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Moroni I, De Amicis R, Ardissone A, Ravella S, Bertoli S. Nutritional status of children affected by X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. J Hum Nutr Diet 2023; 36:1316-1326. [PMID: 36991579 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a rare X-linked metabolic disorder that causes the accumulation of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) (C26:0) and the subsequent variety of clinical and neurological symptoms. Little is known about nutritional status and dietary habits of children affected by ALD, and so the present study aimed to assess nutritional status and food intake in children with ALD, also exploring the relationship between food intake and the consumption of disease-specific dietary supplements to reduce blood C26:0 concentrations and increase monounsaturated fatty acids (C26:1). METHODS All patients underwent a clinical and neurological evaluation and a comprehensive nutritional assessment. The association of VLCFA concentrations with dietary lipids was assessed. RESULTS Nine boys (11.49 ± 3.61 years) were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. All patients were normal weight, with normal resting energy expenditure. Only six of nine patients followed the low-fat diet and dietary supplements. An inverse association was found between the food intake of polyunsaturated lipids and C26:0; conversely, the C26:0 was positively associated with the dietary saturated lipids. When consumed, dietary supplement consumption correlated positively with C26:1 (ρ = 0.917, p = 0.029) and no correlation was found with C26:0 (ρ = 0.410, p = 0,493). CONCLUSIONS No children were found to be malnourished or overweight or obese; however, half of the children reported excessive body fat, probably as a result of the pharmacotherapies. A low-fat diet could be adjuvant in the management of the accumulation of VLCFAs, but poor dietary compliance to disease-specific nutritional guidelines appears to be a major problem of this condition and underlines the need for a structured and personalised nutritional management in ALD disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Moroni
- Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Ramona De Amicis
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Ardissone
- Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Ravella
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Bertoli
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
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2
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Wang P, Du X, Shen Q, Jiang W, Shen C, Wang H, Zhou S, Wang Y, Qian X, Zhai X. Unrelated umbilical cord blood transplantation for children with hereditary leukodystrophy: A retrospective study. Front Neurol 2022; 13:999919. [PMID: 36247778 PMCID: PMC9561100 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.999919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To analyze the efficiency of unrelated umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT) in the treatment of hereditary leukodystrophy following busulfan- and cyclophosphamide-based myeloablative chemotherapy. Methods A retrospective study was performed in patients with hereditary leukodystrophy who underwent UCBT after myeloablative chemotherapy between April 2015 and March 2020. Results The study cohort included 12 pediatric patients (ten males), nine with cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) and three with juvenile globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD). All received HLA-matched or partially mismatched unrelated UCBT. There were no cases of graft rejection. Median neutrophil engraftment time was 20 days [12–33 days] and median platelet engraftment time was 29 days [14–65 days]. Median follow-up was 36 months [1–86 months], and the overall survival rate for patients with cerebral ALD and juvenile GLD after UCBT was 77.8% (7/9) and 100% (3/3), respectively. In patients with ALD, although lipid profiles (serum very-long-chain fatty acid) were improved post-UCBT, six patients demonstrated worse neurologic function score and performance status post-UCBT, and six patients had higher Loes scores at last follow-up compared with baseline. In patients with juvenile GLD, all patients showed stable neurologic function score and performance status despite the Loes score of one patient increased slightly after transplantation. Conclusion In patients with cerebral ALD, patients with no or mild neurological symptoms can benefit from UCBT, while UCBT cannot reverse advanced disease. In patients with juvenile GLD, UCBT is safe and contributes to stabilize neurological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaonan Du
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quanli Shen
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjin Jiang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Shen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongsheng Wang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuizhen Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowen Qian
