1
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Mu Q, Tian W, Zhang J, Li R, Ji Y. Nanocrystalline Porous Materials for Chiral Separation: Synthesis, Mechanisms, and Applications. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7864-7879. [PMID: 38320090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Qixuan Mu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wanting Tian
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiale Zhang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ruijun Li
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yibing Ji
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China
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2
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Kontrec D, Jurin M, Jakas A, Roje M. New Levan-Based Chiral Stationary Phases: Synthesis and Comparative HPLC Enantioseparation of (±)- trans-β-Lactam Ureas in the Polar Organic Mode. Molecules 2024; 29:2213. [PMID: 38792075 PMCID: PMC11124272 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the preparation of three new polysaccharide-type chiral stationary phases (CSPs) based on levan carbamates (3,5-dimethylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, and 1-naphthyl) is described. The enantioseparation of (±)-trans-β-lactam ureas 1a-h was investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on six different chiral columns (Chiralpak AD-3, Chiralcel OD-3, Chirallica PST-7, Chirallica PST-8, Chirallica PST-9, and Chirallica PST-10) in the polar organic mode, using pure methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), and acetonitrile (ACN). Apart from the Chirallica PST-9 column (based on levan tris(1-naphthylcarbamate), the columns exhibited a satisfactory chiral recognition ability for the tested trans-β-lactam ureas 1a-h.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mladenka Jurin
- Laboratory for Chiral Technologies, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruder Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.K.); (A.J.)
| | | | - Marin Roje
- Laboratory for Chiral Technologies, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruder Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.K.); (A.J.)
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3
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Chromatographic supports for enantioselective liquid chromatography: Evolution and innovative trends. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1684:463555. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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4
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Peluso P, Chankvetadze B. Recognition in the Domain of Molecular Chirality: From Noncovalent Interactions to Separation of Enantiomers. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13235-13400. [PMID: 35917234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It is not a coincidence that both chirality and noncovalent interactions are ubiquitous in nature and synthetic molecular systems. Noncovalent interactivity between chiral molecules underlies enantioselective recognition as a fundamental phenomenon regulating life and human activities. Thus, noncovalent interactions represent the narrative thread of a fascinating story which goes across several disciplines of medical, chemical, physical, biological, and other natural sciences. This review has been conceived with the awareness that a modern attitude toward molecular chirality and its consequences needs to be founded on multidisciplinary approaches to disclose the molecular basis of essential enantioselective phenomena in the domain of chemical, physical, and life sciences. With the primary aim of discussing this topic in an integrated way, a comprehensive pool of rational and systematic multidisciplinary information is provided, which concerns the fundamentals of chirality, a description of noncovalent interactions, and their implications in enantioselective processes occurring in different contexts. A specific focus is devoted to enantioselection in chromatography and electromigration techniques because of their unique feature as "multistep" processes. A second motivation for writing this review is to make a clear statement about the state of the art, the tools we have at our disposal, and what is still missing to fully understand the mechanisms underlying enantioselective recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Peluso
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare ICB, CNR, Sede secondaria di Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, Regione Baldinca, Li Punti, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Avenue 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
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5
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Gonçalves L, Cravo S, Fernandes C, Tiritan ME. Development and evaluation of Pirkle-type chiral stationary phase for flash chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1675:463156. [PMID: 35623191 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography is the most applied methodology for enantioseparation in preparative and semi-preparative scale; however, flash chromatography is seldom the first choice. This work proposes a new sustainable method to achieve pure enantiomers in mg scale. Herein, the functionalization of silica for flash chromatography columns with a suitable chiral selector, for subsequent quantitative enantioseparation of chiral compounds, is described. Accordingly, the Whelk-O®1 chiral selector was bonded to flash silica and packed into a reused solid phase extraction cartridge. For the evaluation of the enantioselective performance of the flash column, the enantiomers of a chiral derivative of xanthone were quantitatively enantioseparated with an average recovery of 70% and an enantiomer ratio (e.r.) of 99% and 97% for each enantiomer. Evaluation with the anti-inflammatory drug naproxen was also performed, resulting in an average recovery of 95% and 89% and 95% e.r. for each enantiomer. The flash column showed high stability and load ability, versatility, and good reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layane Gonçalves
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Cravo
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Fernandes
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; TOXRUN-Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal.
