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Bao Y, Zhou B, Yu X, Mao L, Gutyrchik E, Paolini M, Logothetis N, Pöppel E. Conscious vision in blindness: A new perceptual phenomenon implemented on the "wrong" side of the brain. Psych J 2024. [PMID: 39019467 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Patients with lesions in the visual cortex are blind in corresponding regions of the visual field, but they still may process visual information, a phenomenon referred to as residual vision or "blindsight". Here we report behavioral and fMRI observations with a patient who reports conscious vision across an extended area of blindness for moving, but not for stationary stimuli. This completion effect is shown to be of perceptual and not of conceptual origin, most likely mediated by spared representations of the visual field in the striate cortex. The neural output to extra-striate areas from regions of the deafferented striate cortex is apparently still intact; this is, for instance, indicated by preserved size constancy of visually completed stimuli. Neural responses as measured with fMRI reveal an activation only for moving stimuli, but importantly on the ipsilateral side of the brain. In a conceptual model this shift of activation to the "wrong" hemisphere is explained on the basis of an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory interactions within and between the striate cortices due to the brain injury. The observed neuroplasticity indicated by this shift together with the behavioral observations provide important new insights into the functional architecture of the human visual system and provide new insight into the concept of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Bao
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinchi Yu
- Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Department of Linguistics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Lihua Mao
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Evgeny Gutyrchik
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Paolini
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikos Logothetis
- International Center for Primate Brain Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ernst Pöppel
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
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2
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Luo Y, He Y, Bao Y. Perifoveal and peripheral attentional modulation on order perception. Psych J 2023; 12:835-837. [PMID: 37905921 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates that spatial attention modulates temporal order perception differently in the perifoveal and peripheral regions, with a more pronounced effect in the left peripheral visual field, suggesting a dissociation in attentional systems for event timing at the sub-second level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingrui Luo
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying He
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Bao
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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3
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Yang H, Bao Y. Three-phase temporal dynamics in random number generation. Psych J 2023; 12:787-792. [PMID: 37681229 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
"Inhibition of return" (IOR) was originally described in the field of spatial attention, but it has also been observed in random number generation tasks. Subjects showed a tendency of "repetition avoidance," which can be considered as equivalent to IOR in another cognitive domain. As temporal factors have been suspected to play an important role in random number generation, we aimed to examine how such factors might influence regularities such as repetition avoidance in random number generation tasks. Participants were instructed to verbally generate a sequence of numbers at a certain pace, that is, with either 0.5, 1.5, 3 or 4 s between each response. Each number in the sequence should have the same probability of appearance and should be independent from the others. However, it was observed that the human-generated sequences differed drastically from computer-simulated pseudo-random sequences. The distribution of the repetition gap, which indicates how many different numbers are reported between two identical numbers in the generated sequences, showed a "three-phase" characteristic: a phase of avoidance of the same number, an oscillatory component for coming back to the same number, and finally an exponential decay of number selection frequencies. This three-phase characteristic was independent of the time interval between responses. These observations indicate an item-based process in random number generation, making a time-based control in this task rather unlikely as has been hypothetically assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Yang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximillian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Yan Bao
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximillian University, Munich, Germany
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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4
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Li Y, Luo M, Zhang X, Wang S. Effects of exogenous and endogenous cues on attentional orienting in deaf adults. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1038468. [PMID: 36275214 PMCID: PMC9584612 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1038468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Adults who are deaf have been shown to have better visual attentional orienting than those with typical hearing, especially when the target is located in the periphery of the visual field. However, most studies in this population have assessed exogenous visual attention orienting (bottom-up processing of external cues) rather than endogenous visual attention orienting (top-down processing of internal cues). We used a target detection task to assess both types of visual attention orienting. A modified cue-target paradigm was adopted to assess the facilitation effects of exogenous and endogenous cues during short and long inter-stimulus intervals (ISI), using a 2 (Group: deaf/typically hearing) * 2 (Location: central/peripheral) * 2 (Cue Type: exogenous/endogenous) mixed factorial design. ANOVAs showed that both exogenous cues and endogenous cues can facilitate deaf adults’ visual attentional orienting, and the facilitation effect of exogenous cues on attention orienting was significantly stronger for deaf participants than hearing participants. When the ISI was long, the effect was significantly stronger when the exogenous cue appeared in the periphery of the visual field. In the periphery, deaf adults benefited most from exogenous cues, whereas hearing adults benefited most from endogenous cues. The results suggest that not only exogenous cues but also endogenous cues can facilitate deaf adults’ visual attentional orienting. However, the effect of exogenous cues appears to be greater, especially when the stimulus appears in the peripheral visual field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsong Li
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meili Luo
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xilin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Suiping Wang
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Suiping Wang,
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5
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Bao Y, Zhang D, Zhao C, Pöppel E, Zabotkina V. An Aesthetic Frame for Three Modes of Knowing. Psych J 2022; 11:636-644. [DOI: 10.1002/pchj.588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Bao
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences Peking University Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health Peking University Beijing China
- Institute of Medical Psychology Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Munich Germany
| | - Dongxue Zhang
- Institute of Medical Psychology Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Munich Germany
| | - Chen Zhao
- Institute of Medical Psychology Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Munich Germany
| | - Ernst Pöppel
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences Peking University Beijing China
- Institute of Medical Psychology Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Munich Germany
| | - Vera Zabotkina
- Russian State University of the Humanities Moscow Russia
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6
