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Brunmair J, Bileck A, Schmidl D, Hagn G, Meier-Menches SM, Hommer N, Schlatter A, Gerner C, Garhöfer G. Metabolic phenotyping of tear fluid as a prognostic tool for personalised medicine exemplified by T2DM patients. EPMA J 2022; 13:107-123. [PMID: 35265228 PMCID: PMC8897537 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-022-00272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background/aims Concerning healthcare approaches, a paradigm change from reactive medicine to predictive approaches, targeted prevention, and personalisation of medical services is highly desirable. This raises demand for biomarker signatures that support the prediction and diagnosis of diseases, as well as monitoring strategies regarding therapeutic efficacy and supporting individualised treatments. New methodological developments should preferably rely on non-invasively sampled biofluids like sweat and tears in order to provide optimal compliance, reduce costs, and ensure availability of the biomaterial. Here, we have thus investigated the metabolic composition of human tears in comparison to finger sweat in order to find biofluid-specific marker molecules derived from distinct secretory glands. The comprehensive investigation of numerous biofluids may lead to the identification of novel biomarker signatures. Moreover, tear fluid analysis may not only provide insight into eye pathologies but may also be relevant for the prediction and monitoring of disease progression and/ or treatment of systemic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods Sweat and tear fluid were sampled from 20 healthy volunteers using filter paper and commercially available Schirmer strips, respectively. Finger sweat analysis has already been successfully established in our laboratory. In this study, we set up and evaluated methods for tear fluid extraction and analysis using high-resolution mass spectrometry hyphenated with liquid chromatography, using optimised gradients each for metabolites and eicosanoids. Sweat and tears were systematically compared using statistical analysis. As second approach, we performed a clinical pilot study with 8 diabetic patients and compared them to 19 healthy subjects. Results Tear fluid was found to be a rich source for metabolic phenotyping. Remarkably, several molecules previously identified by us in sweat were found significantly enriched in tear fluid, including creatine or taurine. Furthermore, other metabolites such as kahweol and various eicosanoids were exclusively detectable in tears, demonstrating the orthogonal power for biofluid analysis in order to gain information on individual health states. The clinical pilot study revealed that many endogenous metabolites that have previously been linked to type 2 diabetes such as carnitine, tyrosine, uric acid, and valine were indeed found significantly up-regulated in tears of diabetic patients. Nicotinic acid and taurine were elevated in the diabetic cohort as well and may represent new biomarkers for diabetes specifically identified in tear fluid. Additionally, systemic medications, like metformin, bisoprolol, and gabapentin, were readily detectable in tears of patients. Conclusions The high number of identified marker molecules found in tear fluid apparently supports disease development prediction, developing preventive approaches as well as tailoring individual patients’ treatments and monitoring treatment efficacy. Tear fluid analysis may also support pharmacokinetic studies and patient compliance control. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13167-022-00272-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Brunmair
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Bileck
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Joint Metabolome Facility, University and Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doreen Schmidl
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Hagn
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Samuel M. Meier-Menches
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Joint Metabolome Facility, University and Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Hommer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Schlatter
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- VIROS - Vienna Institute for Research in Ocular Surgery - Karl Landsteiner Institute, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Joint Metabolome Facility, University and Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Garhöfer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Wang C, Wang Y, Xie H, Zhan C, He X, Liu R, Hu R, Shen J, Jia Y. Establishment and validation of an SIL-IS LC-MS/MS method for the determination of ibuprofen in human plasma and its pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 36:e5287. [PMID: 34837248 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we developed and validated a highly sensitive, rapid and stable LC-MS/MS method for the determination of ibuprofen in human plasma with ibuprofen-d3 as a stable isotopically labeled internal standard (SIL-IS). Human plasma samples were prepared by one-step protein precipitation. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a Poroshell 120 EC-C18 (2.1 × 50 mm, 2.7 μm). Aqueous solution (containing 0.05% acetic acid and 5 mm NH4 Ac) and methanol were selected as the mobile phase with gradient elution. An electrospray ionization source was applied and operated in negative ion mode. Multiple reaction monitoring mode was used for quantification using target fragment ions m/z 205.0 → 161.1 for ibuprofen and m/z 208.0 → 164.0 for SIL-IS, respectively. This method exhibited a linear range of 0.05-36 μg/ml for ibuprofen with correlation coefficient >0.99. Mean recoveries of ibuprofen in human plasma ranged from 78.4 to 80.9%. The RSD of intra- and inter-day precision were both < 5%. The accuracy was between 88.2 and 103.67%. The matrix effect was negligible in human plasma, including lipidemia and hemolytic plasma. A simple, efficient and accurate LC-MS/MS method was successfully established and applied to a pharmacokinetic study in healthy Chinese volunteers after a single oral administration of ibuprofen granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changmao Wang
