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Bouchez-Zacria M, Jabert P, Réveillaud É, Richomme C, Marsot M. Intra- and interspecies infectious neighbourhoods as determinant parameters for Mycobacterium bovis infection among badgers in southwestern France. Prev Vet Med 2024; 225:106146. [PMID: 38368697 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The epidemiological system for Mycobacterium bovis in France involves cattle and, in some areas, wildlife species (mainly badgers and wild boar). This multi-host aspect complicates the control and eradication prospects for bovine tuberculosis in endemic areas, despite the surveillance and control measures implemented for decades in this officially tuberculosis-free European country. To improve control measures, and to manage spillback transmission from badgers to cattle, it is necessary to clarify the transmission mechanisms of M. bovis in these epidemiological systems. We modelled a badger population from a southwestern endemic area by a Dirichlet tessellation based on a sett census conducted by local hunters and trappers between 2013 and 2015. We then used a logistic regression model to test the association between the infection status of setts and computed variables depicting three types of transmission (intraspecific, interspecific and landscape-associated). The apparent prevalence of infected setts was of 40.5%. Two variables were significantly associated with the probability for a sett to be infected: the proportion of neighbouring setts that were infected (OR: 3.19 [2.04-5.17]95%) and the presence of nearby pastures belonging to an infected farm (OR: 2.33 [1.13-4.89]95%]. While badger culling measures have been implemented according to the national TB control plan in the study area since 2012 (in the vicinity of infected farms and their pastures), our results clearly highlight the need to reinforce measures aimed at reducing both intraspecific and interspecific infection pressure. For this purpose, the promising prospect of badger vaccination could be considered, along with biosecurity measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Bouchez-Zacria
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Laboratory for Animal Health, Epidemiology Unit, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France; Independent researcher, Audincthun, France.
| | - Pierre Jabert
- French Ministry of Agriculture, Directorate General for Food, 75015, Paris
| | | | - Céline Richomme
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Malzéville, France
| | - Maud Marsot
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Laboratory for Animal Health, Epidemiology Unit, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Michelet L, Tambosco J, Biet F, Fach P, Delannoy S, Boschiroli ML. Deciphering the evolution of the temporal and geographic distribution of French Mycobacterium bovis genotypes using a high throughput SNP-targeted amplicon sequencing method. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 114:105497. [PMID: 37657678 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis, which belongs to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, is a highly clonal pathogen. However, several lineages of M. bovis have been described worldwide and nine different clusters were identified in France. Targeted amplicon sequencing using next-generation sequencing technology of eighty-eight phylogenetically informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used to infer the phylogenetic relationship of 630 strains of the National Reference Laboratory isolated between 1979 and 2018 from various animal species. This study allowed classifying 618 different genotypic profiles (combination of a spoligotype and 8 loci-MIRU-VNTR profiles) into the nine previously identified clusters. A global analysis of the entire collection of the National Reference Laboratory has made it possible to represent the evolution of clonal complexes and clusters in time and space for better assessing epidemiological changes of bovine tuberculosis in France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Michelet
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, National reference laboratory for Tuberculosis, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Jennifer Tambosco
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, National reference laboratory for Tuberculosis, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Patrick Fach
- IdentyPath Genomics Platform, Laboratory for Food Safety, Anses, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sabine Delannoy
- IdentyPath Genomics Platform, Laboratory for Food Safety, Anses, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - María Laura Boschiroli
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, National reference laboratory for Tuberculosis, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France
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Bouchez-Zacria M, Ruette S, Richomme C, Lesellier S, Payne A, Boschiroli ML, Courcoul A, Durand B. Analysis of a multi-type resurgence of Mycobacterium bovis in cattle and badgers in Southwest France, 2007-2019. Vet Res 2023; 54:41. [PMID: 37138355 PMCID: PMC10158257 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01168-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although control measures to tackle bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in cattle have been successful in many parts of Europe, this disease has not been eradicated in areas where Mycobacterium bovis circulates in multi-host systems. Here we analyzed the resurgence of 11 M. bovis genotypes (defined based on spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR) detected in 141 farms between 2007 and 2019, in an area of Southwestern France where wildlife infection was also detected from 2012 in 65 badgers. We used