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The Use of Antibiotics as Chiral Selectors in Capillary Electrophoresis: A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113601. [PMID: 35684535 PMCID: PMC9181903 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chirality is becoming an essential issue in modern pharmaceutical research as regulatory agencies emphasize the safety and efficiency of enantiomers in drug development. The development of efficient and reliable chiral separation methods became a necessity in the last 30 years, and capillary electrophoresis (CE), due to its relatively low costs and “green” features, is attracting increased attention. Cyclodextrin (CD) and their derivatives are the most frequently used chiral selectors (CSs) in CE, however, the use of antibiotics as CSs represents an interesting alternative. Various classes of antibiotics (aminoglycosides, ansamycins, glycopeptides, lincosamides, macrolides, tetracyclines) have been used more or less successfully for the enantio-separation of pharmaceuticals. Antibiotics offer the possibility of a multitude of potential interactions (electrostatic, inclusion, hydrogen bonding, etc.) due to their chemical diversity, allowing the enantio-separation of analytes with a wide range of structural characteristics. This article aims to review the application of various classes of antibiotics in the CE enantio-separation of pharmaceuticals. Antibiotic physiochemical characteristics, variables impacting enantio-separation, advantages, and disadvantages when certain antibiotics are used as CSs in CE are also explored.
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Sun X, Yu T, Xu G, Du Y, Chen J, Li X. Evaluation of the enantioselectivity of capillary electrokinetic chromatography using ethanediamine-bonded poly (glycidyl methacrylate) microspheres as the pseudostationary phases. Chirality 2019; 31:118-126. [PMID: 30609130 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a new capillary electrokinetic chromatography (EKC) approach using ethanediamine-bonded poly (glycidyl methacrylate) (Ami-PGMA) microspheres as pseudostationary phases (PSPs) for enantioseparation with a polysaccharide, chondroitin sulfate E (CSE), as the chiral selector. The CSE@Ami-PGMA EKC system was applied to enantioseparate basic drugs, and distinct improved separations of tested enantiomers were obtained while comparing with the single CSE system (the resolution increased from 0.41 to 1.26 for nefopam, from 1.24 to 2.15 for laudanosine, and from 0.92 to 2.36 for amlodipine). The Ami-PGMA microspheres were fully characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and the results showed Ami-PGMA microspheres were uniform and spherical in size (1 μm). Several principal parameters were systematically investigated, and the optimal chiral separations were obtained with Tris/H3 PO4 (20 mM, pH 2.4, and 3.4 for NEF) containing 2.5% (w/v) CSE and 20-μg Ami-PGMA microspheres in 20°C. Subsequently, the concentrations of Ami-PGMA microspheres and CSE were proved to be the dominant factors for the separation in the CSE@Ami-PGMA EKC system by Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Guangfu Xu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yingxiang Du
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jiaquan Chen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqi Li
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
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Wang L, Hou X, Zhang F, Liu Y, Ren Y, Yan H. Chiral Separation by NACE Using Polyol Derivative-Boric Acid Complexes. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1985:383-389. [PMID: 31069747 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9438-0_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) is an effective method for chiral separation. Many polyol derivatives (e.g., D-(+)-xylose, lactobionic acid, diacetone-D-mannitol, L-sorbose, and D-gluconic acid δ-lactone) can react with boric acid in methanol to produce polyol derivative-boric acid complexes which can be utilized as chiral selectors of enantioseparations. The enantiomers of more than a dozen basic analytes can be resolved under the optimized NACE using these chiral selectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China.
- Key Laboratory of Medical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, China.