- Pharmacy School of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- Anhui Provincial Center for Drug Clinical Evaluation, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitang Xie
- Pharmacy School of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuijiao Zhan
- Pharmacy School of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejun He
- Anhui Provincial Center for Drug Clinical Evaluation, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Liu
- Anhui Provincial Center for Drug Clinical Evaluation, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongfeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of R&D of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anhui "115" Xin'an Medicine Research & Development Innovation Team, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Shen
- Anhui Provincial Center for Drug Clinical Evaluation, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanwei Jia
- Pharmacy School of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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Sebbag L, Mochel JP. An eye on the dog as the scientist's best friend for translational research in ophthalmology: Focus on the ocular surface. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:2566-2604. [PMID: 32735080 DOI: 10.1002/med.21716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical animal studies provide valuable opportunities to better understand human diseases and contribute to major advances in medicine. This review provides a comprehensive overview of ocular parameters in humans and selected animals, with a focus on the ocular surface, detailing species differences in ocular surface anatomy, physiology, tear film dynamics and tear film composition. We describe major pitfalls that tremendously limit the translational potential of traditional laboratory animals (i.e., rabbits, mice, and rats) in ophthalmic research, and highlight the benefits of integrating companion dogs with clinical analogues to human diseases into preclinical pharmacology studies. This One Health approach can help accelerate and improve the framework in which ophthalmic research is translated to the human clinic. Studies can be conducted in canine subjects with naturally occurring or noninvasively induced ocular surface disorders (e.g., dry eye disease, conjunctivitis), reviewed herein, and tear fluid can be easily retrieved from canine eyes for various bioanalytical purposes. In this review, we discuss common tear collection methods, including capillary tubes and Schirmer tear strips, and provide guidelines for tear sampling and extraction to improve the reliability of analyte quantification (drugs, proteins, others).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Sebbag
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, SMART Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, SMART Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Shiokawa R, Lee XP, Yamada M, Fujishiro M, Sakamaki H, Hasegawa C, Ishida H, Ikeda K, Fujita KI, Iwabuchi S, Onda H, Kumazawa T, Sasaki Y, Sato K, Matsuyama T. High-throughput method to analyze tegafur and 5-fluorouracil in human tears and plasma using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:1906-1914. [PMID: 31323696 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE We developed a new high-throughput method to analyze tegafur (FT) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in tear and plasma samples using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)/tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). METHODS The tear samples (10 μL) spiked with FT, 5-FU, and 5-chlorouracil (internal standard) were diluted using 40 μL of 2 M ammonium acetate and 250 μL of acetonitrile with 2% formic acid; 20 μL of plasma spiked with the two drugs and internal standard was diluted with 80 μL of 2 M ammonium acetate and 500 μL of acetonitrile with 2% formic acid. After centrifugation, the clear supernatant extract (15 μL) was directly injected into the HILIC/MS/MS instrument, and each drug was separated on a Unison UK-Amino column (50 mm × 3 mm i.d., 3 μm particle size) with a linear gradient elution system composed of 10 mM ammonium acetate (pH 6.8) and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min. We performed quantification by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) with negative-ion atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization. RESULTS Distinct peaks were observed for the drugs on each MRM channel within 2 min. The regression equations showed good linearity within the range 0.04-4.0 μg/mL for the tear and plasma samples with detection limits at 0.02-0.04 μg/mL. Recoveries for target analytes (FT and 5-FU) for the tear and plasma samples were in the 94-128% and 94-104% ranges, respectively. The intra- and inter-day coefficients of variation for the two drugs were lower than 10.8%. The accuracies of quantitation were 97-115% for both samples. CONCLUSIONS We established a high-throughput, reproducible, and practical procedure for analyzing FT and 5-FU in human tear and plasma samples using HILIC/MS/MS analysis with an aminopropyl-bonded mixed-mode separation column. This method can be applied to the high-throughput routines used in clinical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Shiokawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