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6
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Evaluation of chiral separation by Pirkle-type chiral selector based mixed matrix membranes. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Synthetic Cathinones: Recent Developments, Enantioselectivity Studies and Enantioseparation Methods. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072057. [PMID: 35408456 PMCID: PMC9000803 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
New psychoactive substances represent a public health threat since they are not controlled by international conventions, are easily accessible online and are sold as a legal alternative to illicit drugs. Among them, synthetic cathinones are widely abused due to their stimulant and hallucinogenic effects. To circumvent the law, new derivatives are clandestinely synthesized and, therefore, synthetic cathinones keep emerging on the drug market, with their chemical and toxicological properties still unknown. In this review, a literature assessment about synthetic cathinones is presented focusing on the recent developments, which include more than 50 derivatives since 2014. A summary of their toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic properties are also presented. Furthermore, synthetic cathinones are chiral compounds, meaning that they can exist as two enantiomeric forms which may present different biological and toxicological activities. To analyze the enantiomers, the development of enantiomeric resolution methods for synthetic cathinones is crucial. Many methods have been reported over the years that include mostly chromatographic and electromigration techniques, with liquid chromatography using chiral stationary phases being the technique of choice. This review intended to present an overview of enantioselectivity studies and enantioseparation analysis regarding synthetic cathinones, highlighting the relevance of chirality and current trends.
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8
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A perspective on enantioselective chromatography by comparing ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography and normal-phase liquid chromatography through the use of a Pirkle-type stationary phase. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Qian HL, Liu F, Liu X, Yang C, Yan XP. Chiral covalent organic framework-monolith as stationary phase for high-performance liquid chromatographic enantioseparation of selected amino acids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:5255-5262. [PMID: 34331090 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03574-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The separation of amino acid (AA) enantiomers shows significance for chemistry, food, and biology, but remains challenging due to their similar properties. A promising nanoporous chiral covalent organic framework (COF) as a stationary phase for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) suffers from the irregularity and widely distributed particle size of the chiral COF. Herein, we show the facile preparation of a chiral COF-monolith as a stationary phase for HPLC enantiomeric separation of AAs via orthogonal experiments. The CTzDa-monolith is prepared by the incorporation of the model chiral COF named CTzDa into the porous poly(ethylene dimethacrylate-co-methacrylate) monolith and reveals great permeability and mechanical stability. The corresponding CTzDa-monolithic column gives better chiral HPLC separation of AAs than the commercial Poroshell 120 chiral-T column. Thermal dynamic analysis and molecular docking calculations imply the involvement of stereoscopic hydrogen, π-π, and van der Waals interactions between the CTzDa and AAs during HPLC enantioseparation. The facile incorporation of the chiral COF into the porous monolith will promote the potential of a chiral COF as a stationary phase for HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Long Qian
- Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Fang Liu
- Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiu-Ping Yan
- Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
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10
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Zhao Y, Zhu X, Jiang W, Liu H, Wang J, Sun B. Natural and Artificial Chiral-Based Systems for Separation Applications. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:27-45. [PMID: 34152894 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1932408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Chiral separation has attracted much attention for basic research and industrial applications in analytical chemistry. Generally, chiral separations use natural or artificial chiral-based materials as adsorbents. To improve the precision and efficiency of chiral separation, focus has shifted from natural and synthetic adsorbents to binary combinations of materials. This review specifically summarizes the significant advancements made in natural and artificial chiral adsorbents as promising candidates for diverse drug and biomolecule separation applications as well as the remaining drawbacks and challenges for research on chiral separations. The mechanisms of chiral-based recognition and separation and history and development of natural and artificial chiral-based systems are the focus of this review. Future directions in natural and artificial chiral-based systems for practical separations and other applications are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuecheng Zhu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Huilin Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Baoguo Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
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11