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Shi C, Liu S, Zhao B, Meng Y, Gong X, Chen X, Tao L. Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Covert Attention With Different Degrees of Central Visual Field Defects: An ERP and sLORETA Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:19. [PMID: 35472216 PMCID: PMC9055563 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.4.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The present study aimed to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of covert attention by simulating different degrees of central visual field defects in healthy subjects. Methods An electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded while 40 normal-sighted subjects performed a target discrimination task. Target stimuli simulated different defect degrees of the central visual field by artificially central scotomas (5, 10, 20, and 30 degrees of visual angle) masked on the center of black-and-white checkerboards. Event-related potentials (ERPs) and standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) based on ERPs were analyzed. Results ERP results indicated that during early perceptual processes, compared with 5-degree and 10-degree defects, N1 amplitudes of 20-degree and 30-degree defects decreased, whereas P2 amplitudes significantly reduced in 30-degree defects. During later discrimination and decision processing, N2 amplitudes gradually increased from 5-degree to 30-degree defects, whereas P3 amplitudes gradually decreased. Source localization indicated that 5-degree and 10-degree defects had stronger activations than 20-degree and 30-degree defects from the occipital cortex to the ventral stream and dorsal streams. Especially, 30-degree defects primarily recruited additional activations in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and ventral stream and later caused the disconnection of dorsolateral prefrontal-posterior parietal cortices in the dorsal stream. Conclusions Different degrees of central visual field defects differed in distinct spatiotemporal characteristics at multiple stages of covert attention, from top-down forward feedback and attentional allocation to executive controls through ventral and dorsal processing streams, suggesting that the combination of ERP and source localization can reveal the spatiotemporal control capacity of the cortex on central visual field defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Shi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Affiliated Guangji Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Sinan Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Affiliated Guangji Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bingyang Zhao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Affiliated Guangji Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu Meng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Affiliated Guangji Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xin Gong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Affiliated Guangji Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiping Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Affiliated Guangji Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Luyang Tao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Affiliated Guangji Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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7
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van Heusden E, Donk M, Olivers CNL. The dynamics of saliency-driven and goal-driven visual selection as a function of eccentricity. J Vis 2021; 21:2. [PMID: 33651878 PMCID: PMC7937996 DOI: 10.1167/jov.21.3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Both saliency and goal information are important factors in driving visual selection. Saliency-driven selection occurs primarily in early responses, whereas goal-driven selection happens predominantly in later responses. Here, we investigated how eccentricity affects the time courses of saliency-driven and goal-driven visual selection. In three experiments, we asked people to make a speeded eye movement toward a predefined target singleton which was simultaneously presented with a non-target singleton in a background of multiple homogeneously oriented other items. The target singleton could be either more or less salient than the non-target singleton. Both singletons were presented at one of three eccentricities (i.e., near, middle, or far). The results showed that, even though eccentricity had only little effect on overall selection performance, the underlying time courses of saliency-driven and goal-driven selection altered such that saliency effects became protracted and relevance effects became delayed for far eccentricity conditions. The protracted saliency effect was shown to be modulated by expectations as induced by the preceding trial. The results demonstrate the importance of incorporating both time and eccentricity as factors in models of visual selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elle van Heusden
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mieke Donk
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christian N L Olivers
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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8
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Liu Y, Ooi B, Wang L, Bao Y. Attentional reference frames in perifoveal and peripheral visual field. Psych J 2020; 10:155-157. [PMID: 33325138 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Using inhibition of return as an indicator, we tested whether spatial attention in the perifoveal and peripheral visual field shares the same reference frame. The perifoveal visual field is apparently dominated by the environmental frame whereas the periphery seems to operate with both environmental and retinotopic frames.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelin Liu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - BoonHaw Ooi
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingyan Wang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yan Bao
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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9
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Yang T, Li X, Li Y, Pöppel E, Bao Y. Temporal twilight zone and beyond: Timing mechanisms in consciously delayed actions. Psych J 2020; 9:791-803. [PMID: 33249767 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Precise timing is essential for many kinds of human behavior. When a fastest response is not required, movements are initiated at the appropriate time requiring an anticipatory temporal component. Temporal mechanisms for movements with such an anticipatory component are not yet sufficiently understood; in particular, it is not known whether on the operational level for delayed movements distinct time windows are used or whether anticipatory control is characterized by continuous temporal processing. With a modified reaction-time paradigm, we asked participants to act with predefined time delays between 400 and 5000 ms; after each individual trial, a numerical feedback was provided which allowed correction of the response time for each next trial. Visual stimuli (Experiment 1) and auditory stimuli (Experiment 2) were used. In the statistical analyses, piecewise linear models and exponential decay models for the response variability of different delay times were compared. These analyses favored piecewise linear models; a decreasing variability with increasing delay of voluntary controlled actions was observed up to ~1 s, followed by close to constant variability beyond this delay. We suggest that precise temporal control of voluntary delayed movements is reached only after a "temporal twilight zone" of ~1 s, which apparently marks a temporal border between two different timing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoxi Yang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,Human Science Center, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,Parmenides Center for Art and Science, Pullach, Germany
| | - Xiaoxuan Li
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Li
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ernst Pöppel
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,Human Science Center, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,Parmenides Center for Art and Science, Pullach, Germany
| | - Yan Bao
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,Human Science Center, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,Parmenides Center for Art and Science, Pullach, Germany.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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10
