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Liu X, Guo B, Li Q, Nie J. mTOR in metabolic homeostasis and disease. Exp Cell Res 2024; 441:114173. [PMID: 39047807 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The ability to maintain cellular metabolic homeostasis is critical to life, in which mTOR plays an important role. This kinase integrates upstream nutrient signals and performs essential functions in physiology and metabolism by increasing metabolism and suppressing autophagy. Thus, dysregulation of mTOR activity leads to diseases, especially metabolic diseases such as cancer, type 2 diabetes and neurological disorders. Therefore, inhibition of overactivated mTOR becomes a rational approach to treat a variety of metabolic diseases. In this review, we discuss how mTOR responds to upstream signals and how mTOR regulates metabolic processes, including protein, nucleic acid, and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, we discuss the possible causes and consequences of dysregulated mTOR signaling activity, and summarize relevant applications, such as inhibition of mTOR activity to treat these diseases. This review will advance our comprehensive knowledge of the association between mTOR and metabolic homeostasis, which has significant ramifications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Bin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qiye Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jing Nie
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
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2
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Zhou Y, Tao L, Qiu J, Xu J, Yang X, Zhang Y, Tian X, Guan X, Cen X, Zhao Y. Tumor biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and targeted therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:132. [PMID: 38763973 PMCID: PMC11102923 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01823-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor biomarkers, the substances which are produced by tumors or the body's responses to tumors during tumorigenesis and progression, have been demonstrated to possess critical and encouraging value in screening and early diagnosis, prognosis prediction, recurrence detection, and therapeutic efficacy monitoring of cancers. Over the past decades, continuous progress has been made in exploring and discovering novel, sensitive, specific, and accurate tumor biomarkers, which has significantly promoted personalized medicine and improved the outcomes of cancer patients, especially advances in molecular biology technologies developed for the detection of tumor biomarkers. Herein, we summarize the discovery and development of tumor biomarkers, including the history of tumor biomarkers, the conventional and innovative technologies used for biomarker discovery and detection, the classification of tumor biomarkers based on tissue origins, and the application of tumor biomarkers in clinical cancer management. In particular, we highlight the recent advancements in biomarker-based anticancer-targeted therapies which are emerging as breakthroughs and promising cancer therapeutic strategies. We also discuss limitations and challenges that need to be addressed and provide insights and perspectives to turn challenges into opportunities in this field. Collectively, the discovery and application of multiple tumor biomarkers emphasized in this review may provide guidance on improved precision medicine, broaden horizons in future research directions, and expedite the clinical classification of cancer patients according to their molecular biomarkers rather than organs of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lei Tao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiahao Qiu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- School of Medicine, Tibet University, Lhasa, 850000, China
| | - Xinyu Tian
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xinqi Guan
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Menteş M, Yandım C. Identification of PPA1 inhibitor candidates for potential repurposing in cancer medicine. J Cell Biochem 2023; 124:1646-1663. [PMID: 37733630 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic pyrophosphatase 1 (PPA1) is pivotal to cellular metabolism as it facilitates the hydrolysis of PPi-a by-product of various metabolic processes that influence cell growth and differentiation. Overexpression of PPA1 enzyme has been linked to diminished patient survival and was shown to influence tumor cell dynamics, thereby positioning it as a potential therapy target for a variety of cancers including colorectal cancer, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and lung adenocarcinoma. Despite this therapeutic promise, there are no known inhibitors of PPA1 as of today. In this study, we searched for potential PPA1 inhibitors using a molecular docking screen of 30 470 compounds with a history of clinical trials and/or US Food and Drug Administration approval. We specifically targeted the active pocket that coincides with the established catalytic domain. Our screen identified promising hits, which we further subjected to ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) filtering. Subsequent molecular dynamics (MD) analyses were conducted on devazepide, quinotolast, and tarazepide-the three substances that successfully navigated all filters. MD analyses reinforced the stability of the protein-ligand complexes and confirmed ligand binding, as substantiated by our root mean square deviation, radius of gyration and secondary structures of proteins analyses. Furthermore, Molecular Mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area calculations post-MD identified devazepide and quinotolast as showing higher binding affinities; being supported by principal component analysis, free energy landscape, and dynamic cross-correlation matrix results. Overall, our study reveals devazepide and quinotolast as potential candidates for PPA1 inhibition which could be considered for repurposing studies that need further experimental validation. These results not only reveal a potential for clinical repurposing for PPA1 inhibition but they also offer valuable insights into the development of future compounds for targeting the crucial PPA1 enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muratcan Menteş