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Xiaowen Qian
| | - Xiaowen Zhai
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaowen Zhai
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3
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Çamtosun E, Dündar İ, Akıncı A, Kayaş L, Çiftçi N. Pediatric Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A 21-year Single Center Experience. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2021; 13:88-99. [PMID: 32938577 PMCID: PMC7947721 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2020.2020.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition. In childhood, PAI is usually caused by monogenic diseases. Although congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is the most common cause of childhood PAI, numerous non-CAH genetic causes have also been identified. METHODS Patients aged 0-18 years and diagnosed with PAI between 1998 and 2019 in a tertiary care hospital were retrospectively evaluated. After the etiologic distribution was determined, non-CAH PAI patients were evaluated in detail. RESULTS Seventy-three PAI patients were identified. The most common etiology was CAH (69.9%, n=51). Non-CAH etiologies accounted for 30.1% (n=22) and included adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD; n=8), familial glucocorticoid deficiency (n=3), Triple A syndrome (n=5), autoimmune adrenalitis (n=1), adrenal hypoplasia congenital (n=1), IMAGe syndrome (n=1), and other unknown etiologies (n=3). The median age at the time of AI diagnosis for non-CAH etiologies was 3.52 (0.03-15.17) years. The most frequent symptoms/clinical findings at onset were hyperpigmentation of skin (81.8%), symptoms of hypoglycemia (40.9%), and weakness/fatigue (31.8%). Hypoglycemia (50.0%), hyponatremia (36.4%) and hyperkalemia (22.7%) were prominent biochemical findings. Diagnosis of specific etiologies were proven genetically in 13 of 22 patients. A novel p.Q301* hemizygous frameshift mutation of the DAX1 gene was identified in one patient. CONCLUSION Etiology was determined in 86.3% of children with non-CAH PAI through specific clinical and laboratory findings with/ without molecular analysis of candidate genes. ALD was the most common etiology. Currently, advanced molecular analysis can be utilized to establish a specific genetic diagnosis for PAI in patients who have no specific diagnostic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Çamtosun
- İnönü University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Malatya, Turkey,* Address for Correspondence: İnönü University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Malatya, Turkey Phone: +90 505 254 17 95 E-mail:
| | - İsmail Dündar
- Malatya Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Pediatric Endocrinology, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Ayşehan Akıncı
- İnönü University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Leman Kayaş
- İnönü University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Nurdan Çiftçi
- İnönü University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Malatya, Turkey
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X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy caused by a novel mutation presenting with various phenotypes in a Taiwanese family. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 514:100-106. [PMID: 33359056 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a peroxisomal disorder that primarily affects the white matter of central nervous system and the adrenal cortex. It is caused by mutations in the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette, subfamily D, member 1 (ABCD1) gene that results in elevated plasma levels of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). The disease is characterized by an unpredictable variation in phenotypic expressions, including childhood cerebral form (CCALD) and adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN). Genetic analysis is a reliable method for the diagnosis of X-ALD. We reported a 46-year-old male admitted to Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital with progressive paraparesis and Addison's disease, which was diagnosed when he was around 20-year-old. Plasma levels of VLCFA showed that his C26:0, C24:0/C22:0 and C26:0/C22:0 ratios were significantly elevated. A novel missense mutation (p.Arg163Cys) caused by the nucleotide change c.487C > T in exon 1 was identified in the ABCD1 gene of the proband and his subclinical family members. In this article, we reviewed the mutations that had been reported at the same position with different phenotypes. Given that the nerve conduction study (NCS) of the proband demonstrated a rare finding of demyelinating polyneuropathy with conduction blocks, we also reviewed the findings of NCS in patients with AMN in literature.