- Department of Legal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Xiao-Pen Lee
- Department of Legal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Miho Yamada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Masaya Fujishiro
- Department of Legal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | - Chika Hasegawa
- Department of Legal Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hiroo Ishida
- Division of Medical Oncology, Showa University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Ikeda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Showa University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Fujita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Showa University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Iwabuchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Onda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | | | - Yasutsuna Sasaki
- Division of Medical Oncology, Showa University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Keizo Sato
- Department of Legal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takaaki Matsuyama
- Department of Legal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Japan
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Sebbag L, Allbaugh RA, Weaver A, Seo YJ, Mochel JP. Histamine-Induced Conjunctivitis and Breakdown of Blood-Tear Barrier in Dogs: A Model for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:752. [PMID: 31354477 PMCID: PMC6629934 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjunctival inflammation disturbs the blood–tear barrier and thus affects the tear film stability and composition. We aimed to develop a non-invasive and reliable method to induce conjunctivitis in dogs, a large animal model for translational work on ocular surface disease in humans. Six beagle dogs underwent a randomized, vehicle-controlled, balanced crossover trial—on six separate days, one eye received topical artificial tears (vehicle), while the other eye received one of six concentrations of histamine solution (0.005–500 mg/ml). At sequential times after eyedrop administration, a conjunctivitis score was given to each eye based on the degree of palpebral and bulbar conjunctival hyperemia and chemosis, ocular pruritus, and discharge. Total protein content (TPC) and serum albumin were quantified in tear fluid at baseline and 20 min. Additionally, 13 dogs presenting for various ophthalmic diseases with associated conjunctivitis were examined. Experimentally induced conjunctivitis developed rapidly (<1 min) following topical histamine administration and lasted for 1–3 h (four lowest doses) to 6–8 h (two highest doses). The severity of conjunctivitis was dose-dependent. Histamine was overall well tolerated, although transient blepharitis, aqueous flare, and ocular hypertension occurred in a few dogs receiving histamine ≥375 mg/ml. TPC and serum albumin levels increased in tears of eyes receiving histamine ≥1.0 mg/ml, being significantly higher than vehicle and baseline in eyes receiving histamine ≥375 mg/ml. Lacrimal albumin levels were also increased in 13 dogs with naturally acquired conjunctivitis, up 2.7–14.9 fold compared to contralateral healthy eyes. Histamine-induced conjunctivitis represents a robust model for translational work on the ocular surface given the low cost, non-invasiveness, self-resolving nature, ability to adjust the duration and severity of the disease, and shared features with naturally occurring ocular diseases. Histamine solutions of 1, 10, and 375 mg/ml induce mild, moderate, and severe conjunctivitis in dogs, respectively. Leakage of serum albumin in tear fluid of eyes with conjunctivitis suggests a breakdown of the blood–tear barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Sebbag
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rachel A Allbaugh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Amanda Weaver
- Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Yeon-Jung Seo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Kim Y, Seo C, Oh S, Kwak J, Jung S, Sin E, Kim H, Ji M, Lee HS, Park HJ, Lee G, Yu J, Kim M, Lee W, Paik MJ. Analysis of loxoprofen in tablets, patches, and equine urine as tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivative by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 41:459-466. [PMID: 29572683 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Loxoprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug of the 2-arylpropionic acid type, which has used to treat musculoskeletal disorders in the horse racing industry. However, it has also used illicitly to mask clinical signs of inflammation and pain in racehorses. Thus, its accurate analysis has become an important issue in horse doping laboratories. In this study, an analytical method of loxoprofen was developed as tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) derivative by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Characteristic fragment ions of [M-15], [M-57], and [M-139] permitted the accurate and selective detection of loxoprofen. Under optimal conditions, this method showed good linearity (r ≥ 0.999) in the range of 10-500 ng/mL, repeatability (% relative standard deviation = 5.6-8.5), and accuracy (% relative error = - 0.3-0.9) with a detection limit of 1.0 ng. When applied to the analysis of loxoprofen in tablet and patch products, loxoprofen was positively identified as TBDMS derivative by GC-MS. The present method provided rapid and accurate determination of loxoprofen in patch and tablet products. Levels of loxoprofen were highest in equine urine at 0.5 and 1 h after oral administration with single dose (3 mg/kg) to three horses, and then rapidly reduced to below the lower limit of quantification at 24 h. Therefore, the present method will be useful for the pharmacokinetic study and doping tests for loxoprofen and other similar acidic drugs in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngbae Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-950, Republic of Korea.,Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeonbuk, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Seo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-950, Republic of Korea