a spatially-explicit model to reconstruct the simultaneous diffusion of the 11 genotypes in cattle farms and badger populations. Effective reproduction number R was estimated to be 1.34 in 2007-2011 indicating a self-sustained M. bovis transmission by a maintenance community although within-species Rs were both < 1, indicating that neither cattle nor badger populations acted as separate reservoir hosts. From 2012, control measures were implemented, and we observed a decrease of R below 1. Spatial contrasts of the basic reproduction ratio suggested that local field conditions may favor (or penalize) local spread of bTB upon introduction into a new farm. Calculation of generation time distributions showed that the spread of M. bovis has been more rapid from cattle farms (0.5-0.7 year) than from badger groups (1.3-2.4 years). Although eradication of bTB appears possible in the study area (since R < 1), the model suggests it is a long-term prospect, because of the prolonged persistence of infection in badger groups (2.9-5.7 years). Supplementary tools and efforts to better control bTB infection in badgers (including vaccination for instance) appear necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Bouchez-Zacria
- Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 14 Rue Pierre Et Marie Curie, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Independent Researcher, Audincthun, France
| | - Sandrine Ruette
- French Office for Biodiversity (OFB), Research and Scientific Support Direction, Vincennes, France
| | - Céline Richomme
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Malzéville, France
| | - Sandrine Lesellier
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Malzéville, France
| | - Ariane Payne
- French Office for Biodiversity (OFB), Research and Scientific Support Direction, Vincennes, France
| | - Maria-Laura Boschiroli
- Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 14 Rue Pierre Et Marie Curie, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, Paris-Est University, ANSES, 94700, Maisons‑Alfort, France
| | - Aurélie Courcoul
- Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 14 Rue Pierre Et Marie Curie, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Oniris, Nantes, France
| | - Benoit Durand
- Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 14 Rue Pierre Et Marie Curie, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Lopes LR. Cervids ACE2 Residues that Bind the Spike Protein can Provide Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. ECOHEALTH 2023; 20:9-17. [PMID: 37106170 PMCID: PMC10139662 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-023-01632-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The susceptibility of the white-tailed deer (WTD; Odocoileus virginianus) to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has highlighted cervids as coronavirus reservoirs. This study aimed to evaluate the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) residues which bind the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 from 16 cervids to predict their potential susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eleven out of 16 species presented identical ACE2 key residues to WTD ACE2. Four cervids presented K31N, a variant associated with low SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility. Large herding of cervids with ACE2 key residues identical to that of the WTD can result in extensive reservoirs of SARS-CoV-2. Cervids as potential reservoirs could favor SARS-CoV-2 adaptation and the emergence of new coronavirus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Rodrigo Lopes
- Bioinformatics and Bio-Data Science Division, Health Informatics Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Rua Botucatu 862 - Prédio Leal Prado (térreo), São Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil.
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Interaction Patterns between Wildlife and Cattle Reveal Opportunities for Mycobacteria Transmission in Farms from North-Eastern Atlantic Iberian Peninsula. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082364. [PMID: 34438821 PMCID: PMC8388635 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions taking place between sympatric wildlife and livestock may contribute to interspecies transmission of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex or non-tuberculous mycobacteria, leading to the spread of relevant mycobacterioses or to interferences with the diagnosis of tuberculosis. The aim of this study was to characterize the spatiotemporal patterns of interactions between wildlife and cattle in a low bovine tuberculosis prevalence Atlantic region. Camera traps were set during a one-year period in cattle farms with a history of tuberculosis and/or non-tuberculous mycobacterioses. The frequency and duration of wildlife visits, and the number of individuals per visit, were analysed through generalized linear mixed models. The seasons, type of place, type of point, and period of the day were the explanatory variables. A total of 1293 visits were recorded during 2741 days of camera observation. Only 23 visits showed direct contacts with cattle, suggesting that mycobacteria transmission at the wildlife-livestock interface would occur mainly through indirect interactions. Cattle pastures represented the most appropriate habitat for interspecies transmission of mycobacteria, and badgers' latrines appear to be a potential hotspot for mycobacteria circulation between badgers, wild boars, foxes, and cattle. According to both previous epidemiological information and the interaction patterns observed, wild boars, badgers, foxes, and small rodents are the species or group most often in contact with livestock, and thus may be the most involved in the epidemiology of mycobacterioses in the wildlife-livestock interface in this area.