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Seo HS, Motallebnejad P, Azarin SM. Advances and opportunities for hiPSC-derived models of the blood-brain barrier. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Makkar H, Corona CC, Wadhawan A, Stiller JW. Adult-Cerebral X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy: A Mirage of Psychosis, Mania, and Substance Use. Psychiatr Ann 2020. [DOI: 10.3928/00485713-20200812-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gul M, Azari Jafari A, Shah M, Mirmoeeni S, Haider SU, Moinuddin S, Chaudhry A. Molecular Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Related Disorders: A Critical Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6020. [PMID: 32825639 PMCID: PMC7547375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS) which can lead to severe disability. Several diseases can mimic the clinical manifestations of MS. This can often lead to a prolonged period that involves numerous tests and investigations before a definitive diagnosis is reached. As well as the possibility of misdiagnosis. Molecular biomarkers can play a unique role in this regard. Molecular biomarkers offer a unique view into the CNS disorders. They help us understand the pathophysiology of disease as well as guiding our diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic approaches in CNS disorders. This review highlights the most prominent molecular biomarkers found in the literature with respect to MS and its related disorders. Based on numerous recent clinical and experimental studies, we demonstrate that several molecular biomarkers could very well aid us in differentiating MS from its related disorders. The implications of this work will hopefully serve clinicians and researchers alike, who regularly deal with MS and its related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Gul
- Precision Rheumatology INC, 2050 South Euclid Street, Anaheim, CA 92802, USA
| | - Amirhossein Azari Jafari
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud 3614773947, Iran; (A.A.J.); (S.M.)
| | - Muffaqam Shah
- Deccan College of Medical Sciences, P.O. Kanchanbagh, DMRL ‘X’ Road, Santhosh Nagar, Hyderabad 500058, Telangana State, India;
| | - Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud 3614773947, Iran; (A.A.J.); (S.M.)
| | - Safee Ullah Haider
- Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan Medical College, Shaikh Zayed Medical Complex, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Sadia Moinuddin
- Department of Internal Medicine, San Antonio Regional Medical Center, 999 San Bernardino Rd, Upland, CA 91786, USA;
| | - Ammar Chaudhry
- Department of Radiology, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
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Wiens K, Berry SA, Choi H, Gaviglio A, Gupta A, Hietala A, Kenney-Jung D, Lund T, Miller W, Pierpont EI, Raymond G, Winslow H, Zierhut HA, Orchard PJ. A report on state-wide implementation of newborn screening for X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:1205-1213. [PMID: 31074578 PMCID: PMC6619352 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Minnesota became the fourth state to begin newborn screening (NBS) for X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X‐ALD) in 2017. As there is limited retrospective data available on NBS for X‐ALD, we analyzed Minnesota's NBS results from the first year of screening. C26:0 lysophosphatidylcholine (C26:0‐LPC) screening results of 67,836 infants and confirmatory testing (ABCD1 gene and serum VLCFA analysis) for screen positives were obtained. Fourteen infants (nine males, five females) screened positive for X‐ALD and all were subsequently confirmed to have X‐ALD, with zero false positives. The birth prevalence of X‐ALD in screened infants was 1 in 4,845 and 1 in 3,878 males, more than five times previous reported incidences. Pedigrees of affected infants were analyzed, and 17 male (mean age of 17) and 24 female relatives were subsequently diagnosed with X‐ALD. Phenotypes of these family members included self‐reported mild neuropathy symptoms in two males and seven females, and childhood cerebral disease (ccALD) and adrenal insufficiency in one male. We observed fewer cases of ccALD and adrenal insufficiency than expected in male family members (5.9% of males for both) compared to previous observations. Together, these findings suggest that the spectrum of X‐ALD may be broader than previously described and that milder cases may previously have been underrepresented. Other challenges included a high frequency of variants of uncertain significance in ABCD1 and an inability to predict phenotypic severity. We posit that thoughtful planning to address these novel challenges and coordination by dedicated specialists will be imperative for successful implementation of population‐based screening for X‐ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Wiens
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Cell Biology & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Susan A Berry
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Cell Biology & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Hyoung Choi
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Amy Gaviglio
- Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Ashish Gupta
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Amy Hietala
- Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Daniel Kenney-Jung
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Troy Lund
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth I Pierpont
- Division of Clinical Behavioral Neuroscience,Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Gerald Raymond
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | - Heather A Zierhut
- Department of Genetics, Cell, Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Paul J Orchard
