles. In particular, the development and application of moving and fixed CS for EKC-MS, MEKC-MS, and CEC-MS demonstrate how various chiral compounds analyses were solved in a simple and elegant way during the 2010-2020 review period. The most noteworthy applications in the determination of chiral compounds are critically examined. The operating analytical conditions are detailed in the Tables, and the authors provide commentary on future trends of chiral separations by CE-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab A. Shamsi
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA;
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Wang A, Liu K, Tian M, Yang L. Open Tubular Capillary Electrochromatography-Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of Underivatized Amino Acid Enantiomers with a Porous Layer-Gold Nanoparticle-Modified Chiral Column. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9252-9260. [PMID: 35713648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
By developing a novel chiral column, we integrate open tubular capillary electrochromatography into sheathless mass spectrometry (MS) for efficient analysis of underivatized amino acid enantiomers. The chiral column is easily fabricated by modifying the inner surface of a capillary with a three-dimensional porous layer (PL, thickness ∼ 90 nm, pore size ∼ 30 nm) and gold nanoparticles and by introducing a chiral selector, thiol β-cyclodextrin (SH-β-CD), onto the modified surface via Au-S bonds. This approach greatly enhances the specific surface area and thus the ratio of the stationary phase to mobile phase and interaction between the stationary phase and analytes. The proposed PLOT@Au@CD column is coupled to the sheathless CE-ESI-MS system for chiral analysis of amino acid enantiomers. No derivatization of amino acids is required for chiral analysis, and baseline separation of a total of 15 pairs of amino acid enantiomers is achieved within 17 min with high column efficiencies of 5.60 × 104 to 1.82 × 106 N/m, high resolutions of 1.51-10.0, and low limits of detection between 0.02 and 0.09 μg/mL. The separation efficiency and MS intensity are only slightly decreased over 60 runs or after usage for 15 days, showing excellent repeatability and stability of the PLOT@Au@CD column. The proposed method is successfully applied to the determination of amino acid enantiomers in vinegar samples with satisfactory accuracy. Our study provides a new approach for developing a chiral stationary phase in the chromatographic separation technique, which can be easily coupled to sensitive MS detection, thus it would be of value for various applications in the fields of chiral analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China.,Hangzhou Puyu Technology Development Co. Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 311300, China
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- Institute of Chemical and Industrial Bioengineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, 3050 Kaixuan Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130052, China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
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Gui Y, Ji B, Yi G, Li X, Zhang K, Fu Q. Polydopamine-Assisted Rapid One-Step Immobilization of L-Arginine in Capillary as Immobilized Chiral Ligands for Enantioseparation of Dansyl Amino Acids by Chiral Ligand Exchange Capillary Electrochromatography. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061800. [PMID: 33806847 PMCID: PMC8004743 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, a novel L-arginine (L-Arg)-modified polydopamine (PDA)-coated capillary (PDA/L-Arg@capillary) was firstly fabricated via the basic amino-acid-induced PDA co-deposition strategy and employed to constitute a new chiral ligand exchange capillary electrochromatography (CLE-CEC) method for the high-performance enantioseparation of D,L-amino acids (D,L-AAs) with L-Arg as the immobilized chiral ligand coordinating with the central metal ion Zn(II) as running buffer. Assisted by hydrothermal treatment, the robust immobilization of L-Arg on the capillary inner wall could be facilely achieved within 1 h, prominently improving the synthesis efficiency and simplifying the preparation procedure. The successful preparation of PDA/L-Arg coatings in the capillary was systematically characterized and confirmed using several methods. In comparison with bare and PDA-functionalized capillaries, the enantioseparation capability of the presented CLE-CEC system was significantly enhanced. Eight D,L-AAs were completely separated and three pairs were partially separated under the optimal conditions. The prepared PDA/L-Arg@capillary showed good repeatability and stability. The potential mechanism of the greatly enhanced enantioseparation performance obtained by PDA/L-Arg@capillary was also explored. Moreover, the proposed method was further utilized for studying the enzyme kinetics of L-glutamic dehydrogenase, exhibiting its promising prospects in enzyme assays and other related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqi Gui
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (Y.G.); (B.J.); (G.Y.); (K.Z.)
| | - Baian Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (Y.G.); (B.J.); (G.Y.); (K.Z.)
| | - Gaoyi Yi
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (Y.G.); (B.J.); (G.Y.); (K.Z.)
| | - Xiuju Li
- School of Pharmacy, Tongren Polytechnic College, Tongren 554300, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (Q.F.); Tel.: +86-856-6909046 (X.L.); +86-830-3161291 (Q.F.)
| | - Kailian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (Y.G.); (B.J.); (G.Y.); (K.Z.)
| | - Qifeng Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (Y.G.); (B.J.); (G.Y.); (K.Z.)