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Yu X, Bao Y. The three second time window in poems and language processing in general: Complementarity of discrete timing and temporal continuity. Psych J 2020; 9:429-443. [PMID: 32851816 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The existence of discrete time windows has triggered the search for permanence and continuity for artists (including poets) in multiple cultures throughout history. In this article, we argue that there exists a 3-s window in the temporal structure of poems as well as in the aesthetic appreciation of poetry by reviewing previous literature on the temporal aspects of poems. This 3-s window can also be considered to be a general temporal machinery underlying human behavior, including language production and perception in general. The reafference principle has provided us a unique frame for understanding cognitive processes. However, "time" was absent in the original two-stage reafference principle. Therefore, we propose a three-stage cycling model of language perception, taking into account time and time windows. We also inspect the possible neural implementations of the three stages: the generation, maintenance, and comparison of predictions (as well as the integration of predictions into the representational context). These three stages are embedded in a temporal window of ~3 s and are repeated in a cycling mode, resulting in the representational context being continuously updated. Thus, it is possible that "semantics" could be carried forward across different time windows, being a "glue" linking the discrete time windows and thus achieving the subjective feeling of temporal continuity. Candidates of such "semantic glue" could include semantic and syntactic structures as well as identity and emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchi Yu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Chinese Language and Literature, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Bao
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximillian University, Munich, Germany.,Human Science Center, Ludwig Maximillian University, Munich, Germany.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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11
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Exogeneous Spatial Cueing beyond the Near Periphery: Cueing Effects in a Discrimination Paradigm at Large Eccentricities. Vision (Basel) 2020; 4:vision4010013. [PMID: 32079326 PMCID: PMC7157755 DOI: 10.3390/vision4010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although visual attention is one of the most thoroughly investigated topics in experimental psychology and vision science, most of this research tends to be restricted to the near periphery. Eccentricities used in attention studies usually do not exceed 20° to 30°, but most studies even make use of considerably smaller maximum eccentricities. Thus, empirical knowledge about attention beyond this range is sparse, probably due to a previous lack of suitable experimental devices to investigate attention in the far periphery. This is currently changing due to the development of temporal high-resolution projectors and head-mounted displays (HMDs) that allow displaying experimental stimuli at far eccentricities. In the present study, visual attention was investigated beyond the near periphery (15°, 30°, 56° Exp. 1) and (15°, 35°, 56° Exp. 2) in a peripheral Posner cueing paradigm using a discrimination task with placeholders. Interestingly, cueing effects were revealed for the whole range of eccentricities although the inhomogeneity of the visual field and its functional subdivisions might lead one to suspect otherwise.
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12
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Casteau S, Smith DT. Covert attention beyond the range of eye-movements: Evidence for a dissociation between exogenous and endogenous orienting. Cortex 2018; 122:170-186. [PMID: 30528427 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between covert shift of attention and the oculomotor system has been the subject of numerous studies. A widely held view, known as Premotor Theory, is that covert attention depends upon activation of the oculomotor system. However, recent work has argued that Premotor Theory is only true for covert, exogenous orienting of attention and that covert endogenous orienting is largely independent of the oculomotor system. To address this issue we examined how endogenous and exogenous covert orienting of attention was affected when stimuli were presented at a location outside the range of saccadic eye movements. Results from Experiment 1 showed that exogenous covert orienting was abolished when stimuli were presented beyond the range of saccadic eye movements, but preserved when stimuli were presented within this range. In contrast, in Experiment 2 endogenous covert orienting was preserved when stimuli appeared beyond the saccadic range. Finally, Experiment 3 confirmed the observations of Exp.1 and 2. Our results demonstrate that exogenous, covert orienting is limited to the range of overt saccadic eye movements, whereas covert endogenous orienting is not. These results are consistent with a weak, exogenous-only version of Premotor Theory.
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13
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Zhou B, Yang T, Bao Y. Does cue processing modulate inhibition of return in a detection task? Psych J 2018; 8:158-164. [PMID: 30375191 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
While the abrupt onset of a peripheral visual cue usually leads to speeded responses to following targets at the cued relative to other positions, responses are slowed if targets lag behind the cue by more than ~200 ms. This response delay is termed inhibition of return (IOR) and has been considered as a mechanism to orient behavior toward novel areas. IOR has been found in both detection and discrimination tasks with later onset in discrimination tasks, probably due to a higher processing demand. Here we examined whether the processing demand of cues can modulate IOR in the detection task. The task to the peripheral cues, either color or gap cues, was passive viewing in one session (single task) and discrimination in another session (dual task). The results showed that the time course of IOR was resistant to the cue processing, while the magnitude of IOR was increased when the processing load became larger in the dual task relative to the single task. These results indicate that IOR in target detection is both reflexive in that its temporal dynamics remain invariant, and flexible in that its magnitude is modulated by task requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- Institute of Psychology, CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,Human Science Center, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Taoxi Yang
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,Human Science Center, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Bao
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,Human Science Center, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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14
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Attentional modulation of speed-change perception in the perifoveal and near-peripheral visual field. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203024. [PMID: 30161184 PMCID: PMC6117019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to perceive changes in motion, such as rapid changes of speed, has important ecological significance. We show that exogenous and endogenous attention have different effects on speed-change perception and operate differently in different regions of the visual field. Using a spatial-cueing paradigm, with either exogenous or endogenous cues followed by drifting Gabor patches of changing speed that appear at the cued or uncued location, we measured participants’ thresholds for localizing both acceleration and deceleration of the Gabor patches in different regions (5° and 10°) of the visual field. The results revealed a larger exogenous cueing effect, indexed by a lower threshold for the cued relative to the uncued conditions, at 5° for perceiving acceleration and at 10° for perceiving deceleration. Endogenous attention, in contrast, improved performance equally at both eccentricities. We conclude that exogenous and endogenous spatial orienting constitute two independent attentional systems, with distinct modulation patterns on speed change perception in the visual field. While exogenous attentional modulation is eccentricity-dependent, endogenous attention acts homogeneously in perifoveal and near-peripheral regions of the visual field.