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Waldhüter N, Köhler W, Hemmati PG, Jehn C, Peceny R, Vuong GL, Arnold R, Kühl JS. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with myeloablative conditioning for adult cerebral X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:313-324. [PMID: 30746707 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The adult cerebral form of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ACALD), an acute inflammatory demyelinating disease, results in a rapidly progressive neurodegeneration, typically leading to severe disability or death within a few years after onset. We have treated 15 men who had developed ACALD with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from matched donors after myeloablative conditioning with busulfan and cyclophosphamide. All patients engrafted and 11 survived (estimated survival 73 ± 11%), 8 with stable cognition and 7 of them with stable motor function (estimated event-free survival 36 ± 17%). Death after transplantation occurred within the first year after HSCT and was caused either primarily by infection (N = 3) or due to disease progression triggered by infection (N = 1). Patients with minor myelopathic symptoms (N = 4) or with no or mild cerebral symptoms pre-transplant (N = 7) had an excellent outcome. In contrast, no patient with major neurological symptoms associated with an extensive involvement of pyramidal tract fibres in the internal capsule (N = 5) survived without cognitive deterioration. Notably, early leukocyte recovery was associated with dismal outcome for yet unknown reasons. All 10 tested survivors showed a reduction of plasma hexacosanoic acid (C26:0) in the absence of Lorenzo's oil. Over time, the event-free survival could be improved from 2 out of 8 patients (25%) before 2013 to 5 out of 7 patients (71%) thereafter. Therefore, allogeneic HSCT appears to be a suitable treatment option for carefully selected ACALD patients when transplanted from matched donors after myeloablative, busulfan-based conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Waldhüter
- Department Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Köhler
- Department Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philipp G Hemmati
- Department Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Jehn
- Department Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rudolf Peceny
- Department Oncology/Hematology/SCT, Klinikum Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Giang L Vuong
- Department Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Renate Arnold
- Department Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörn-Sven Kühl
- Department Pediatric Oncology/Hematology/SCT, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
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Paláu-Hernández S, Rodriguez-Leyva I, Shiguetomi-Medina JM. Late onset adrenoleukodystrophy: A review related clinical case report. eNeurologicalSci 2019; 14:62-67. [PMID: 30671550 PMCID: PMC6330384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensci.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective is to review the initial presentation, evolution, progression, final stage, and images in the follow up of an adult patient who presented an uncommon peroxisomal disease (1/20,000 males) that occurred by ABCD1 gene mutation in the Xq28 chromosome; to bring forward the imaging features (which nowadays is the most useful and accessible diagnostic tool) and clinical presentation of adrenoleukodystrophy in adulthood; to propose a differential diagnosis in aid of a prompt recognition of the disease hereafter from a neurologist approach. In relation of a clinical case we reviewed the literature to correlate the principal findings and evolution of the disease. This thrilling but at the same time unfortunate disease is not only a diagnostic problem is also a therapeutic quest besides all the related familial, labor, and social related problems. The very-long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) accumulation leads to a not completely understood mechanisms that precipitate the specific malfunction of the nervous system and adrenal gland. The initial corticospinal bilateral involvement provokes a spastic paraparesis but with the affection of others pathways multiple manifestations appears, with dementia and finally loss of the most of cortical functions secondary to the white matter affection. Since the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can be treated with variable results, other treatments, as the Lorenzo's oil, have not been consistent with a substantial improvement of the affected individual. The genetic advice and support to the patient and the family are essentials as well as the screening in individuals at risk before the onset of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Paláu-Hernández
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- Service of Neurology of Hospital Central "Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto" San Luis Potosi, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Ildefonso Rodriguez-Leyva
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- Service of Neurology of Hospital Central "Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto" San Luis Potosi, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Juan Manuel Shiguetomi-Medina
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- Department of Postgraduate, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Mexico