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A long-term survey on Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in wild mammals from a bovine tuberculosis low prevalence area. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-021-01489-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kelly DJ, Mullen E, Good M. Bovine Tuberculosis: The Emergence of a New Wildlife Maintenance Host in Ireland. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:632525. [PMID: 33842575 PMCID: PMC8027074 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.632525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in herd management, tuberculosis (TB) continues to affect ~0. 5% of Ireland's national cattle herd annually. It is clear that any "final" eradication of TB in cattle will need to address all TB maintenance hosts in the same environment. In Ireland and the UK, European Badgers (Meles meles) are a known TB maintenance host, while deer are recognised as spillover hosts. However, deer have been identified as maintenance hosts in other countries and Sika deer, specifically, have been identified with TB in Ireland. We examined the power of cattle, badger and Sika deer densities (at the county level) to predict cattle TB-breakdowns in Ireland, at both the herd and the individual level, using data collected between 2000 and 2018. Our hypothesis was that any positive correlations between deer density and cattle TB-breakdowns would implicate deer as TB maintenance hosts. Using linear multiple regressions, we found positive correlations between deer density and cattle TB-breakdowns at both the herd and individual levels. Since Sika deer in County Wicklow are known to have TB, we ran further regressions against subsets of data which excluded individual Irish counties. Analyses excluding Wicklow data showed much weaker correlations between Sika deer density and cattle TB-breakdowns at both the herd and individual levels, suggesting that these correlations are strongest in County Wicklow. A similar effect for badger density was seen in County Leitrim. While locally high densities of Sika deer persist in Irish counties, we believe they should be considered an integral part of any TB-control programme for those areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Kelly
- Discipline of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Enda Mullen
- National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Margaret Good
- Discipline of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Independent Researcher and Private Consultant, Dun Laoghaire, Co. Dublin, Ireland
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Twenty Years of Passive Disease Surveillance of Roe Deer ( Capreolus capreolus) in Slovenia. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020407. [PMID: 33562662 PMCID: PMC7915899 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Wildlife can serve as a reservoir for highly contagious and deadly diseases, many of which are infectious to domestic animals and/or humans. Wildlife disease surveillance can be considered an essential tool to provide important information on the health status of the population and for the protection of human health. Between 2000 and 2019, examinations of 510 roe deer carcasses were conducted by comprehensive necropsy and other laboratory tests. In conclusion, the results of this research indicate a broad spectrum of roe deer diseases, but no identified disease can be considered a significant health threat to other wildlife species and/or to humans. Abstract In this paper, we provide an overview of the causes of death of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) diagnosed within the national passive health surveillance of roe deer in Slovenia. From 2000 to 2019, postmortem examinations of 510 free-ranging roe deer provided by hunters were conducted at the Veterinary Faculty, Slovenia. A comprehensive necropsy was performed. According to the results of the necropsy, the samples were subjected to microscopic, histopathological, bacteriological, parasitological, or virological examination. The most frequent causes of death in roe deer were infectious diseases (67%), followed by noninfectious diseases (28%). Of all deaths, parasitic infections represented 48%, bacterial infections 14.8%, trauma 12.5%, and metabolic disorders 9.8%. Less frequent causes were diseases like neoplasia and mycotic infections, winter starvation, hernias, and lightning strike. This study covered an estimated 1% of the total disease-related mortality of roe deer in Slovenia. Comparisons of sex/age structure indicated that hunters did not provide random samples (e.g., young males were disproportionately represented). Therefore, such monitoring does not ensure an unbiased assessment of the significance of the individual disease for the mortality of the population; however, it can provide credible evidence of whether or not a particular disease is present in a population. We show that no identified disease in roe deer in Slovenia can be considered a significant health threat to roe deer, other wildlife species, or humans.