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15
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Abstract
Research is a very personal matter. On the basis of experiences in different countries with researchers from different cultures over many years, some observations will be described. The conceptual frame of this attempt is to look for anthropological universals and cultural specifics. Much can be learned from spatial representations in the arts. Whereas in the West since Renaissance time the central perspective has become dominant in visual art, in Eastern landscape paintings the "floating view" is typical. The claim that the central perspective corresponds to geometric laws and matches how we see the world is misleading for at least two reasons: It violates mechanisms of size constancy, and the visual world is spatially reduced in pictures to the perifoveal region only. Research on spatial attention has disclosed two different attentional systems being responsible either for near-fovea vision or for the far periphery. This fundamental principle as a global characteristic of visual processing is neglected in Western art. In Eastern art with a floating view geometric laws are violated, and different potential perspectives are integrated within a holistic pattern. The semantics of what shall be expressed becomes important irrespective of physical parameters. The latter may also create the unique phenomenon of becoming subjectively part of the picture confirming personal identity. Cultural specifics like in the arts (what one might expect) can surprisingly also be observed in theoretical considerations about visual processing. Whereas in the tradition of Western science visual percepts are built up with local elements like feature detectors, in an important Chinese theory global topological features are analyzed first. An important task of the brain is to create the identity of a percept on the basis of spatially and temporally distributed neural activities. It is, thus, an important theoretical question how to deal with the challenge to create and maintain the identity of a percept for some time. It is suggested that one should leave behind a monocausal reasoning for such explanations but adopt for analytical strategies the concept of complementarity as a generative principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst Pöppel
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany. .,School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behaviour and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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16
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Abstract
Frequently, we use expectations about likely locations of a target to guide the allocation of our attention. Despite the importance of this attentional process in everyday tasks, examination of pre-cueing effects on attention, particularly endogenous pre-cueing effects, has been relatively little explored outside an eccentricity of 20°. Given the visual field has functional subdivisions that attentional processes can differ significantly among the foveal, perifoveal, and more peripheral areas, how endogenous pre-cues that carry spatial information of targets influence our allocation of attention across a large visual field (especially in the more peripheral areas) remains unclear. We present two experiments examining how the expectation of the location of the target shapes the distribution of attention across eccentricities in the visual field. We measured participants’ ability to pick out a target among distractors in the visual field after the presentation of a highly valid cue indicating the size of the area in which the target was likely to occur, or the likely direction of the target (left or right side of the display). Our first experiment showed that participants had a higher target detection rate with faster responses, particularly at eccentricities of 20° and 30°. There was also a marginal advantage of pre-cueing effects when trials of the same size cue were blocked compared to when trials were mixed. Experiment 2 demonstrated a higher target detection rate when the target occurred at the cued direction. This pre-cueing effect was greater at larger eccentricities and with a longer cue-target interval. Our findings on the endogenous pre-cueing effects across a large visual area were summarized using a simple model to assist in conceptualizing the modifications of the distribution of attention over the visual field. We discuss our finding in light of cognitive penetration of perception, and highlight the importance of examining attentional process across a large area of the visual field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Feng
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, RaleighNC, United States
| | - Ian Spence
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, TorontoON, Canada
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17
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Bao Y, von Stosch A, Park M, Pöppel E. Complementarity As Generative Principle: A Thought Pattern for Aesthetic Appreciations and Cognitive Appraisals in General. Front Psychol 2017; 8:727. [PMID: 28536548 PMCID: PMC5422519 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In experimental aesthetics the relationship between the arts and cognitive neuroscience has gained particular interest in recent years. But has cognitive neuroscience indeed something to offer when studying the arts? Here we present a theoretical frame within which the concept of complementarity as a generative or creative principle is proposed; neurocognitive processes are characterized by the duality of complementary activities like bottom-up and top-down control, or logistical functions like temporal control and content functions like perceptions in the neural machinery. On that basis a thought pattern is suggested for aesthetic appreciations and cognitive appraisals in general. This thought pattern is deeply rooted in the history of philosophy and art theory since antiquity; and complementarity also characterizes neural operations as basis for cognitive processes. We then discuss some challenges one is confronted with in experimental aesthetics; in our opinion, one serious problem is the lack of a taxonomy of functions in psychology and neuroscience which is generally accepted. This deficit makes it next to impossible to develop acceptable models which are similar to what has to be modeled. Another problem is the severe language bias in this field of research as knowledge gained in many languages over the ages remains inaccessible to most scientists. Thus, an inspection of research results or theoretical concepts is necessarily too narrow. In spite of these limitations we provide a selective summary of some results and viewpoints with a focus on visual art and its appreciation. It is described how questions of art and aesthetic appreciations using behavioral methods and in particular brain-imaging techniques are analyzed and evaluated focusing on such issues like the representation of artwork or affective experiences. Finally, we emphasize complementarity as a generative principle on a practical level when artists and scientists work directly together which can lead to new insights and broader perspectives on both sides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Bao
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking UniversityBeijing, China.,Human Science Center, Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximilians University of MunichMunich, Germany.,Parmenides Center for Art and SciencePullach, Germany
| | - Alexandra von Stosch
- Human Science Center, Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximilians University of MunichMunich, Germany.,Department "Diversity of Forms of Knowledge", Humboldt University of BerlinBerlin, Germany.,Department of Comparative Cultural Studies, Academy of Music Hanns EislerBerlin, Germany
| | - Mona Park
- Human Science Center, Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximilians University of MunichMunich, Germany.,Parmenides Center for Art and SciencePullach, Germany
| | - Ernst Pöppel
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking UniversityBeijing, China.,Human Science Center, Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximilians University of MunichMunich, Germany.,Parmenides Center for Art and SciencePullach, Germany
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18