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (Q.F.); Tel.: +86-856-6909046 (X.L.); +86-830-3161291 (Q.F.)
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Zhao L, Qiao J, Zhang K, Li D, Zhang H, Qi L. Construction of chiral ligand exchange capillary electrochromatography for d,l-amino acids enantioseparation and its application in glutaminase kinetics study. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1548:104-110. [PMID: 29580800 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A chiral ligand exchange capillary electrochromatography (CLE-CEC) protocol was designed and implemented for d,l-amino acids enantioseparation with poly(maleic anhydride-styrene-methacryloyl-l-arginine methyl ester) as the coating. The block copolymer was synthesized through the reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer reaction. In the constructed CLE-CEC system, poly (methacryloyl-l-arginine methyl ester) moiety of the block copolymer played the role as the immobilized chiral ligand and Zn (II) was used as the central ion. Key factors, including pH of buffer solution, ratio of Zn (II) to ligands, the mass ratio of monomers in the block copolymer, which affect the enantioresolution were investigated. Comparing with the bare capillary, the CLE-CEC enantioresolution was enhanced greatly with the coating one. 5 Pairs of d,l-amino acids enantiomers obtained baseline separation with 5 pairs partly separated. The mechanism of enhancement enantioresolution of the developed CLE-CEC system was explored briefly. Further, good linearities were achieved in the range of 25.0 μM-5.0 mM for quantitative analysis of d-glutamine (r2 = 0.997) and l-glutamine (r2 = 0.991). Moreover, the proposed CLE-CEC assay was successfully applied in the kinetics study of glutaminase by using l-glutamine as the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 Zhongguancun Beiyijie, Beijing 100190, China; College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, No. 180 Wusi East Road, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Juan Qiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 Zhongguancun Beiyijie, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Lab of Polymer Physics & Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 Zhongguancun Beiyijie, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dan Li
- Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hongyi Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, No. 180 Wusi East Road, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Li Qi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 Zhongguancun Beiyijie, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, China.
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Moravcová D, Rantamäki AH, Duša F, Wiedmer SK. Monoliths in capillary electrochromatography and capillary liquid chromatography in conjunction with mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:880-912. [PMID: 26800083 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Here, we have reviewed separation studies utilizing monolithic capillary columns for separation of compounds preceding MS analysis. The review is divided in two parts according to the used separation method, namely CEC and capillary LC (cLC). Based on our overview, monolithic CEC-MS technique have been more focused on the syntheses of highly specialized and selective separation phase materials for fast and efficient separation of specific types of analytes. In contrast, monolithic cLC-MS is more widely used and is often employed, for instance, in the analysis of oligonucleotides, metabolites, and peptides and proteins in proteomic studies. While poly(styrene-divinylbenzene)-based and silica-based monolithic capillaries found their place in proteomic analyses, the other laboratory-synthesized monoliths still wait for their wider utilization in routine analyses. The development of new monolithic materials will most likely continue due to the demand of more efficient and rapid separation of increasingly complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Moravcová
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS, v. v. i, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Filip Duša
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS, v. v. i, Brno, Czech Republic
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Liu Y, Wu B, Wang P, Shamsi SA. Synthesis, characterization, and application of polysodium N-alkylenyl α-d-glucopyranoside surfactants for micellar electrokinetic chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:913-23. [PMID: 26763089 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sugar-based ionic surfactants forming micelles are known to suppress ESI of various compounds due to decrease in surface tension upon micelle formation . For the first time, poly (sodium N-undecylenyl-α-d-glucopyranoside 4,6-hydrogen phosphate, (poly-α-d-SUGP) based surfactants with different chain lengths and head groups have been successfully synthesized, characterized, and applied as compatible chiral selector for MEKC-ESI-MS/MS. First, the effect of polymerization concentration of the monomer, α-d-SUGP, was evaluated by enantioseparation of one anionic compound (1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'diyl-hydrogen phosphate) and one zwitterionic compound (dansylated phenylalanine) in MEKC-UV to find the optimum molar surfactant concentration for polymerization. Next, MEKC-UV and MEKC-MS were compared for the enantioseparation of 1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'diyl-hydrogen phosphate. The influence of polymeric glucopyranoside based surfactant head groups and carbon chain lengths on chiral Rs was evaluated for two classes of cationic drugs (ephedrine alkaloids and β-blockers). Finally, enantioselective MEKC-MS of ephedrine alkaloids and β-blockers were profiled at their optimum pH 5.0 and 7.0, respectively, using 20 mM NH4 OAc, 25 mM poly-α-d-SUGP at 30 kV and 25°C under optimum spray chamber conditions. The LOD for most of the enantiomers ranges from 10 to 100 ng/mL with S/N of at least ≥3.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, US