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Goosen WJ, Kerr TJ, Kleynhans L, Buss P, Cooper D, Warren RM, van Helden PD, Schröder B, Parsons SDC, Miller MA. The VetMAX™ M. tuberculosis complex PCR kit detects MTBC DNA in antemortem and postmortem samples from white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum), African elephants (Loxodonta africana) and African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer). BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:220. [PMID: 32600471 PMCID: PMC7325085 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02438-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine tuberculosis and tuberculosis are chronic infectious diseases caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex members, Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, respectively. Infection with M. bovis and M. tuberculosis have significant implications for wildlife species management, public health, veterinary disease control, and conservation endeavours. RESULTS Here we describe the first use of the VetMAX™ Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) DNA quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) detection kit for African wildlife samples. DNA was extracted from tissues harvested from 48 African buffaloes and MTBC DNA was detected (test-positive) in all 26 M. bovis culture-confirmed animals with an additional 12 PCR-positive results in culture-negative buffaloes (originating from an exposed population). Of six MTBC-infected African rhinoceros tested, MTBC DNA was detected in antemortem and postmortem samples from five animals. The PCR was also able to detect MTBC DNA in samples from two African elephants confirmed to have M. bovis and M. tuberculosis infections (one each). Culture-confirmed uninfected rhinoceros and elephants' samples tested negative in the PCR assay. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest this new detection kit is a sensitive screening test for the detection of MTBC-infected African buffaloes, African elephants and white rhinoceros.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wynand J Goosen
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
| | - Tanya J Kerr
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Léanie Kleynhans
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Peter Buss
- Veterinary Wildlife Services, South African National Parks, Kruger National Park, Limpopo, South Africa
| | - David Cooper
- Enzemvelo KZN Wildlife, P.O. Box 25, Mtubatuba, 3935, South Africa
| | - Robin M Warren
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Paul D van Helden
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Björn Schröder
- Thermo Fisher Scientific; Prionics AG, Wagistrasse 27A; Schlieren, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sven D C Parsons
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Michele A Miller
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
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Martínez-Guijosa J, Romero B, Infantes-Lorenzo JA, Díez E, Boadella M, Balseiro A, Veiga M, Navarro D, Moreno I, Ferreres J, Domínguez M, Fernández C, Domínguez L, Gortázar C. Environmental DNA: A promising factor for tuberculosis risk assessment in multi-host settings. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233837. [PMID: 32470035 PMCID: PMC7259669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Attaining and maintaining the Official Tuberculosis Free status continues to be a challenge when several domestic and wild hosts contribute to the maintenance of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC). Local tuberculosis hotspots are sometimes identified in cattle in low-prevalence regions. We have, therefore, studied one such hotspot in depth in order to produce an epidemiological diagnosis. Host population size and MTC prevalence were estimated in selected wildlife and in livestock, while on-cattle environmental DNA detection was additionally used as a proxy for risk of exposure at the farm (herd) level. Positive skin test reactors were found on16 of the 24 cattle farms studied in the period 2012–2016. Although all goats tested negative to the skin test during this period, MTC was confirmed in four sheep at slaughter, thus indicating an unknown prevalence of infection in this host species. With regard to wildlife, the prevalence of MTC infection based on culture was 8.8% in the case of wild boar (Sus scrofa), and the only road-killed badger (Meles meles) submitted for culture tested positive. Two criteria were employed to divide the cattle farms into higher or lower risk: tuberculosis testing results and environmental DNA detection. Environmental MTC DNA detection yielded significant differences regarding “use of regional pastures” and “proximity to woodland”. This study suggests that on-animal environmental DNA sampling may help when assessing contact risk as regards MTC in livestock at the herd level. This tool opens up new avenues of epidemiological research in complex multi-host settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz Romero
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Infantes-Lorenzo
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Health, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Díez
- Livestock Service, Department of Rural Development, Environment and Local Administration, Government of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | | | - Ana Balseiro
- SERIDA, Regional Service for Agrifood Research and Development, Asturias, Spain
| | - Miguel Veiga
- SaBio, IREC (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - David Navarro
- Livestock Service, Department of Rural Development, Environment and Local Administration, Government of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Moreno
- Area of Immunology, Microbial and Immunogenetic Immunology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mercedes Domínguez
- Area of Immunology, Microbial and Immunogenetic Immunology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cesar Fernández
- Livestock Service, Department of Rural Development, Environment and Local Administration, Government of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Health, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Michelet L, De Cruz K, Hénault S, Tambosco J, Richomme C, Réveillaud É, Gares H, Moyen JL, Boschiroli ML. Mycobacterium bovis Infection of Red Fox, France. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1150-1153. [PMID: 29774850 PMCID: PMC6004852 DOI: 10.3201/eid2406.180094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis infection in wild red foxes was found in southern France, where livestock and other wildlife species are infected. Foxes frequently interact with cattle but have been underestimated as a reservoir of M. bovis. Our results suggest a possible role of the red fox in the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis.