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Bao Y, Yang T, Lin X, Fang Y, Wang Y, Pöppel E, Lei Q. Aesthetic Preferences for Eastern and Western Traditional Visual Art: Identity Matters. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1596. [PMID: 27812339 PMCID: PMC5071313 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Western and Chinese artists have different traditions in representing the world in their paintings. While Western artists start since the Renaissance to represent the world with a central perspective and focus on salient objects in a scene, Chinese artists concentrate on context information in their paintings, mainly before the mid-19th century. We investigated whether the different typical representations influence the aesthetic preference for traditional Chinese and Western paintings in the different cultural groups. Traditional Chinese and Western paintings were presented randomly for an aesthetic evaluation to Chinese and Western participants. Both Chinese and Western paintings included two categories: landscapes and people in different scenes. Results showed a significant interaction between the source of the painting and the cultural group. For Chinese and Western paintings, a reversed pattern of aesthetic preference was observed: while Chinese participants gave higher aesthetic scores to traditional Chinese paintings than to Western paintings, Western participants tended to give higher aesthetic scores to traditional Western paintings than to Chinese paintings. We interpret this observation as indicator that personal identity is supported and enriched within cultural belongingness. Another important finding was that landscapes were more preferable than people in a scene across different cultural groups indicating a universal principle of preferences for landscapes. Thus, our results suggest that, on the one hand, the way that artists represent the world in their paintings influences the way that culturally embedded viewers perceive and appreciate paintings, but on the other hand, independent of the cultural background, anthropological universals are disclosed by the preference of landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Bao
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking UniversityBeijing, China; Human Science Center, Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversityMunich, Germany; Parmenides Center for Art and SciencePullach, Germany
| | - Taoxi Yang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking UniversityBeijing, China; Human Science Center, Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversityMunich, Germany
| | - Xiaoxiong Lin
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University Beijing, China
| | - Ernst Pöppel
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking UniversityBeijing, China; Human Science Center, Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversityMunich, Germany; Parmenides Center for Art and SciencePullach, Germany
| | - Quan Lei
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN, USA
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Zhou B, Pöppel E, Wang L, Yang T, Zaytseva Y, Bao Y. Seeing without knowing: Operational principles along the early visual pathway. Psych J 2016; 5:145-60. [PMID: 27678480 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Ernst Pöppel
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health; Peking University; Beijing China
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Human Science Center; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
| | - Lingyan Wang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health; Peking University; Beijing China
| | - Taoxi Yang
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Human Science Center; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
| | - Yuliya Zaytseva
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Human Science Center; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
- Department of National IT System of Mental Health and Brain Monitoring; National Institute of Mental Health; Klecany Czech Republic
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Yan Bao
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health; Peking University; Beijing China
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Human Science Center; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
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20
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Bao Y, Yang T, Lin X, Pöppel E. Donders revisited: Discrete or continuous temporal processing underlying reaction time distributions? Psych J 2016; 5:177-9. [DOI: 10.1002/pchj.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Bao
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health; Peking University; Beijing China
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Human Science Center; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
| | - Taoxi Yang
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Human Science Center; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
| | - Xiaoxiong Lin
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health; Peking University; Beijing China
| | - Ernst Pöppel
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health; Peking University; Beijing China
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Human Science Center; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
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21
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Bao Y, Pöppel E, Wang L, Lin X, Yang T, Avram M, Blautzik J, Paolini M, Silveira S, Vedder A, Zaytseva Y, Zhou B. Synchronization as a biological, psychological and social mechanism to create common time: A theoretical frame and a single case study. Psych J 2015; 4:243-54. [DOI: 10.1002/pchj.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Bao
- Department of Psychology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health; Peking University; Beijing China
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Human Science Center; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
- Parmenides Center for Art and Science; Pullach Germany
| | - Ernst Pöppel
- Department of Psychology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health; Peking University; Beijing China
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Human Science Center; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
- Parmenides Center for Art and Science; Pullach Germany
- Institute of Psychology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Lingyan Wang
- Department of Psychology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health; Peking University; Beijing China
| | - Xiaoxiong Lin
- Department of Psychology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health; Peking University; Beijing China
| | - Taoxi Yang
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Human Science Center; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
- Parmenides Center for Art and Science; Pullach Germany
| | - Mihai Avram
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Human Science Center; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
- Department of Psychiatry; Technical University Munich; Munich Germany
- Nuclear Medicine; Technical University Munich; Munich Germany
- TUM-Neuroimaging Center; Technical University Munich; Munich Germany
| | - Janusch Blautzik
- Institute of Clinical Radiology Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
| | - Marco Paolini
- Institute of Clinical Radiology Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
| | - Sarita Silveira
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Human Science Center; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
- Parmenides Center for Art and Science; Pullach Germany
| | - Aline Vedder
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Human Science Center; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
- Parmenides Center for Art and Science; Pullach Germany
| | - Yuliya Zaytseva
- Department of Psychology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health; Peking University; Beijing China
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Human Science Center; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
- Parmenides Center for Art and Science; Pullach Germany
- National Institute of Mental Health; Klecany Czech Republic
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology; 3rd Faculty of Medicine; Charles University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic. Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry; Moscow Russia