| | - Suin Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-950, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhwan Kwak
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-950, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-950, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsu Sin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-950, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunbin Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-950, Republic of Korea
| | - Moongi Ji
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-950, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Seong Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-950, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Jin Park
- Department of Physiology and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang Lee
- Department of Physiology and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jundong Yu
- Racing Laboratory, Korea Racing Authority, Gwacheon, 13822, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeonbuk, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjae Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, 501-759, Republic of Korea.
| | - Man-Jeong Paik
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-950, Republic of Korea.
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Ocular bioanalysis: challenges and advancements in recent years for these rare matrices. Bioanalysis 2017; 9:1997-2014. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many ocular diseases still presenting unmet medical needs. Therefore, new ophthalmologic drugs are being developed. Bioanalysis of eye compartments (along with plasma and other tissues) is important to determine exposure of the target organ to the drug and to help interpret local pharmacological or toxic effects. This review article identifies several challenges that occur within ocular bioanalysis. They include sample collection and preparation, analytical issues, sourcing control matrix, data interpretation and regulatory requirements. It summarizes how these challenges have been recently addressed, how research has advanced and which questions remain unanswered. Recommendations are made based on the literature and our practical experience within ocular bioanalysis and future perspectives are discussed.
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Tsikas D, Kayacelebi AA, Hanff E, Mitschke A, Beckmann B, Tillmann HC, Gutzki FM, Müller M, Bernasconi C. GC–MS and GC–MS/MS measurement of ibuprofen in 10-μL aliquots of human plasma and mice serum using [α-methylo-2H3]ibuprofen after ethyl acetate extraction and pentafluorobenzyl bromide derivatization: Discovery of a collision energy-dependent H/D isotope effect and pharmacokinetic application to inhaled ibuprofen-arginine in mice. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1043:158-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Dutkiewicz EP, Urban PL. Quantitative mass spectrometry of unconventional human biological matrices. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2016; 374:20150380. [PMID: 27644966 PMCID: PMC5031645 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2015.0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of sensitive and versatile mass spectrometric methodology has fuelled interest in the analysis of metabolites and drugs in unconventional biological specimens. Here, we discuss the analysis of eight human matrices-hair, nail, breath, saliva, tears, meibum, nasal mucus and skin excretions (including sweat)-by mass spectrometry (MS). The use of such specimens brings a number of advantages, the most important being non-invasive sampling, the limited risk of adulteration and the ability to obtain information that complements blood and urine tests. The most often studied matrices are hair, breath and saliva. This review primarily focuses on endogenous (e.g. potential biomarkers, hormones) and exogenous (e.g. drugs, environmental contaminants) small molecules. The majority of analytical methods used chromatographic separation prior to MS; however, such a hyphenated methodology greatly limits analytical throughput. On the other hand, the mass spectrometric methods that exclude chromatographic separation are fast but suffer from matrix interferences. To enable development of quantitative assays for unconventional matrices, it is desirable to standardize the protocols for the analysis of each specimen and create appropriate certified reference materials. Overcoming these challenges will make analysis of unconventional human biological matrices more common in a clinical setting.This article is part of the themed issue 'Quantitative mass spectrometry'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina P Dutkiewicz
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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