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Jankech T, Gerhardtova I, Majerova P, Piestansky J, Jampilek J, Kovac A. Derivatization of carboxylic groups prior to their LC analysis - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1300:342435. [PMID: 38521569 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Carboxylic acids (CAs) represent a large group of important molecules participating in various biologically significant processes. Analytical study of these compounds is typically performed by liquid chromatography (LC) combined with various types of detection. However, their analysis is often accompanied by a wide variety of problems depending on used separation system or detection method. The dominant ones are: i) poor chromatographic behavior of the CAs in reversed-phase LC; ii) absence of a chromophore (or fluorophore); iii) weak ionization in mass spectrometry (MS). To overcome these problems, targeted chemical modification, and derivatization, come into play. Therefore, derivatization still plays an important and, in many cases, irreplaceable role in sample preparation, and new derivatization methods of CAs are constantly being developed. The most commonly used type of reaction for CAs derivatization is amidation. In recent years, an increased interest in the isotopic labeling derivatization method has been observed. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the possibilities and actual trends in the derivatization of CAs that have been published over the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timotej Jankech
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ivana Gerhardtova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Petra Majerova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Juraj Piestansky
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Galenic Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Josef Jampilek
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Andrej Kovac
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Fu Z, Zhang H, Zeng Z, Ning F, Xu Z, Liu C, Zhang M, Hu P. A pre-column derivatization high-performance liquid chromatography method for simultaneous determination of short-chain and medium-chain fatty acids in a fecal sample. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2200671. [PMID: 36285380 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain and medium-chain fatty acids have plentiful biological functions, which play a crucial role in the diagnosis and therapy of many diseases. Herein, a new method for simultaneous quantifying 17 short-chain and medium-chain fatty acids with high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with an ultraviolet detector was developed and the pre-column derivatization by indole-3-acetic acid hydrazide was performed to improve the separation and detection. The conditions of the derivatization reaction were systematically investigated. Subsequently, the method was validated and the results showed a satisfactory linearity (linear regression coefficients > 0.9969), the limit of detection (4.0×10-3 -1.9×10-2 μmol/L), precision (0.9%-7.3% for intra-day and 2.0%-9.8% for inter-day), recovery (90.0%-109.1% with relative standard deviation <7.7%) and stability (0.1%-3.3% for standard solution and 0.2%-3.9% for fecal sample). Finally, the established method was successfully applied to quantify short-chain and medium-chain fatty acids in the feces of healthy control and diabetic rats. Eleven kinds of short-chain and medium-chain fatty acids were detected and six of them showed a significant difference between the control group and the model group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hongyang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhijun Zeng
- Research Center for Differentiation and Development of TCM Basic Theory, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of TCM Etiopathogenesis, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Fanghong Ning
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ziwei Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Chenyu Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- China Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ping Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Campanella B, Lomonaco T, Benedetti E, Onor M, Nieri R, Bramanti E. Validation and Application of a Derivatization-Free RP-HPLC-DAD Method for the Determination of Low Molecular Weight Salivary Metabolites. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E6158. [PMID: 32854235 PMCID: PMC7503734 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Saliva is an interesting, non-conventional, valuable diagnostic fluid. It can be collected using standardized sampling device; thus, its sampling is easy and non-invasive, it contains a variety of organic metabolites that reflect blood composition. The aim of this study was to validate a user-friendly method for the simultaneous determination of low molecular weight metabolites in saliva. We have optimized and validated a high throughput, direct, low-cost reversed phase liquid chromatographic method with diode array detection method without any pre- or post-column derivatization. We indexed salivary biomolecules in 35 whole non-stimulated saliva samples collected in 8 individuals in different days, including organic acids and amino acids and other carbonyl compounds. Among these, 16 whole saliva samples were collected by a single individual over three weeks before, during and after treatment with antibiotic in order to investigate the dynamics of metabolites. The concentrations of the metabolites were compared with the literature data. The multianalyte method here proposed requires a minimal sample handling and it is cost-effectiveness as it makes possible to analyze a high number of samples with basic instrumentation. The identification and quantitation of salivary metabolites may allow the definition of potential biomarkers for non-invasive "personal monitoring" during drug treatments, work out, or life habits over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Campanella
- National Research Council of Italy, C.N.R., Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds-ICCOM, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.C.); (M.O.); (R.N.)
| | - Tommaso Lomonaco
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Edoardo Benedetti
- Hematology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Massimo Onor
- National Research Council of Italy, C.N.R., Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds-ICCOM, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.C.); (M.O.); (R.N.)
| | - Riccardo Nieri
- National Research Council of Italy, C.N.R., Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds-ICCOM, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.C.); (M.O.); (R.N.)
| | - Emilia Bramanti
- National Research Council of Italy, C.N.R., Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds-ICCOM, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.C.); (M.O.); (R.N.)
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Quantitative analysis of drugs in biological matrices by HPLC hyphenated to fluorescence detection. Bioanalysis 2016; 7:743-62. [PMID: 25871590 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An overview of the state-of-the art in HPLC coupled with fluorescence detection is presented. Over the last 20 years, the increasing number of methodological papers on this topic (4082 between 1994 and 2004 and 7725 between 2004 and 2014) is testament to its utility in bioanalytical applications. Compared with conventional UV absorbance detection used in HPLC, fluorescence detection can greatly enhance the sensitivity leading to limits of detection similar to those obtained with mass spectrometry, offering researchers a sensitive, robust and relatively inexpensive instrumental method. This work will focus on the analysis of pharmaceutical compounds in different biological matrices, either naturally fluorescent or derivatized with a fluorescent agent, and some of them chiral. Therapeutic applications, sample preparation and derivatization, sensitivity for each example are described.
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