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Phyo YZ, Teixeira J, Gonçalves R, Palmeira A, Tiritan ME, Bousbaa H, Pinto MMM, Fernandes C, Kijjoa A. Chiral derivatives of xanthones and benzophenones: Synthesis, enantioseparation, molecular docking, and tumor cell growth inhibition studies. Chirality 2021; 33:153-166. [PMID: 33448056 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AbstractLiquid chromatography enantioseparation and determination of enantiomeric purity of synthetized xanthone and benzophenone derivatives comprising one or more chiral moieties are reported. High enantioselectivity and resolution were observed in (S,S)‐Whelk‐O1 chiral stationary phase (CSP) for the enantiomeric mixtures of compounds comprising an aromatic ring linked to the stereogenic center(s), with α values ranging from 1.35 to 4.15 and Rs values ranging from 2.22 to 13.87. Among all the tested enantiomeric mixtures, those comprising three chiral moieties positioned in the xanthone scaffold gave the best chromatographic results. Enantiomers comprising an alkyl chain linked to the stereogenic centers were enantioseparated on a Lux® Celullose‐2 CSP. For both CSPs, the elution was performed in polar organic mode. The enantiomeric ratio (e.r.) values were always higher than 99%. Additionally, assessment of chiral recognition mechanisms on (S,S)‐Whelk‐O1 CSP was performed by molecular docking approach, which are in accordance with the chromatographic parameters. The nature and number of chiral moieties in the central aromatic scaffold of either xanthone or benzophenone derivatives are proved to be crucial for enantiorecognition. The evaluation of the growth inhibition of human tumor cell lines revealed that (S,S)‐(+)‐5 was the most potent compound, with values of GI50 of 12.83 ± 2.09 μM for A375‐C5 melanoma, 12.40 ± 1.16 μM for MCF‐7 breast adenocarcinoma, and 13.06 ± 1.29 μM for NCI‐H460 non‐small cell lung cancer. In some cases, the growth inhibitory effects demonstrated to be dependent on the stereochemistry of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye' Zaw Phyo
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Joana Teixeira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Gonçalves
- Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (IINFACTS), Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Andreia Palmeira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (IINFACTS), Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Hassan Bousbaa
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Matosinhos, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (IINFACTS), Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Madalena M M Pinto
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Fernandes
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Porto, Portugal
| | - Anake Kijjoa
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Matosinhos, Portugal
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12
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From Natural Products to New Synthetic Small Molecules: A Journey through the World of Xanthones. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020431. [PMID: 33467544 PMCID: PMC7829950 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reviews the contributions of the corresponding author (M.M.M.P.) and her research group to Medicinal Chemistry concerning the isolation from plant and marine sources of xanthone derivatives as well as their synthesis, biological/pharmacological activities, formulation and analytical applications. Although her group activity has been spread over several chemical families with relevance in Medicinal Chemistry, the main focus of the investigation and research has been in the xanthone family. Xanthone derivatives have a variety of activities with great potential for therapeutic applications due to their versatile framework. The group has contributed with several libraries of xanthones derivatives, with a variety of activities such as antitumor, anticoagulant, antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and multidrug resistance reversal effects. Besides therapeutic applications, our group has also developed xanthone derivatives with analytical applications as chiral selectors for liquid chromatography and for maritime application as antifouling agents for marine paints. Chemically, it has been challenging to afford green chemistry methods and achieve enantiomeric purity of chiral derivatives. In this review, the structures of the most significant compounds will be presented.
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Zhang Y, Jin X, Ma X, Wang Y. Chiral porous organic frameworks and their application in enantioseparation. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:8-33. [PMID: 33245740 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01831g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Porous organic frameworks (POFs) are a kind of porous material with a network structure composed of repeated monomers, which have excellent physical and chemical properties, such as a high surface area, high porosity, uniform pore sizes and structural diversity, and which have aroused broad interest among researchers. With the rapid development of materials science, increasingly more porous materials have been developed and applied, especially metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), which have been widely applied in the fields of luminous materials, catalytic research, adsorption and drug transport. One of the most important applications for chiral porous materials is in chiral separation and these materials have become a research hotspot in the field of chromatographic separation and analysis in recent years. In this review, from the viewpoint of enantioseparation, the synthesis of chiral porous materials and their applications in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), capillary electrochromatography (CEC), and gas chromatography (GC) are reviewed. The typical applications of MOFs in solid-phase microextraction (SPME) are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- School of Science, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
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14
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Zhou D, Zheng Y, Luo Q, Gao D, Fu Q, Zhang K, Xia Z, Wang L. Preparation of an aspartame and N-isopropyl acrylamide copolymer functionalized stationary phase with multi-mode and chiral separation abilities. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1634:461675. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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15
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West C, Khater S. Characterization of retention and separation mechanisms with Pirkle-type enantioselective stationary phases in supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461352. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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16