| | - Xu Hou
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Yimeng Ren
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Hongyuan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, China
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Shapovalova EN, Fedorova IA, Anan’eva IA, Shpigun OA. Macrocyclic Antibiotics as Chiral Selectors in High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934818110114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lv L, Wang L, Li J, Jiao Y, Gao S, Wang J, Yan H. Enantiomeric separation of seven β-agonists by NACE—Study of chiral selectivity with diacetone-d-mannitol–boric acid complex. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 145:399-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Domínguez-Vega E, Montealegre C, Marina ML. Analysis of antibiotics by CE and their use as chiral selectors: An update. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:189-211. [PMID: 26471773 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use of antibiotics in medicine and as growth-promoting agents has increased the demand for suitable analytical techniques for their analysis. Analytical methods based on CE or miniaturized CE systems have proved over the years their ability for the analysis of antibiotics. Since our last review (Electrophoresis 2014, 35, 28-49) several new CE methodologies have been reported for antibiotic analysis. This review presents an update of the literature published from June 2013 to June 2015 for the analysis of antibiotics by CE. UV continues being the most used detection system for antibiotics analysis by CE. Strategies to improve sensitivity as the use of sensitive detection systems and the application of preconcentration techniques appear to be the major developments. Furthermore, the use of portable and miniaturized devices for antibiotic analysis is presented in detail. Applications of the developed methodologies to the determination of residues of antibiotics in biological, food, and environmental samples are carefully described. Finally, new developments and applications of antibiotics as chiral selectors in CE are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Domínguez-Vega
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Maria Luisa Marina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Chiral selectors in CE: Recent developments and applications (2012-mid 2014). Electrophoresis 2014; 36:101-23. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Domínguez-Vega E, Pérez-Fernández V, Crego AL, García MÁ, Marina ML. Recent advances in CE analysis of antibiotics and its use as chiral selectors. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:28-49. [PMID: 24395661 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics are a class of therapeutic molecules widely employed in both human and veterinary medicine. This article reviews the most recent advances in the analysis of antibiotics by CE in pharmaceutical, environmental, food, and biomedical fields. Emphasis is placed on the strategies to increase sensitivity as diverse off-line, in-line, and on-line preconcentration approaches and the use of different detection systems. The use of CE in the microchip format for the analysis of antibiotics is also reviewed in this article. Moreover, since the use of antibiotics as chiral selectors in CE has grown in the last years, a new section devoted to this aspect has been included. This review constitutes an update of previous published reviews and covers the literature published from June 2011 until June 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Domínguez-Vega
- Department of Biomolecular Analysis, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Lebedeva MV, Prokhorova AF, Shapovalova EN, Shpigun OA. Clarithromycin as a chiral selector for enantioseparation of basic compounds in nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2759-64. [PMID: 25100556 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The first use of macrolide antibiotic clarithromycin (CLM) in nonaqueous media for enantioseparation (partial or baseline) of the following compounds: alprenolol, atenolol, metoprolol, clenbuterol, methoxyphenamine, pindolol, propranolol, sotalol, synephrine, labetalol, and fenoterol is reported. Each analysis took less than 15 min. To find optimal separation conditions, some properties of CLM (adsorption, solubility), as well as the effect of experimental parameters on the enantioseparation of analytes (background electrolyte composition, chiral selector concentration, temperature, and applied voltage) were studied. The best chiral resolution was achieved in methanolic solution of 100 mM citric acid, 10 mM NaOH, 240-300 mM H3 BO3 , and 60-75 mM CLM. Using the proposed procedure, adsorption of CLM on the capillary wall was negligible and the repeatability of the migration times (RSD) was as good as 1.6%. For the analysis of propranolol, the linearity was achieved in the concentration range 2.5 × 10(-2) - 3.0 × 10(-1) mg/mL with the LODs (3 × S/N) being equal 2.6 × 10(-3) mg/mL and 2.8 × 10(-3) mg/mL for the first and the second enantiomers, respectively. Linear range for metoprolol enantiomers was 1.0 × 10(-2) -1.6 × 10(-1) mg/mL. The LODs (3 × S/N) were determined as 2.8 × 10(-3) and 3.0 × 10(-3) mg/mL for the first and the second enantiomers, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita V Lebedeva
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Abstract
Azithromycin is an azalide, a subclass of macrolide antibiotics. It is derived from erythromycin, with a methyl-substituted nitrogen atom incorporated into the lactone ring, thus making the lactone ring 15-membered. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis. It binds to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and thus inhibits translation of mRNA. Azithromycin is used to treat or prevent certain bacterial infections, most often those causing middle ear infections, strep throat, pneumonia, typhoid, bronchitis, and sinusitis. In recent years, it has been used primarily to prevent bacterial infections in infants and those with weaker immune systems. It is also effective against certain sexually transmitted infections, such as nongonococcal urethritis, chlamydia, and cervicitis. Recent studies have indicated it also to be effective against late-onset asthma, but these findings are controversial and not widely accepted. The present study gives a comprehensive profile of azithromycin, including detailed physico-chemical properties, nomenclature, formulae, methods of preparation, and methods of analysis (including compendial, electrochemical, spectroscopic, and chromatographic methods of analysis). Developed validated stability-indicating (HPLC and biodiffusion assay methods under accelerated acidic, alkaline, and oxidative conditions, in addition to effect of different types of light, temperature, and pH. Detailed clinical applications also presented (mechanism of action, ADME profile, clinical uses and doses, side effects, and drug interactions). Each of the above stages includes appropriate figures and tables. More than 80 references were given as a proof of the above-mentioned studies.
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