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, İzmir University of Economics, Balçova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Cihangir Yandım
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, İzmir University of Economics, Balçova, İzmir, Turkey
- İzmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylül University Health Campus, İnciraltı, İzmir, Turkey
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Liu J, Mi T, Zhang Z, Jin L, Li M, Zhanghuang C, Li M, Wang J, Wu X, Wang Z, Tan X, Wang Z, He D. BKM120 inhibits malignant rhabdoid tumor of the kidney through induction of apoptosis and G0/G1 phase arrest. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 951:175747. [PMID: 37142086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Malignant rhabdomyosarcoma of the kidney (MRTK) has an inferior prognosis and is insensitive to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Search for novel, potent medicinal agents is urgent. Herein, data on the gene expression and clinical characteristics of malignant rhabdoid tumors (MRT) were retrieved from the TARGET database. Prognosis-related genes were identified by differential analysis and one-way cox regression analysis, and prognosis-related signalling pathways were identified by enrichment analysis. The prognosis-related genes were imported into the Connectivity Map database for query, and BKM120 was predicted and screened as a potential therapeutic agent for MRTK. A combination of high-throughput RNA sequencing and Western blot verified that the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is associated with MRTK prognosis and is overactivated in MRTK. Our results outlined that BKM120 inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion ability of G401 cells and induced apoptosis and cell cycle G0/G1 phase arrest. In vivo, BKM120 inhibited tumor growth and had no significant toxic side effects. Western blot and immunofluorescence results confirmed that BKM120 could reduce the expression of PI3K and p-AKT, critical proteins of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. BKM120 inhibits MRTK by inhibiting PI3K/Akt signalling pathway to induce apoptosis and cell cycle G0/G1 phase arrest, which is anticipated to give the clinical treatment of MRTK a new direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayan Liu
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Tao Mi
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Zhaoxia Zhang
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Liming Jin
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Maoxian Li
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Chenghao Zhanghuang
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Mujie Li
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Jinkui Wang
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Zhaoying Wang
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Tan
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Zhang Wang
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Dawei He
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, PR China.
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Zhang X, Wang Y, Zhang X, Shen Y, Yang K, Ma Q, Qiao Y, Shi J, Wang Y, Xu L, Yang B, Ge G, Hu L, Kong X, Yang C, Chen Y, Ding J, Meng L. Intact regulation of G1/S transition renders esophageal squamous cell carcinoma sensitive to PI3Kα inhibitors. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:153. [PMID: 37041169 PMCID: PMC10090078 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01359-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase alpha (PI3Kα) inhibitors are currently evaluated for the therapy of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). It is of great importance to identify potential biomarkers to predict or monitor the efficacy of PI3Kα inhibitors in an aim to improve the clinical responsive rate in ESCC. Here, ESCC PDXs with CCND1 amplification were found to be more sensitive to CYH33, a novel PI3Kα-selective inhibitor currently in clinical trials for the treatment of advanced solid tumors including ESCC. Elevated level of cyclin D1, p21 and Rb was found in CYH33-sensitive ESCC cells compared to those in resistant cells. CYH33 significantly arrested sensitive cells but not resistant cells at G1 phase, which was associated with accumulation of p21 and suppression of Rb phosphorylation by CDK4/6 and CDK2. Hypo-phosphorylation of Rb attenuated the transcriptional activation of SKP2 by E2F1, which in turn hindered SKP2-mediated degradation of p21 and reinforced accumulation of p21. Moreover, CDK4/6 inhibitors sensitized resistant ESCC cells and PDXs to CYH33. These findings provided mechanistic rationale to evaluate PI3Kα inhibitors in ESCC patients harboring amplified CCND1 and the combined regimen with CDK4/6 inhibitors in ESCC with proficient Rb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yanyan Shen
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Kang Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qingyang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yuemei Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jiajie Shi
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lan Xu
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Biyu Yang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Gaoxiang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Landian Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xiangyin Kong
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Chunhao Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Jian Ding
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Linghua Meng
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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6