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Phyo YZ, Teixeira J, Tiritan ME, Cravo S, Palmeira A, Gales L, Silva AMS, Pinto MMM, Kijjoa A, Fernandes C. New chiral stationary phases for liquid chromatography based on small molecules: Development, enantioresolution evaluation and chiral recognition mechanisms. Chirality 2019; 32:81-97. [PMID: 31725938 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported the development of new chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for liquid chromatography (LC) based on chiral derivatives of xanthones (CDXs). Based on the most promising CDX selectors, 12 new CSPs were successfully prepared starting from suitable functionalized small molecules including xanthone and benzophenone derivatives. The chiral selectors comprising one, two, three, or four chiral moieties were covalently bonded to a chromatographic support and further packed into LC stainless-steel columns (150 × 2.1 mm I.D.). The enantioselective performance of the new CSPs was evaluated by LC using different classes of chiral compounds. Specificity for enantioseparation of some CDXs was observed in the evaluation of the new CSPs. Besides, assessment of chiral recognition mechanisms was performed by computational studies using molecular docking approach, which are in accordance with the chromatographic parameters. X-Ray analysis was used to establish a chiral selector 3D structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye' Zaw Phyo
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, CIIMAR, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Joana Teixeira
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, CIIMAR, Matosinhos, Portugal.,Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Porto, Portugal.,CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (IINFACTS), Gandra, PRD, Portugal
| | - Sara Cravo
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, CIIMAR, Matosinhos, Portugal.,Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Palmeira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, CIIMAR, Matosinhos, Portugal.,Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Gales
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal
| | - Artur M S Silva
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Madalena M M Pinto
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, CIIMAR, Matosinhos, Portugal.,Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Porto, Portugal
| | - Anake Kijjoa
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, CIIMAR, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Carla Fernandes
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, CIIMAR, Matosinhos, Portugal.,Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Porto, Portugal
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17
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Chiral recognition in separation sciences. Part II: Macrocyclic glycopeptide, donor-acceptor, ion-exchange, ligand-exchange and micellar selectors. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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18
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Teixeira J, Tiritan ME, Pinto MMM, Fernandes C. Chiral Stationary Phases for Liquid Chromatography: Recent Developments. Molecules 2019; 24:E865. [PMID: 30823495 PMCID: PMC6429359 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The planning and development of new chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for liquid chromatography (LC) are considered as continuous and evolutionary issues since the introduction of the first CSP in 1938. The main objectives of the development strategies were to attempt the improvement of the chromatographic enantioresolution performance of the CSPs as well as enlarge their versatility and range of applications. Additionally, the transition to ultra-high-performance LC were underscored. The most recent strategies have comprised the introduction of new chiral selectors, the use of new materials as chromatographic supports or the reduction of its particle size, and the application of different synthetic approaches for preparation of CSPs. This review gathered the most recent developments associated to the different types of CSPs providing an overview of the relevant advances that are arising on LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Teixeira
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (IINFACTS), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal.
| | - Madalena M M Pinto
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Carla Fernandes
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
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19
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Knežević A, Novak J, Vinković V. New Brush-Type Chiral Stationary Phases for Enantioseparation of Pharmaceutical Drugs. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24040823. [PMID: 30823585 PMCID: PMC6412842 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of chirality in drug development is unquestionable, with chiral liquid chromatography (LC) being the most adequate technique for its analysis. Among the various types of chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for LC, brush-type CSPs provide the base for interaction analysis of CSPs and enantiomers, which provide valuable results that can be applied to interaction studies of other CSP types. In order to analyze the influence of aromatic interactions in chiral recognition, we designed a set of ten new brush-type CSPs based on (S)-N-(1-aryl-propyl)-3,5-dinitrobenzamides which differ in the aromatic unit directly linked to the chiral center. Thirty diverse racemates, including several nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and 3-hydroxybenzodiazepine drugs, were used to evaluate the prepared CSPs. Chromatographic analysis showed that the three new CSPs separate enantiomers of a wide range of compounds and their chromatographic behavior is comparable to the most versatile brush-type CSP—Whelk-O1. The critical role of the nonbonding interactions in positioning of the analyte (naproxen) in the cleft of CSP-6, as well as the analysis of interactions that make enantioseparation possible, were elucidated using computational methods. Furthermore, the influence of acetic acid as a mobile phase additive, on this enantiorecognition process was corroborated by calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamarija Knežević
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia.
| | - Jurica Novak
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia.
- South Ural State University, 20-A, Tchaikovsky Str., Chelyabinsk 454080, Russia.
| | - Vladimir Vinković
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia.