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Michelet L, de Cruz K, Karoui C, Tambosco J, Moyen JL, Hénault S, Boschiroli ML. Second line molecular diagnosis for bovine tuberculosis to improve diagnostic schemes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207614. [PMID: 30475835 PMCID: PMC6261039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Surveillance of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is partly based on the sanitary inspection of carcasses at the abattoir to detect bTB-like lesions which, in compliance with EU recommendations, are analysed by bacteriology and histopathology to disclose Mycobacterium bovis (or M. caprae) infection. Moreover, since 2012, a PCR method with similar sensitivity and specificity values of histopathology and bacteriology respectively is additionally employed in France, partially compensating for the weaknesses of classical diagnostic methods. We analysed a collection of bTB-like lesions from cattle presenting positive histological results albeit with negative PCR results. We present here the results of these samples, recovered from 292 animals culled between 2013 and 2016, analysed with a second line molecular diagnosis approach that consists in a combination of PCRs targeting the M. tuberculosis-M. avium complexes as well as the Mycobacterium genus and sequencing of hsp65 gene. These molecular analyses disclosed to identify the presence of non-tuberculous bacteria which could be responsible for most of these non-specific TB lesions: non tuberculous mycobacteria (24%) or Actinomycetales (56%) such as Rhodococcus equi (53%); 24% of the samples were negative. M. bovis -or any other MTBC members- was neither detected by molecular methods nor isolated in any of them at the end of the 3 months of culture. In conclusion, these results highlight the lack of specificity of histopathology and the usefulness of a first line PCR with a second line molecular diagnostic test to circumvent it. This diagnostic strategy makes it possible to reduce the number of suspect bTB cases raised at the abattoir or shortening their lock-up periods. By simplifying diagnostic schemes, the use of this tool could improve bTB surveillance and make eradication programs more efficient in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Michelet
- University Paris-Est, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses), Laboratory for Animal Health, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Krystel de Cruz
- University Paris-Est, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses), Laboratory for Animal Health, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Claudine Karoui
- University Paris-Est, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses), Laboratory for Animal Health, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jennifer Tambosco
- University Paris-Est, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses), Laboratory for Animal Health, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jean-Louis Moyen
- Laboratoire Départemental d'Analyse et de Recherche de Dordogne, Coulounieix Chamiers, France
| | - Sylvie Hénault
- University Paris-Est, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses), Laboratory for Animal Health, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - María Laura Boschiroli
- University Paris-Est, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses), Laboratory for Animal Health, Maisons-Alfort, France
- * E-mail:
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Černá P, O'Halloran C, SjatkovskaJ O, Gunn-Moore DA. Outbreak of tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis in a cattery of Abyssinian cats in Italy. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:250-258. [PMID: 30179308 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis is a re-emerging zoonosis; it was diagnosed in five Abyssinian cats in a breeding cattery in Italy. The infection entered the cattery with an imported kitten (cat A); it had a suspected bite wound on its leg that had been treated at a veterinary clinic in Kiev, Ukraine, which is probably where it became infected with M. bovis. When the kitten arrived in Italy, there were four cats in the cattery; an adult female, her two kittens and a kitten imported from Russia. These were all healthy, and had no outdoor access. All five cats developed tuberculous interstitial pneumonia; in cat A this occurred 6 weeks after importation, the others were diagnosed 4-6 weeks later. Three cats were euthanised with deteriorating pneumonia while two cats remained clinically well on antibiotic therapy (marbofloxacin, doxycycline and azithromycin). The latter cases were euthanised after 5 weeks, as required by Italian law once M. bovis infection was suspected. Changes consistent with tuberculosis on gross post-mortem examination included mesenteric and mediastinal lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly, and the presence of disseminated focal white lesions on the cut surface of the spleen, liver and lungs. Visible acid-fast bacteria (cats A, B and C) were confirmed as Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by PCR (cats A, B, C, D and E), refined to M. bovis (cats A, B and D), spoligotype SB0950 (cats A and D).
