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Ali I, Alarcόn-Elbal PM, Mundle M, Noble SAA, Oura CAL, Anzinger JJ, Sandiford SL. The Others: A Systematic Review of the Lesser-Known Arboviruses of the Insular Caribbean. Viruses 2023; 15:843. [PMID: 37112824 PMCID: PMC10144105 DOI: 10.3390/v15040843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Caribbean enjoys a long-standing eminence as a popular tourist destination; however, over the years it has also amassed the sobriquet "arbovirus hotspot". As the planet warms and vectors expand their habitats, a cognizant working knowledge of the lesser-known arboviruses and the factors that influence their emergence and resurgence becomes essential. The extant literature on Caribbean arboviruses is spread across decades of published literature and is quite often difficult to access, and, in some cases, is obsolete. Here, we look at the lesser-known arboviruses of the insular Caribbean and examine some of the drivers for their emergence and resurgence. We searched the scientific literature databases PubMed and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed literature as well as scholarly reports. We included articles and reports that describe works resulting in serological evidence of the presence of arboviruses and/or arbovirus isolations in the insular Caribbean. Studies without serological evidence and/or arbovirus isolations as well as those including dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and yellow fever were excluded. Of the 545 articles identified, 122 met the inclusion criteria. A total of 42 arboviruses were identified in the literature. These arboviruses and the drivers that affect their emergence/resurgence are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inshan Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Pedro M. Alarcόn-Elbal
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Science and Technology (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Marcia Mundle
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, The Mico University College, Kingston 5, Jamaica
| | - Simmoy A. A. Noble
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Chris A. L. Oura
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine 685509, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Joshua J. Anzinger
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
- Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Simone L. Sandiford
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
- Mosquito Control and Research Unit, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
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Geffroy M, Pagès N, Chavernac D, Dereeper A, Aubert L, Herrmann-Storck C, Vega-Rúa A, Lecollinet S, Pradel J. Shifting From Sectoral to Integrated Surveillance by Changing Collaborative Practices: Application to West Nile Virus Surveillance in a Small Island State of the Caribbean. Front Public Health 2021; 9:649190. [PMID: 34178915 PMCID: PMC8222804 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.649190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
After spreading in the Americas, West Nile virus was detected in Guadeloupe (French West Indies) for the first time in 2002. Ever since, several organizations have conducted research, serological surveys, and surveillance activities to detect the virus in horses, birds, mosquitoes, and humans. Organizations often carried them out independently, leading to knowledge gaps within the current virus' situation. Nearly 20 years after the first evidence of West Nile virus in the archipelago, it has not yet been isolated, its impact on human and animal populations is unknown, and its local epidemiological cycle is still poorly understood. Within the framework of a pilot project started in Guadeloupe in 2019, West Nile virus was chosen as a federative model to apply the "One Health" approach for zoonotic epidemiological surveillance and shift from a sectorial to an integrated surveillance system. Human, animal, and environmental health actors involved in both research and surveillance were considered. Semi-directed interviews and a Social Network Analysis were carried out to learn about the surveillance network structure and actors, analyze information flows, and identify communication challenges. An information system was developed to fill major gaps: users' needs and main functionalities were defined through a participatory process where actors also tested and validated the tool. Additionally, all actors shared their data, which were digitized, cataloged, and centralized, to be analyzed later. An R Shiny server was integrated into the information system, allowing an accessible and dynamic display of data showcasing all of the partners' information. Finally, a series of virtual workshops were organized among actors to discuss preliminary results and plan the next steps to improve West Nile Virus and vector-borne or emerging zoonosis surveillance. The actors are willing to build a more resilient and cooperative network in Guadeloupe with improved relevance, efficiency, and effectiveness of their work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Geffroy
- CIRAD, UMR, ASTRE, Petit-Bourg, France.,ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE. Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nonito Pagès
- ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE. Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Alexis Dereeper
- CIRAD, UMR, ASTRE, Petit-Bourg, France.,ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE. Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Lydéric Aubert
- CIRE Antilles, Santé Publique France, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Cecile Herrmann-Storck
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Department of Bacteriology, Virology and Parasitology, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Anubis Vega-Rúa
- Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe, Laboratory of Vector Control Research, Unit Transmission, Reservoirs and Pathogen Diversity, Les Abymes, France
| | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- Anses, Laboratory for Animal Health, UMR1161 Virology, INRAE, Anses, ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jennifer Pradel
- CIRAD, UMR, ASTRE, Petit-Bourg, France.,ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE. Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Hadfield J, Brito AF, Swetnam DM, Vogels CBF, Tokarz RE, Andersen KG, Smith RC, Bedford T, Grubaugh ND. Twenty years of West Nile virus spread and evolution in the Americas visualized by Nextstrain. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008042. [PMID: 31671157 PMCID: PMC6822705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been 20 years since West Nile virus first emerged in the Americas, and since then, little progress has been made to control outbreaks caused by this virus. After its first detection in New York in 1999, West Nile virus quickly spread across the continent, causing an epidemic of human disease and massive bird die-offs. Now the virus has become endemic to the United States, where an estimated 7 million human infections have occurred, making it the leading mosquito-borne virus infection and the most common cause of viral encephalitis in the country. To bring new attention to one of the most important mosquito-borne viruses in the Americas, we provide an interactive review using Nextstrain: a visualization tool for real-time tracking of pathogen evolution (nextstrain.org/WNV/NA). Nextstrain utilizes a growing database of more than 2,000 West Nile virus genomes and harnesses the power of phylogenetics for students, educators, public health workers, and researchers to visualize key aspects of virus spread and evolution. Using Nextstrain, we use virus genomics to investigate the emergence of West Nile virus in the U S, followed by its rapid spread, evolution in a new environment, establishment of endemic transmission, and subsequent international spread. For each figure, we include a link to Nextstrain to allow the readers to directly interact with and explore the underlying data in new ways. We also provide a brief online narrative that parallels this review to further explain the data and highlight key epidemiological and evolutionary features (nextstrain.org/narratives/twenty-years-of-WNV). Mirroring the dynamic nature of outbreaks, the Nextstrain links provided within this paper are constantly updated as new West Nile virus genomes are shared publicly, helping to stay current with the research. Overall, our review showcases how genomics can track West Nile virus spread and evolution, as well as potentially uncover novel targeted control measures to help alleviate its public health burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Hadfield
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Anderson F. Brito
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Daniele M. Swetnam
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Chantal B. F. Vogels
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ryan E. Tokarz
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Kristian G. Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ryan C. Smith
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Trevor Bedford
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nathan D. Grubaugh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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