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20
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Abstract
Stereospecific recognition of chiral molecules plays an important role in nature as the basis of the interaction of chiral bioactive compounds with the chiral target structures. In separation sciences such as chromatographic and capillary electromigration techniques, interactions between chiral analytes and chiral selectors, i.e., the formation of transient diastereomeric complexes in thermodynamic equilibria, are the basis for chiral separations. Due to the large structural variety of chiral selectors, different structural features contribute to the overall chiral recognition process. This introductory chapter briefly summarizes the present understanding of the structural enantioselective recognition processes for various types of chiral selectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard K E Scriba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
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21
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Knežević A, Novak J, Pescitelli G, Vinković V. Determination of the Absolute Configuration of ( S
)- N
-(1-Aryl-allyl)-3,5-dinitrobenzamides and Their Elution Order on Brush-Type Chiral Stationary Phases. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anamarija Knežević
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Ruđer Bošković Institute; Bijenička cesta 54 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Jurica Novak
- Division of Physical Chemistry; Ruđer Bošković Institute; Bijenička cesta 54 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale; Università di Pisa; Via Moruzzi 13 Pisa Italy
| | - Vladimir Vinković
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Ruđer Bošković Institute; Bijenička cesta 54 Zagreb Croatia
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22
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Nóbrega L, Dinis-Oliveira RJ. The synthetic cathinone α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (α-PVP): pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic clinical and forensic aspects. Drug Metab Rev 2018. [PMID: 29540067 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1448867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
New psychoactive substances (NPS), often referred as 'legal highs' or 'designer drugs', are derivatives and analogs of existing psychoactive drugs that are introduced in the recreational market to circumvent existing legislation on drugs of abuse. This work aims to review the state-of-the-art regarding chemical, molecular pharmacology, and in vitro and in vivo data on toxicokinetics of the potent synthetic cathinone α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (α-PVP or flakka or zombie drug). Chemical, pharmacological, toxicological, and clinical effects of α-PVP were searched in PubMed (U.S. National Library of Medicine) and governmental websites without limitation of the period. α-PVP is a wide spread and easy to get special type of synthetic cathinone with seemingly powerful cocaine-like stimulant effects, high brain penetration, high liability for abuse and with increased risk of adverse effects such as tachycardia, agitation, hypertension, hallucinations, delirium, mydriasis, self-injury, aggressive behavior, and suicidal ideations. α-PVP undergoes extensive metabolism via different pathways and the α-PVP itself or its metabolites β-hydroxy-α-PVP and α-PVP lactam represent the main targets for toxicological analysis in urine. There is a limited knowledge regarding the short- and long-term effects of α-PVP and metabolites, and pharmacogenetic influence, hence further clinical and forensic toxicological studies are required. Moreover, since α-PVP cannot be detected with classic routine analysis procedures, statements on the frequency of their consumption cannot be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Nóbrega
- a Department of Public Health, Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira
- a Department of Public Health, Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal.,b UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal.,c Department of Sciences, IINFACTS - Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies , University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL , Gandra , Portugal
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23
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N L Batista A, M Dos Santos F, Batista JM, Cass QB. Enantiomeric Mixtures in Natural Product Chemistry: Separation and Absolute Configuration Assignment. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020492. [PMID: 29473869 PMCID: PMC6017502 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chiral natural product molecules are generally assumed to be biosynthesized in an enantiomerically pure or enriched fashion. Nevertheless, a significant amount of racemates or enantiomerically enriched mixtures has been reported from natural sources. This number is estimated to be even larger since the enantiomeric purity of secondary metabolites is rarely checked in the natural product isolation pipeline. This latter fact may have drastic effects on the evaluation of the biological activity of chiral natural products. A second bottleneck is the determination of their absolute configurations. Despite the widespread use of optical rotation and electronic circular dichroism, most of the stereochemical assignments are based on empirical correlations with similar compounds reported in the literature. As an alternative, the combination of vibrational circular dichroism and quantum chemical calculations has emerged as a powerful and reliable tool for both conformational and configurational analysis of natural products, even for those lacking UV-Vis chromophores. In this review, we aim to provide the reader with a critical overview of the occurrence of enantiomeric mixtures of secondary metabolites in nature as well the best practices for their detection, enantioselective separation using liquid chromatography, and determination of absolute configuration by means of vibrational circular dichroism and density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N L Batista
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luis s/n, km 235, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Fernando M Dos Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luis s/n, km 235, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - João M Batista
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luis s/n, km 235, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo-UNIFESP, R. Talim 330, São José dos Campos, SP 12231-280, Brazil.