| | - Bin Zhou
- Institute of Psychology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
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22
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Prasad SG, Patil GS, Mishra RK. Effect of Exogenous Cues on Covert Spatial Orienting in Deaf and Normal Hearing Individuals. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141324. [PMID: 26517363 PMCID: PMC4627766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Deaf individuals have been known to process visual stimuli better at the periphery compared to the normal hearing population. However, very few studies have examined attention orienting in the oculomotor domain in the deaf, particularly when targets appear at variable eccentricity. In this study, we examined if the visual perceptual processing advantage reported in the deaf people also modulates spatial attentional orienting with eye movement responses. We used a spatial cueing task with cued and uncued targets that appeared at two different eccentricities and explored attentional facilitation and inhibition. We elicited both a saccadic and a manual response. The deaf showed a higher cueing effect for the ocular responses than the normal hearing participants. However, there was no group difference for the manual responses. There was also higher facilitation at the periphery for both saccadic and manual responses, irrespective of groups. These results suggest that, owing to their superior visual processing ability, the deaf may orient attention faster to targets. We discuss the results in terms of previous studies on cueing and attentional orienting in deaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Gorur Prasad
- Center for Neural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Gouri Shanker Patil
- AliYavar Jung National Institute for the Hearing Handicapped, Secunderabad, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar Mishra
- Center for Neural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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23
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Liang W, Zhang J, Bao Y. Gender-specific effects of emotional modulation on visual temporal order thresholds. Cogn Process 2015; 16 Suppl 1:143-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10339-015-0709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Yang T, Zhang J, Bao Y. Spatial orienting around the fovea: exogenous and endogenous cueing effects. Cogn Process 2015; 16 Suppl 1:137-41. [PMID: 26232192 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-015-0688-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of covert attention in perifoveal and peripheral locations has been studied extensively. However, it is less clear whether attention operates similarly in the foveal area itself. The present study aims to investigate whether the attentional orienting elicited by an exogenous or endogenous cue can operate within the foveal area and whether attentional orienting operates similarly between foveal and perifoveal regions. By manipulating exogenous orienting in Experiment 1 and endogenous orienting in Experiment 2, we observed both forms of cueing in the foveal area. Specifically, we observed a larger exogenous cue-induced inhibitory effect (i.e., inhibition of return effect) and a similar endogenous cue-elicited facilitatory effect for the perifoveal relative to the foveal targets. We conclude that exogenous and endogenous orienting subject to two independent attentional systems with distinct modulation patterns in the foveal area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoxi Yang
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
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25
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Zhou B, Pöppel E, Bao Y. In the jungle of time: the concept of identity as a way out. Front Psychol 2014; 5:844. [PMID: 25120528 PMCID: PMC4114202 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
What could be a unifying principle for the manifold of temporal experiences: the simultaneity or temporal order of events, the subjective present, the duration of experiences, or the impression of a continuity of time? Furthermore, we time travel to the past visiting in imagination previous experiences in episodic memory, and we also time travel to the future anticipating actions or plans. For such time traveling we divide time into three domains: past, present, and future. What could be an escape out of this “jungle of time” characterized by many different perceptual and conceptual phenomena? The key concept we want to propose is “identity” which is derived from homeostasis as a fundamental biological principle. Within this conceptual frame two modes of identity are distinguished: individual or self-identity required because of homeostatic demands, and object-related identity necessary for the reliability and efficiency of neuro-cognitive processing. With this concept of self- and object-identity, the different temporal experiences can be conceptualized within a common frame. Thus, we propose a fundamental biological principle to conceptually unify temporal phenomena on the psychological level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Ernst Pöppel
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China ; Department of Psychology, Peking University Beijing, China ; Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany ; Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany ; Parmenides Center for Art and Science Pullach, Germany
| | - Yan Bao
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China ; Department of Psychology, Peking University Beijing, China ; Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany ; Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany ; Parmenides Center for Art and Science Pullach, Germany ; Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (MoE), Peking University Beijing, China
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26
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Li H, Bao Y, Pöppel E, Su YH. A unique visual rhythm does not pop out. Cogn Process 2013; 15:93-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10339-013-0581-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Bao Y, Szymaszek A, Wang X, Oron A, Pöppel E, Szelag E. Temporal order perception of auditory stimuli is selectively modified by tonal and non-tonal language environments. Cognition 2013; 129:579-85. [PMID: 24060605 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2013.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The close relationship between temporal perception and speech processing is well established. The present study focused on the specific question whether the speech environment could influence temporal order perception in subjects whose language backgrounds are distinctively different, i.e., Chinese (tonal language) vs. Polish (non-tonal language). Temporal order thresholds were measured for both monaurally presented clicks and binaurally presented tone pairs. Whereas the click experiment showed similar order thresholds for the two language groups, the experiment with tone pairs resulted in different observations: while Chinese demonstrated better performance in discriminating the temporal order of two "close frequency" tone pairs (600 Hz and 1200 Hz), Polish subjects showed a reversed pattern, i.e., better performance for "distant frequency" tone pairs (400 Hz and 3000 Hz). These results indicate on the one hand a common temporal mechanism for perceiving the order of two monaurally presented stimuli, and on the other hand neuronal plasticity for perceiving the order of frequency-related auditory stimuli. We conclude that the auditory brain is modified with respect to temporal processing by long-term exposure to a tonal or a non-tonal language. As a consequence of such an exposure different cognitive modes of operation (analytic vs. holistic) are selected: the analytic mode is adopted for "distant frequency" tone pairs in Chinese and for "close frequency" tone pairs in Polish subjects, whereas the holistic mode is selected for "close frequency" tone pairs in Chinese and for "distant frequency" tone pairs in Polish subjects, reflecting a double dissociation of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Bao
- Department of Psychology & Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (MoE), Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China; Human Science Center & Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, 80336 München, Germany.