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Bessey A, Chilcott JB, Leaviss J, Sutton A. Economic impact of screening for X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy within a newborn blood spot screening programme. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2018; 13:179. [PMID: 30309370 PMCID: PMC6182830 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-018-0921-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A decision tree model was built to estimate the economic impact of introducing screening for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) into an existing tandem mass spectrometry based newborn screening programme. The model was based upon the UK National Health Service (NHS) Newborn Blood Spot Screening Programme and a public service perspective was used with a lifetime horizon. The model structure and parameterisation were based upon literature reviews and expert clinical judgment. Outcomes included health, social care and education costs and quality adjusted life years (QALYs). The model assessed screening of boys only and evaluated the impact of improved outcomes from hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with cerebral childhood X-ALD (CCALD). Threshold analyses were used to examine the potential impact of utility decrements for non-CCALD patients identified by screening. RESULTS It is estimated that screening 780,000 newborns annually will identify 18 (95%CI 12, 27) boys with X-ALD, of whom 10 (95% CI 6, 15) will develop CCALD. It is estimated that screening may detect 7 (95% CI 3, 12) children with other peroxisomal disorders who may also have arisen symptomatically. If results for girls are returned an additional 17 (95% CI 12, 25) cases of X-ALD will be identified. The programme is estimated to cost an additional £402,000 (95% CI £399-407,000) with savings in lifetime health, social care and education costs leading to an overall discounted cost saving of £3.04 (95% CI £5.69, £1.19) million per year. Patients with CCALD are estimated to gain 8.5 discounted QALYs each giving an overall programme benefit of 82 (95% CI 43, 139) QALYs. CONCLUSION Including screening of boys for X-ALD into an existing tandem mass spectrometry based newborn screening programme is projected to reduce lifetime costs and improve outcomes for those with CCALD. The potential disbenefit to those identified with non-CCALD conditions would need to be substantial in order to outweigh the benefit to those with CCALD. Further evidence is required on the potential QALY impact of early diagnosis both for non-CCALD X-ALD and other peroxisomal disorders. The favourable economic results are driven by estimated reductions in the social care and education costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Bessey
- School of Health and Related Research, The University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, S1 4DA UK
| | - James B Chilcott
- School of Health and Related Research, The University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, S1 4DA UK
| | - Joanna Leaviss
- School of Health and Related Research, The University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, S1 4DA UK
| | - Anthea Sutton
- School of Health and Related Research, The University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, S1 4DA UK
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12
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Kühl JS, Kupper J, Baqué H, Ebell W, Gärtner J, Korenke C, Spors B, Steffen IG, Strauss G, Voigt S, Weschke B, Weddige A, Köhler W, Steinfeld R. Potential Risks to Stable Long-term Outcome of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Children With Cerebral X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy. JAMA Cardiol 2018; 1:e180769. [PMID: 30646031 PMCID: PMC6324299 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.0769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the standard intervention for childhood cerebral X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. However, the pretransplant conditions, demyelination patterns, complications, and neurological outcomes of this therapy are not well characterized. OBJECTIVES To identify the risks to stable neurocognitive survival after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and to describe subgroups of patients with distinct clinical long-term outcomes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This case series analyzed the treatment and outcome of a cohort of 36 boys who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation at Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany, between January 1, 1997, and October 31, 2014. Case analysis was performed from January 1, 2016, through November 30, 2017. During this retrospective review, the adrenoleukodystrophy-disability rating score and the neurological function score were used. Demyelinating lesions in the brain were quantified by the Loes score. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Overall survival, survival without major functional disabilities, and event-free survival were analyzed. Patients' clinical symptoms, demyelination patterns, and stem cell source were stratified. RESULTS Of the 36 boys who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, the median (range) age was 7.2 (4.2-15.4) years; 18 were presymptomatic and 18 were symptomatic. Twenty-seven patients (75%) were alive at a median (interquartile range [IQR]) follow-up of 108 (40-157) months. Sixteen of 18 presymptomatic patients (89%) survived, and 13 (72%) had an event-free survival with a median (IQR) survival time of 49 (37-115) months. Among the symptomatic patients, 11 of 18 (61%) survived, but only 1 was an event-free survival (6%) (median [IQR] time, 9 [3-22] months). Of the 9 patients who received a bone marrow transplant from a matched family donor, all survived. Among the 36 patients, 6 disease-related deaths (17%) and 3 transplant-related deaths (8%) occurred. Deaths from disease progression (n = 6) occurred only in patients with demyelination patterns other than parieto-occipital. In total, 18 patients (50%) displayed limited parieto-occipital (Loes score <9) or frontal (Loes score <4) demyelination before transplant (favorable). None of these patients died of progressive disease or developed major functional disabilities, 15 of them were characterized by stable neuroimaging after the transplant, and event-free survival was 77% (95% CI, 60%-100%). In contrast, the other 18 patients with more extended parieto-occipital demyelination (n = 6), frontal involvement (n = 4), or other demyelination patterns (n = 8) progressed (unfavorable): 13 patients developed epilepsy and 10 developed major functional disabilities, and their event-free survival was 0%. This newly defined neuroimaging assessment correlated best with neurocognitive deterioration after transplant (hazard ratio, 16.7; 95% CI, 4.7-59.6). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE All patients with favorable neuroimaging who received matched bone marrow remained stable after transplant, while some of the other patients developed major functional disabilities. Newborn screening for the disease and regular neuroimaging are recommended, and patients who lack a matched bone marrow donor may need to find new therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn-Sven Kühl
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jana Kupper
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology/SCT, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hermann Baqué
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfram Ebell
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology/SCT, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jutta Gärtner
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Korenke
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Klinikum Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Spors
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo G. Steffen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology/SCT, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriele Strauss
- Department of Pediatrics, Helios-Klinikum Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Voigt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology/SCT, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Weschke
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Almuth Weddige
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Köhler
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Steinfeld
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Lee CAA, Seo HS, Armien AG, Bates FS, Tolar J, Azarin SM. Modeling and rescue of defective blood-brain barrier function of induced brain microvascular endothelial cells from childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy patients. Fluids Barriers CNS 2018; 15:9. [PMID: 29615068 PMCID: PMC5883398 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-018-0094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene. 40% of X-ALD patients will convert to the deadly childhood cerebral form (ccALD) characterized by increased permeability of the brain endothelium that constitutes the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Mutation information and molecular markers investigated to date are not predictive of conversion. Prior reports have focused on toxic metabolic byproducts and reactive oxygen species as instigators of cerebral inflammation and subsequent immune cell invasion leading to BBB breakdown. This study focuses on the BBB itself and evaluates differences in brain endothelium integrity using cells from ccALD patients and wild-type (WT) controls. Methods The blood–brain barrier of ccALD patients and WT controls was modeled using directed differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into induced brain microvascular endothelial cells (iBMECs). Immunocytochemistry and PCR confirmed characteristic expression of brain microvascular endothelial cell (BMEC) markers. Barrier properties of iBMECs were measured via trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER), sodium fluorescein permeability, and frayed junction analysis. Electron microscopy and RNA-seq were used to further characterize disease-specific differences. Oil-Red-O staining was used to quantify differences in lipid accumulation. To evaluate whether treatment with block copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(propylene oxide) (PEO–PPO) could mitigate defective properties, ccALD-iBMECs were treated with PEO–PPO block copolymers and their barrier properties and lipid accumulation levels were quantified. Results iBMECs from patients with ccALD had significantly decreased TEER (2592 ± 110 Ω cm2) compared to WT controls (5001 ± 172 Ω cm2). They also accumulated lipid droplets to a greater extent than WT-iBMECs. Upon treatment with a PEO–PPO diblock copolymer during the differentiation process, an increase in TEER and a reduction in lipid accumulation were observed for the polymer treated ccALD-iBMECs compared to untreated controls. Conclusions The finding that BBB integrity is decreased in ccALD and can be rescued with block copolymers opens the door for the discovery of BBB-specific molecular markers that can indicate the onset of ccALD and has therapeutic implications for preventing the conversion to ccALD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12987-018-0094-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A A Lee
- Department of Genetics and Cell Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Hannah S Seo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Anibal G Armien
- Ultrastructural Pathology Unit, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Frank S Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jakub Tolar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Samira M Azarin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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14
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Rare Dementias. NEURODEGENER DIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72938-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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