| | - Quezia B Cass
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luis s/n, km 235, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
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24
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Phyo YZ, Ribeiro J, Fernandes C, Kijjoa A, Pinto MMM. Marine Natural Peptides: Determination of Absolute Configuration Using Liquid Chromatography Methods and Evaluation of Bioactivities. Molecules 2018; 23:E306. [PMID: 29385101 PMCID: PMC6017543 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, many naturally occurring peptides have attracted the attention of medicinal chemists due to their promising applicability as pharmaceuticals or as models for drugs used in therapeutics. Marine peptides are chiral molecules comprising different amino acid residues. Therefore, it is essential to establish the configuration of the stereogenic carbon of their amino acid constituents for a total characterization and further synthesis to obtain higher amount of the bioactive marine peptides or as a basis for structural modifications for more potent derivatives. Moreover, it is also a crucial issue taking into account the mechanisms of molecular recognition and the influence of molecular three-dimensionality in this process. In this review, a literature survey covering the report on the determination of absolute configuration of the amino acid residues of diverse marine peptides by chromatographic methodologies is presented. A brief summary of their biological activities was also included emphasizing to the most promising marine peptides. A case study describing an experience of our group was also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye' Zaw Phyo
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - João Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Carla Fernandes
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Anake Kijjoa
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Madalena M M Pinto
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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25
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Ribeiro C, Santos C, Gonçalves V, Ramos A, Afonso C, Tiritan ME. Chiral Drug Analysis in Forensic Chemistry: An Overview. Molecules 2018; 23:E262. [PMID: 29382109 PMCID: PMC6017579 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many substances of forensic interest are chiral and available either as racemates or pure enantiomers. Application of chiral analysis in biological samples can be useful for the determination of legal or illicit drugs consumption or interpretation of unexpected toxicological effects. Chiral substances can also be found in environmental samples and revealed to be useful for determination of community drug usage (sewage epidemiology), identification of illicit drug manufacturing locations, illegal discharge of sewage and in environmental risk assessment. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the application of chiral analysis in biological and environmental samples and their relevance in the forensic field. Most frequently analytical methods used to quantify the enantiomers are liquid and gas chromatography using both indirect, with enantiomerically pure derivatizing reagents, and direct methods recurring to chiral stationary phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Ribeiro
- Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies , Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Cristiana Santos
- Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies , Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal.
| | - Valter Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Ramos
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Afonso
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies , Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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26
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Sanganyado E, Lu Z, Fu Q, Schlenk D, Gan J. Chiral pharmaceuticals: A review on their environmental occurrence and fate processes. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 124:527-542. [PMID: 28806704 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
More than 50% of pharmaceuticals in current use are chiral compounds. Enantiomers of the same pharmaceutical have identical physicochemical properties, but may exhibit differences in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and toxicity. The advancement in separation and detection methods has made it possible to analyze trace amounts of chiral compounds in environmental media. As a result, interest on chiral analysis and evaluation of stereoselectivity in environmental occurrence, phase distribution and degradation of chiral pharmaceuticals has grown substantially in recent years. Here we review recent studies on the analysis, occurrence, and fate of chiral pharmaceuticals in engineered and natural environments. Monitoring studies have shown ubiquitous presence of chiral pharmaceuticals in wastewater, surface waters, sediments, and sludge, particularly β-receptor antagonists, analgesics, antifungals, and antidepressants. Selective sorption and microbial degradation have been demonstrated to result in enrichment of one enantiomer over the other. The changes in enantiomer composition may also be caused by biologically catalyzed chiral inversion. However, accurate evaluation of chiral pharmaceuticals as trace environmental pollutants is often hampered by the lack of identification of the stereoconfiguration of enantiomers. Furthermore, a systematic approach including occurrence, fate and transport in various environmental matrices is needed to minimize uncertainties in risk assessment of chiral pharmaceuticals as emerging environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmond Sanganyado
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States.