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Testa U, Castelli G, Pelosi E. The Molecular Characterization of Genetic Abnormalities in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma May Foster the Development of Targeted Therapies. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:610-640. [PMID: 36661697 PMCID: PMC9858483 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is among the most common tumors in the world and is associated with poor outcomes, with a 5-year survival rate of about 10-20%. Two main histological subtypes are observed: esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), more frequent among Asian populations, and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), the predominant type in Western populations. The development of molecular analysis techniques has led to the definition of the molecular alterations observed in ESCC, consistently differing from those observed in EAC. The genetic alterations observed are complex and heterogeneous and involve gene mutations, gene deletions and gene amplifications. However, despite the consistent progress in the definition of the molecular basis of ESCC, precision oncology for these patients is still virtually absent. The recent identification of molecular subtypes of ESCC with clinical relevance may foster the development of new therapeutic strategies. It is estimated that about 40% of the genetic alterations observed in ESCC are actionable. Furthermore, the recent introduction of solid tumor immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) showed that a minority of ESCC patients are responsive, and the administration of ICIs, in combination with standard chemotherapy, significantly improves overall survival over chemotherapy in ESCC patients with advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Testa
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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7
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Li Q, Li Z, Luo T, Shi H. Targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAF/MEK/ERK pathways for cancer therapy. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:47. [PMID: 36539659 PMCID: PMC9768098 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAF/MEK/ERK pathways are commonly activated by mutations and chromosomal translocation in vital targets. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is dysregulated in nearly all kinds of neoplasms, with the component in this pathway alternations. RAF/MEK/ERK signaling cascades are used to conduct signaling from the cell surface to the nucleus to mediate gene expression, cell cycle processes and apoptosis. RAS, B-Raf, PI3K, and PTEN are frequent upstream alternative sites. These mutations resulted in activated cell growth and downregulated cell apoptosis. The two pathways interact with each other to participate in tumorigenesis. PTEN alterations suppress RAF/MEK/ERK pathway activity via AKT phosphorylation and RAS inhibition. Several inhibitors targeting major components of these two pathways have been supported by the FDA. Dozens of agents in these two pathways have attracted great attention and have been assessed in clinical trials. The combination of small molecular inhibitors with traditional regimens has also been explored. Furthermore, dual inhibitors provide new insight into antitumor activity. This review will further comprehensively describe the genetic alterations in normal patients and tumor patients and discuss the role of targeted inhibitors in malignant neoplasm therapy. We hope this review will promote a comprehensive understanding of the role of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathways in facilitating tumors and will help direct drug selection for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfang Li
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Department of Oncology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Ting Luo
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Breast, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Huashan Shi
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, P. R. China
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Wang S, Wei J, Li S, Luo Y, Li Y, Wang X, Shen W, Luo D, Liu D. PPA1, an energy metabolism initiator, plays an important role in the progression of malignant tumors. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1012090. [PMID: 36505776 PMCID: PMC9733535 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1012090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPA1) encoded by PPA1 gene belongs to Soluble Pyrophosphatases (PPase) family and is expressed widely in various tissues of Homo sapiens, as well as significantly in a variety of malignancies. The hydrolysis of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) to produce orthophosphate (Pi) not only dissipates the negative effects of PPi accumulation, but the energy released by this process also serves as a substitute for ATP. PPA1 is highly expressed in a variety of tumors and is involved in proliferation, invasion, and metastasis during tumor development, through the JNK/p53, Wnt/β-catenin, and PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathways. Because of its remarkable role in tumor development, PPA1 may serve as a biological target for adjuvant therapy of tumor malignancies. Further, PPA1 is a potential biomarker to predict survival in patients with cancer, where the assessment of its transcriptional regulation can provide an in-depth understanding. Herein, we describe the signaling pathways through which PPA1 regulates malignant tumor progression and provide new insights to establish PPA1 as a biomarker for tumor diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, China,College of Clinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jianmei Wei
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People' s Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, China
| | - Shunwei Li
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, China
| | - Yuyin Luo
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, China,College of Clinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yifei Li
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xianglin Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, China,College of Clinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Wenzhi Shen
- Key Laboratory of Precision Oncology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China,*Correspondence: Daishun Liu, ; Dehong Luo, ; Wenzhi Shen,
| | - Dehong Luo
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, China,*Correspondence: Daishun Liu, ; Dehong Luo, ; Wenzhi Shen,
| | - Daishun Liu
- College of Clinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China,*Correspondence: Daishun Liu, ; Dehong Luo, ; Wenzhi Shen,
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