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Černá
- University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Conor O'Halloran
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
| | | | - Danièlle A Gunn-Moore
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
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Réveillaud É, Desvaux S, Boschiroli ML, Hars J, Faure É, Fediaevsky A, Cavalerie L, Chevalier F, Jabert P, Poliak S, Tourette I, Hendrikx P, Richomme C. Infection of Wildlife by Mycobacterium bovis in France Assessment Through a National Surveillance System, Sylvatub. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:262. [PMID: 30430112 PMCID: PMC6220493 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis infection was first described in free-ranging wildlife in France in 2001, with subsequent detection in hunter-harvested ungulates and badgers in areas where outbreaks of bovine tuberculosis (TB) were also detected in cattle. Increasing concerns regarding TB in wildlife led the French General Directorate for Food (DGAL) and the main institutions involved in animal health and wildlife management, to establish a national surveillance system for TB in free-ranging wildlife. This surveillance system is known as “Sylvatub.” The system coordinates the activities of various national and local partners. The main goal of Sylvatub is to detect and monitor M. bovis infection in wildlife through a combination of passive and active surveillance protocols adapted to the estimated risk level in each area of the country. Event-base surveillance relies on M. bovis identification (molecular detection) (i) in gross lesions detected in hunter-harvested ungulates, (ii) in ungulates that are found dead or dying, and (iii) in road-killed badgers. Additional targeted surveillance in badgers, wild boars and red deer is implemented on samples from trapped or hunted animals in at-risk areas. With the exception of one unexplained case in a wild boar, M. bovis infection in free-living wildlife has always been detected in the vicinity of cattle TB outbreaks with the same genotype of the infectious M. bovis strains. Since 2012, M. bovis was actively monitored in these infected areas and detected mainly in badgers and wild boars with apparent infection rates of 4.57–5.14% and 2.37–3.04%, respectively depending of the diagnostic test used (culture or PCR), the period and according to areas. Sporadic infection has also been detected in red deer and roe deer. This surveillance has demonstrated that M. bovis infection, in different areas of France, involves a multi-host system including cattle and wildlife. However, infection rates are lower than those observed in badgers in the United Kingdom or in wild boars in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Édouard Réveillaud
- Anses, Unit of Coordination and Support to Surveillance, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stéphanie Desvaux
- French Hunting and Wildlife Agency (ONCFS), Studies and Research Department, Auffargis, France
| | - Maria-Laura Boschiroli
- University Paris-Est-Anses, French Reference Laboratory for Tuberculosis, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jean Hars
- French Hunting and Wildlife Agency (ONCFS), Studies and Research Department, Auffargis, France
| | - Éva Faure
- National Hunters Federation (FNC), Issy-les-Moulineaux, France
| | | | - Lisa Cavalerie
- French General Directorate for Food (DGAL), Animal Health Unit, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Chevalier
- French General Directorate for Food (DGAL), Animal Health Unit, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Jabert
- French General Directorate for Food (DGAL), Animal Health Unit, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Poliak
- French Association of Directors and Managers of Public Veterinary Laboratories of Analyses (Adilva), Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Tourette
- French National Federation of Animal Health Defense Associations (GDS France), Paris, France
| | - Pascal Hendrikx
- Anses, Unit of Coordination and Support to Surveillance, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Céline Richomme
- Anses, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Malzéville, France
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Bouchez-Zacria M, Courcoul A, Durand B. The Distribution of Bovine Tuberculosis in Cattle Farms Is Linked to Cattle Trade and Badger-Mediated Contact Networks in South-Western France, 2007-2015. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:173. [PMID: 30094243 PMCID: PMC6071575 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), mainly caused by Mycobacterium bovis, can affect domestic and wild animals as well as humans. Identifying the major transmission mechanisms in an area is necessary for disease control and management. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the involvement of different types of contact in M. bovis transmission between cattle farms of south-western France between 2007 and 2015. We analyzed an empirical contact network of cattle farms as nodes, with known infection status and molecular types (16 circulated during the study period of which 14 affected only cattle and two both badgers and cattle). Edges were based on cattle trade data (T-edges) and on spatial neighborhood relationships between farms, either direct (P-edges) or badger-mediated, when two farms neighbored the same badger home range (B-edges), or two distinct but neighboring badger home ranges (D-edges). Edge types were aggregated so that the contact network contained only unique edges labeled by one or several edge types. The association between the contact network structure and bTB infection status was assessed using a non-parametric test, each molecular type being considered a marker of an independent epidemic. Using a logistic regression model, we estimated the contribution of each edge type to the probability for an edge originating from an infected farm to end at another infected farm. A total number of 1946 cattle farms were included in the study and were linked by 54,243 edges. Within this contact network, infected farms (whatever the molecular type) always belonged to the same component, suggesting the contact network may have supported bTB spread among those farms. A significant association between the pattern of bTB-infected farms and the structure of the contact network was observed when all the molecular types were simultaneously considered. The logistic regression model showed a significant association between M. bovis infection in direct neighbors of infected farms and the connection by T-, B- and D-edges, with odds-ratios of 7.4, 1.9, and 10.4, respectively. These results indicate a multifactorial M. bovis transmission between cattle farms of the studied area, with varying implication levels of the trade, pasture and badger networks according to the molecular type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Bouchez-Zacria
- Epidemiology Unit, Paris-Sud University, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for FoodEnvironment and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Aurélie Courcoul
- Epidemiology Unit, Paris-Est University, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for FoodEnvironment and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Benoit Durand
- Epidemiology Unit, Paris-Est University, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for FoodEnvironment and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
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Bouchez-Zacria M, Courcoul A, Jabert P, Richomme C, Durand B. Environmental determinants of the Mycobacterium bovis concomitant infection in cattle and badgers in France. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-017-1131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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