| | - Zhijiang Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Qiuguo Fu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
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27
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Occurrence of Chiral Bioactive Compounds in the Aquatic Environment: A Review. Symmetry (Basel) 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/sym9100215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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28
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Chiral Separation in Preparative Scale: A Brief Overview of Membranes as Tools for Enantiomeric Separation. Symmetry (Basel) 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/sym9100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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29
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Chiral Stationary Phases for Liquid Chromatography Based on Chitin- and Chitosan-Derived Marine Polysaccharides. Symmetry (Basel) 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/sym9090190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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30
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Enantiomeric Separation of Tramadol and Its Metabolites: Method Validation and Application to Environmental Samples. Symmetry (Basel) 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/sym9090170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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31
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Fernandes C, Phyo YZ, Silva AS, Tiritan ME, Kijjoa A, Pinto MM. Chiral Stationary Phases Based on Small Molecules: An Update of the Last 17 Years. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2017.1326939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Fernandes
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ye’ Zaw Phyo
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Silva
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (IINFACTS), Gandra PRD, Portugal
| | - Anake Kijjoa
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Madalena M.M. Pinto
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal
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32
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Vargas-Caporali J, Juaristi E. Fundamental Developments of Chiral Phase Chromatography in Connection with Enantioselective Synthesis of β-Amino Acids. Isr J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201700011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Vargas-Caporali
- Departamento de Química; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional Avenida IPN No. 2508; 07360 Ciudad de México México
| | - Eusebio Juaristi
- Departamento de Química; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional Avenida IPN No. 2508; 07360 Ciudad de México México
- El Colegio Nacional; Luis González Obregón No. 23, Centro Histórico 06020 Ciudad de México México
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33
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Fernandes C, Tiritan ME, Cravo S, Phyo YZ, Kijjoa A, Silva AMS, Cass QB, Pinto MMM. New chiral stationary phases based on xanthone derivatives for liquid chromatography. Chirality 2017; 29:430-442. [PMID: 28608589 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Six chiral derivatives of xanthones (CDXs) were covalently bonded to silica, yielding the corresponding xanthonic chiral stationary phases (XCSPs). The new XCSPs were packed into stainless-steel columns with 150 x 4.6 mm i.d. Moreover, the greening of the chromatographic analysis by reducing the internal diameter (150 x 2.1 mm i.d.) of the liquid chromatography (LC) columns was also investigated. The enantioselective capability of these phases was evaluated by LC using different chemical classes of chiral compounds, including several types of drugs. A library of CDXs was evaluated in order to explore the principle of reciprocity as well as the chiral self-recognition phenomenon. The separation of enantiomeric mixtures of CDXs was investigated under multimodal elution conditions. The XCSPs provided high specificity for the enantiomeric mixtures of CDXs evaluated mainly under normal-phase elution conditions. Furthermore, two XCSPs were prepared with both enantiomers of the same xanthonic selector in order to confirm the inversion order elution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Fernandes
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Porto, Portugal.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Porto, Portugal.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Matosinhos, Portugal.,CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (IINFACTS), Gandra, PRD, Portugal
| | - Sara Cravo
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Porto, Portugal.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ye' Zaw Phyo
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Anake Kijjoa
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Matosinhos, Portugal.,ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Artur M S Silva
- Departamento de Química & QOPNA, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Quezia B Cass
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brasil
| | - Madalena M M Pinto
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Porto, Portugal.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Matosinhos, Portugal
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Carraro ML, Palmeira A, Tiritan ME, Fernandes C, Pinto MMM. Resolution, determination of enantiomeric purity and chiral recognition mechanism of new xanthone derivatives on (S,S)-whelk-O1 stationary phase. Chirality 2017; 29:247-256. [PMID: 28439971 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The enantioresolution and determination of the enantiomeric purity of 32 new xanthone derivatives, synthesized in enantiomerically pure form, were investigated on (S,S)-Whelk-O1 chiral stationary phase (CSP). Enantioselectivity and resolution (α and RS ) with values ranging from 1.41-6.25 and from 1.29-17.20, respectively, were achieved. The elution was in polar organic mode with acetonitrile/methanol (50:50 v/v) as mobile phase and, generally, the (R)-enantiomer was the first to elute. The enantiomeric excess (ee) for all synthesized xanthone derivatives was higher than 99%. All the enantiomeric pairs were enantioseparated, even those without an aromatic moiety linked to the stereogenic center. Computational studies for molecular docking were carried out to perform a qualitative analysis of the enantioresolution and to explore the chiral recognition mechanisms. The in silico results were consistent with the chromatographic parameters and elution orders. The interactions between the CSP and the xanthone derivatives involved in the chromatographic enantioseparation were elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Carraro