| | - Baolin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, US
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, US
| | - Shahab A Shamsi
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, US
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Giuffrida A, Maccarrone G, Cucinotta V, Orlandini S, Contino A. Recent advances in chiral separation of amino acids using capillary electromigration techniques. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1363:41-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Sánchez-Hernández L, Guijarro-Diez M, Marina ML, Crego AL. New approaches in sensitive chiral CE. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:12-27. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sánchez-Hernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Biology, Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, University of Alcalá; Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | - Miguel Guijarro-Diez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Biology, Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, University of Alcalá; Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | - María Luisa Marina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Biology, Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, University of Alcalá; Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | - Antonio L. Crego
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Biology, Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, University of Alcalá; Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
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Wuethrich A, Haddad PR, Quirino JP. Chiral capillary electromigration techniques-mass spectrometry-hope and promise. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:2-11. [PMID: 24265218 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Analytical methods for chiral compounds require a separation step prior to mass spectrometric detection. CE can separate enantiomers by the use of a chiral selector and can be hyphenated with MS. The chiral selector can be either embedded inside the capillary (electrochromatography) or added into the background solution (EKC). This review describes the fundamentals and highlights the recent developments (September 2009-May 2013) of chiral CEC and EKC with detection using MS. There were 20 research and more than 30 review papers during this period. The research efforts were driven by fundamental studies, such as the development of novel chiral selectors in electrochromatography and of advanced partial filling techniques in EKC in order to optimise separation. Other developments were in application studies, such as in food analytics and metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Wuethrich
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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Sánchez-Hernández L, Serra NS, Marina ML, Crego AL. Enantiomeric separation of free L- and D-amino acids in hydrolyzed protein fertilizers by capillary electrophoresis tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:5022-5030. [PMID: 23646823 DOI: 10.1021/jf4013345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Two capillary electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry (CE-MS(2)) methods were optimized in this work using cyclodextrins (CDs) as chiral selectors in order to determine the degree of racemization of the free amino acids contained in different hydrolyzed protein fertilizers used as plant biostimulants. The methodologies developed were characterized by the specificity of MS(2) experiments enabling the identification of all protein amino acids, except for cysteine. The enantiomeric separation of up to 14 amino acids was achieved with resolutions above 1.0 and limits of detection between 0.02 and 0.8 μM. The methods were applied to the analysis of complex samples such as hydrolyzed protein fertilizers to evaluate the presence of d-amino acids after different kinds of hydrolysis treatments. The results corroborated the absence or almost negligible presence of enantiomeric conversions of the L-amino acids into D-amino acids in the case of fertilizers obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis, as well as the high racemization rate for those obtained through a chemical hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sánchez-Hernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Alcalá, Carretera Madrid-Barcelona, Km 33,600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Jáč P, Scriba GKE. Recent advances in electrodriven enantioseparations. J Sep Sci 2012; 36:52-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Revised: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Jáč
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; School of Pharmacy; Friedrich Schiller University; Jena; Germany
| | - Gerhard K. E. Scriba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; School of Pharmacy; Friedrich Schiller University; Jena; Germany
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