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28
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Bao Y, Wang Z, Liang W, Wang Y, Pöppel E, Li H. Inhibition of return at different eccentricities in the visual field share the same temporal window. Neurosci Lett 2013; 534:7-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Lei Q, Bao Y, Wang B, Gutyrchik E. fMRI correlates of inhibition of return in perifoveal and peripheral visual field. Cogn Process 2013; 13 Suppl 1:S223-7. [PMID: 22802039 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-012-0487-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
When a target appears in the same peripheral location as a previous cue, responding is typically delayed if the cue-target interval is relatively long. This phenomenon is termed inhibition of return (IOR) and has been suggested to reflect an attentional bias in favour of novel visual space. It has been demonstrated recently that IOR is much stronger in the far periphery than in the perifoveal visual field. The present study further investigated the neural mechanisms underlying this eccentricity effect of IOR with an event-related fMRI technique. The results demonstrated a stronger activation in visual cortex for perifoveal processing and a broader activation in multiple brain areas for peripheral processing. When IOR effects were compared between these two areas, a stronger activation of the fronto-parietal network was evidenced for perifoveal versus peripheral IOR, while the prefrontal cortex was more strongly involved in the peripheral IOR versus perifoveal IOR. These results suggest that different neural mechanisms are mediating the dissociable inhibitory functions between the perifoveal and peripheral visual field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Lei
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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30
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Abstract
Visual attention can be oriented toward a spatial location in the visual field exogenously by an abrupt onset of a peripheral cue. In a series of behavioral studies on exogenous orienting of attention with a double-cue paradigm, we demonstrated a functional subdivision of perceptual space in the visual field. Specifically, inhibition of return (IOR) is much stronger at periphery relative to perifoveal visual field up to approximately 15° eccentricity, suggesting two dissociable functional areas in the visual field. To further investigate the generality of this functional subdivision of the visual field, we measured IOR effects with another single-cue paradigm and applied a very short cue-target interval that was typically anticipated not to observe any inhibitory effect at all. Consistent with this expectation, no IOR effects at the eccentricities up to 15° were observed. However, significant IOR effects beyond 15° eccentricities were consistently demonstrated. These results not only revealed an early onset of IOR for more peripheral stimuli, but also confirmed that the perceptual space in the visual field is not homogeneous but underlies a functional subdivision with a border of ca. 15° eccentricity.
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31
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Bao Y, Lei Q, Fang Y, Tong Y, Schill K, Pöppel E, Strasburger H. Inhibition of return in the visual field: the eccentricity effect is independent of cortical magnification. Exp Psychol 2013; 60:425-31. [PMID: 23820946 PMCID: PMC4013924 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of return (IOR) as an indicator of attentional control is characterized by an eccentricity effect, that is, the more peripheral visual field shows a stronger IOR magnitude relative to the perifoveal visual field. However, it could be argued that this eccentricity effect may not be an attention effect, but due to cortical magnification. To test this possibility, we examined this eccentricity effect in two conditions: the same-size condition in which identical stimuli were used at different eccentricities, and the size-scaling condition in which stimuli were scaled according to the cortical magnification factor (M-scaling), thus stimuli being larger at the more peripheral locations. The results showed that the magnitude of IOR was significantly stronger in the peripheral relative to the perifoveal visual field, and this eccentricity effect was independent of the manipulation of stimulus size (same-size or size-scaling). These results suggest a robust eccentricity effect of IOR which cannot be eliminated by M-scaling. Underlying neural mechanisms of the eccentricity effect of IOR are discussed with respect to both cortical and subcortical structures mediating attentional control in the perifoveal and peripheral visual field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Bao
- Peking University, Beijing, PR China
- University of Munich, Germany
| | - Quan Lei
- Peking University, Beijing, PR China
- Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuan Fang
- Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yu Tong
- Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kerstin Schill
- University of Munich, Germany
- University of Bremen, Germany
| | - Ernst Pöppel
- Peking University, Beijing, PR China
- University of Munich, Germany
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32
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Silveira S, Graupmann V, Frey D, Blautzik J, Meindl T, Reiser M, Chen C, Wang Y, Bao Y, PöppeI E, Gutyrchik E. Matching reality in the arts: self-referential neural processing of naturalistic compared to surrealistic images. Perception 2012; 41:569-76. [PMID: 23025160 DOI: 10.1068/p7191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
How are works of art that present scenes that match potential expectations processed in the brain, in contrast to such scenes that can never occur in real life because they would violate physical laws? Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated the processing of surrealistic and naturalistic images in visual artworks. Looking at naturalistic paintings leads to a significantly higher activation in the visual cortex and in the precuneus. Humans apparently own a sensitive mechanism even for artistic representations of the visual world to separate the impossible from what potentially matches physical reality. The observation reported here also suggests that sensory input corresponding to a realistic representation of the visual world elicits higher self-referential processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Silveira
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitit, Institute of Medical Psychology, Munich, Germany
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33
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Inhibition of return at foveal and extrafoveal locations: re-assessing the evidence. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2012; 141:281-6. [PMID: 23072937 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of return (IOR) has been described as a hallmark of externally controlled orienting of attention using extrafoveal cues and targets. This paper describes an IOR like inhibition of reaction time for the detection of targets at the fovea that cannot be explained by shift of covert attention. This foveal RT inhibition adds to the evidence that challenges the view of IOR-like phenomena as obligatory expressions of orienting and attentional control.