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Palmeira
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Porto, Portugal.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Maria E Tiritan
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Porto, Portugal.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal.,CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (IINFACTS), Gandra, Portugal
| | - Carla Fernandes
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Porto, Portugal.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Madalena M M Pinto
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Porto, Portugal.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal
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Preparation of Two New Diasteromeric Chiral Stationary Phases Based on (+)-(18-Crown-6)-2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic Acid and (R)- or (S)-1-(1-Naphthyl)ethylamine and Chiral Tethering Group Effect on the Chiral Recognition. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 21:molecules21081051. [PMID: 27529205 PMCID: PMC6273757 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21081051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two new diastereomeric chiral stationary phases (CSPs) based on (+)-(18-crown-6)-2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid as a chiral tethering group and a Π-basic chiral unit such as (R)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine (CSP 1) or (S)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine (CSP 2) were prepared. The two CSPs were applied to the enantiomeric separation of N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-1-phenylalkylamines and N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-α-amino acid derivatives using 20% isopropyl alcohol in hexane as a normal mobile phase. To elucidate the effect of the two chiral units on the chiral recognition, the chiral recognition abilities of the two CSPs were compared with each other and with that of a CSP (CSP 3) based on (R)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine. From the chromatographic chiral recognition results, (R)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine and (+)−(18-crown-6)-2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid constituting CSP 1 were concluded to show a cooperative (“matched”) effect on the chiral recognition while (S)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine and (+)-(18-crown-6)-2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid constituting CSP 2 were concluded to show an uncooperative (“mismatched”) effect on the chiral recognition. From these results, it was concluded that (+)-(18-crown-6)-2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid can be successfully used as a chiral tethering group for the preparation of new CSPs.
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Chiral enantioresolution of cathinone derivatives present in "legal highs", and enantioselectivity evaluation on cytotoxicity of 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). Forensic Toxicol 2016; 34:372-385. [PMID: 27594923 PMCID: PMC4988346 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-016-0324-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recently, great interest has been focused on synthetic cathinones since their consumption has increased exponentially. All synthetic cathinones exist as chiral molecules; the biological and/or toxicological properties of cathinones generally differ according to the enantiomers in human body. In this study, a chiral liquid chromatography method was developed to separate and determine the enantiomeric ratio of synthetic cathinones present in "legal highs" acquired in old smart shops or over the Internet. All the synthetic cathinones were efficiently enantio-separated with α and Rs ranging from 1.24 to 3.62 and from 1.24 to 10.52, respectively, using polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases. All synthetic cathinones, with the exception of 4-methylethcathinone (4-MEC), were present in the commercialized "legal highs" in an enantiomeric proportion of 50:50. One of the studied chiral compounds was 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), one of the most consumed cathinone derivative worldwide. Our research group has recently reported its hepatotoxicity in the racemic form. Thus, the analytical enantioresolution of the MDPV was scaled up to multi-milligram using a semi-preparative amylose tris-3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate column (20 cm × 7.0 mm ID, 7 µm particle size). Both enantiomers were isolated with high enantiomeric purity (enantiomeric excess > 99 %). The toxicity of S-(-)-MDPV and R-(+)-MDPV was evaluated, for the first time, using primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. It was also possible to verify that MDPV enantiomers showed hepatotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner, but displayed no enantioselective toxicity in this cell culture model.
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Scriba GKE. Chiral recognition in separation science - an update. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1467:56-78. [PMID: 27318504 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Stereospecific recognition of chiral molecules is an important issue in various aspects of life sciences and chemistry including analytical separation sciences. The basis of analytical enantioseparations is the formation of transient diastereomeric complexes driven by hydrogen bonds or ionic, ion-dipole, dipole-dipole, van der Waals as well as π-π interactions. Recently, halogen bonding was also described to contribute to selector-selectand complexation. Besides structure-separation relationships, spectroscopic techniques, especially NMR spectroscopy, as well as X-ray crystallography have contributed to the understanding of the structure of the diastereomeric complexes. Molecular modeling has provided the tool for the visualization of the structures. The present review highlights recent contributions to the understanding of the binding mechanism between chiral selectors and selectands in analytical enantioseparations dating between 2012 and early 2016 including polysaccharide derivatives, cyclodextrins, cyclofructans, macrocyclic glycopeptides, proteins, brush-type selectors, ion-exchangers, polymers, crown ethers, ligand-exchangers, molecular micelles, ionic liquids, metal-organic frameworks and nucleotide-derived selectors. A systematic compilation of all published literature on the various chiral selectors has not been attempted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard K E Scriba
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Enantioseparation of chiral pharmaceuticals in biomedical and environmental analyses by liquid chromatography: An overview. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 968:8-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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