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Bao Y, Pöppel E. Anthropological universals and cultural specifics: Conceptual and methodological challenges in cultural neuroscience. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:2143-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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The visual field paradox: a theoretical account on the reafference principle providing a common frame for the homogeneity and inhomogeneity of visual representation. Cogn Process 2012; 13 Suppl 1:S285-7. [PMID: 22806670 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-012-0489-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Observations on the structure of the visual field and its central representation lead to a paradox. A functional dissociation is indicated in oculomotor or attentional control when different response modes are observed as a function of stimulus eccentricity. Alternatively, constancy of brightness throughout the visual field suggests its homogeneity. This paradox can be resolved, if perceptual and motor processes are not conceived of being controlled by separate neuronal mechanisms, but are interconnected within one frame of reference. The reafference principle allows to formulate such a common frame as it integrates afferent and efferent processes. On the basis of this concept, the visual field paradox can be interpreted as not being a paradox at all, but a necessary condition for optimal information processing.
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The eccentricity effect of inhibition of return is resistant to practice. Neurosci Lett 2011; 500:47-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zhou B, Bao Y, Sander T, Trahms L, Pöppel E. Dissociation of summation and peak latencies in visual processing: An MEG study on stimulus eccentricity. Neurosci Lett 2010; 483:101-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2010] [Revised: 07/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Pöppel E. Pre-semantically defined temporal windows for cognitive processing. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009; 364:1887-96. [PMID: 19487191 PMCID: PMC2685817 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal oscillations of different frequencies are hypothesized to be basic for temporal perception; this theoretical concept provides the frame to discuss two temporal mechanisms that are thought to be essential for cognitive processing. One such mechanism operates with periods of oscillations in the range of some tens of milliseconds, and is used for complexity reduction of temporally and spatially distributed neuronal activities. Experimental evidence comes from studies on temporal-order threshold, choice reaction time, single-cell activities, evoked responses in neuronal populations or latency distributions of oculomotor responses. The other mechanism refers to pre-semantic integration in the temporal range of approximately 2-3 s. Experimental evidence comes from studies on temporal reproduction, sensorimotor synchronization, intentional movements, speech segmentation, the shift rate of ambiguous stimuli in the visual or auditory modality or the temporal modulation of the mismatch negativity. These different observations indicate the existence of a universal process of temporal integration underlying the mental machinery. This process is believed to be basic for maintenance and change of perceptual identity. Owing to the omnipresence of this kind of temporal segmentation, it is suggested to use this process for a pragmatic definition of the states of being conscious or the 'subjective presence'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst Pöppel
- Human Science Center, Institute for Medical Psychology and Human Science Center, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Goethestrasse 31, Munich, Germany.
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Zhou B. Disentangling perceptual and motor components in inhibition of return. Cogn Process 2008; 9:175-87. [PMID: 18327623 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-008-0207-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Following an abrupt onset of a peripheral stimulus (a cue), the response to a visual target is faster when the target appears at the cued position than when it appears at other positions. However, if the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) is longer than approximately 300 ms, the response to the target is slower at the cued position than that at other positions. This phenomenon of a longer response time to cued targets is called "inhibition of return" (IOR). Previous hypotheses propose contributions of both response inhibition and attentional inhibition at cued position to IOR, and suggest that responding to the cue can eliminate the component of response inhibition. The current study uses tasks either executing or withholding response to the cue to investigate the relative contributions of response and attention components to IOR. A condition with bilateral display of the cue is also chosen as a control condition, and eight different SOAs between 1,000 and 2,750 ms are tested. Compared to the control condition, response delay to the target at a cued position is eliminated by responding to the cue, and a response advantage to the target at an uncued position is not affected by responding to the cue. Furthermore, both response delay at a cued position and response advantage at an uncued position decrease with SOA in the time window tested in these experiments. The results reported here indicate a dominant response inhibition at a cued position and a primary attentional allocation at an uncued position for IOR. Nonsignificant perceptual/attentional suppression at a cued position is argued to be a benefit for visual detection in a changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- Generation Research Program, Human Science Center, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Prof.-Max-Lange-Platz 11, 83646, Bad Tölz, Germany.
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Tanida K, Pöppel E. A hierarchical model of operational anticipation windows in driving an automobile. Cogn Process 2006; 7:275-87. [PMID: 16988812 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-006-0152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Revised: 07/28/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Driving an automobile is an example of a goal-directed activity with high complexity in which different behavioral elements have to be integrated and brought into a sequential order. On the basis of the reafference principle and experimental results on temporal perception and cognitive control, we propose a hierarchical model of driving behavior, which can also be adapted to other goal-directed activities. Driving is conceived of as being controlled by anticipatory neuronal programs; if these programs are disrupted by unpredictable stimuli, which require an instantaneous reaction, behavioral control returns after completion of the reactive mode to the anticipatory mode of driving. In the model different levels of anticipation windows are distinguished which, however, are interconnected, in a bi-directional way: (a) Strategic level with a representation of the driving activity from the beginning to reaching the final goal; (b) Segmented tactical level with the sequence of necessary milestones to reach the goal; (c) Maneuver level where actions like passing another car or keeping a lane are controlled; (d) Short-term integration level of a few seconds which allows immediate anticipations; and (e) Synchronization level for sensorimotor control and complexity reduction within neuronal assemblies. A flow diagram schematically describes different driving situations stressing the anticipatory mode of control. In a pilot experiment with 20 subjects using a virtual driving situation in a car simulator predictions of the model could be verified, i.e., subjects showed a significant preference for the anticipatory mode of driving.
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