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Dore MP, Vidili G, Marras G, Assy S, Pes GM. Inverse Association between Glucose‒6‒Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:1069-1073. [PMID: 29699064 PMCID: PMC6031774 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.4.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Studies in experimental models and humans suggest that glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, an inherited condition, may be inversely related to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We tested this hypothesis in a large cohort of Sardinian patients. Methods: A case-control study was performed using data from 11,143 records of patients who underwent upper endoscopy between 2002 and 2017. Gender, age, G6PD status and information regarding the presence of HCC, were recorded. Cases (HCC positive) and controls (HCC negative) were compared for the presence of G6PD deficiency adjusting for major HCC risk factors using logistic regression. Results: Overall, 114 HCC cases and 11,029 controls were identified. G6PD deficiency was detected in 11.5% of study participants, and was associated with a reduced risk of HCC [odds ratio (OR); 0.451; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.207−0.982] after adjusting for all covariates. Factors significantly associated with HCC were cirrhosis (OR, 23.30; 95% CI, 11.48−47.25), diabetes (OR, 2.396; 95% CI, 1.449−3.963), among infection hepatitis HBV with an OR of 2.326, age ≥65 years (OR, 1.941; 95% CI, 1.234−2.581) and male gender (OR, 1.611; 95% CI, 1.006−3.081). Conclusions: Our study revealed a significant inverse association between G6PD deficiency and risk of HCC. These findings need to be confirmed in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pina Dore
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, University of Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy.,Baylor College of Medicine, 77030 Houston, Texas, USA.
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2
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Van der Jeught K, Bialkowski L, Daszkiewicz L, Broos K, Goyvaerts C, Renmans D, Van Lint S, Heirman C, Thielemans K, Breckpot K. Targeting the tumor microenvironment to enhance antitumor immune responses. Oncotarget 2015; 6:1359-81. [PMID: 25682197 PMCID: PMC4359300 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of tumor-specific antigens and the immune responses directed against them has instigated the development of therapies to enhance antitumor immune responses. Most of these cancer immunotherapies are administered systemically rather than directly to tumors. Nonetheless, numerous studies have demonstrated that intratumoral therapy is an attractive approach, both for immunization and immunomodulation purposes. Injection, recruitment and/or activation of antigen-presenting cells in the tumor nest have been extensively studied as strategies to cross-prime immune responses. Moreover, delivery of stimulatory cytokines, blockade of inhibitory cytokines and immune checkpoint blockade have been explored to restore immunological fitness at the tumor site. These tumor-targeted therapies have the potential to induce systemic immunity without the toxicity that is often associated with systemic treatments. We review the most promising intratumoral immunotherapies, how these affect systemic antitumor immunity such that disseminated tumor cells are eliminated, and which approaches have been proven successful in animal models and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Van der Jeught
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, Jette, Belgium
| | - Lukasz Bialkowski
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, Jette, Belgium
| | - Lidia Daszkiewicz
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, Jette, Belgium
| | - Katrijn Broos
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, Jette, Belgium
| | - Cleo Goyvaerts
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, Jette, Belgium
| | - Dries Renmans
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, Jette, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Lint
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, Jette, Belgium
| | - Carlo Heirman
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, Jette, Belgium
| | - Kris Thielemans
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, Jette, Belgium
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, Jette, Belgium
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Quatromoni JG, Suzuki E, Okusanya O, Judy BF, Bhojnagarwala P, Venegas O, Eruslanov E, Predina JD, Albelda SM, Singhal S. The timing of TGF-β inhibition affects the generation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. BMC Immunol 2013; 14:30. [PMID: 23865808 PMCID: PMC3725164 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-14-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a potent immunosuppressive cytokine necessary for cancer growth. Animal and human studies have shown that pharmacologic inhibition of TGF-β slows the growth rate of established tumors and occasionally eradicates them altogether. We observed, paradoxically, that inhibiting TGF-β before exposing animals to tumor cells increases tumor growth kinetics. We hypothesized that TGF-β is necessary for the anti-tumor effects of cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTLs) during the early stages of tumor initiation. METHODS BALB/c mice were pretreated with a blocking soluble TGF-β receptor (sTGF-βR, TGF-β-blockade group, n=20) or IgG2a (Control group, n=20) before tumor inoculation. Tumor size was followed for 6 weeks. In vivo lymphocyte assays and depletion experiments were then performed to investigate the immunological basis of our results. Lastly, animals were pretreated with either sTGF-βR (n=6) or IgG2a (n=6) prior to immunization with an adenoviral vector encoding the human papillomavirus E7 gene (Ad.E7). One week later, flow cytometry was utilized to measure the number of splenic E7-specific CD8+ T cells. RESULTS Inhibition of TGF-β before the injection of tumor cells resulted in significantly larger average tumor volumes on days 11, 17, 22, 26 and 32 post tumor-inoculation (p < 0.05). This effect was due to the inhibition of CTLs, as it was not present in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) or those depleted of CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, pretreatment with sTGF-βR inhibited tumor-specific CTL activity in a Winn Assay. Tumors grew to a much larger size when mixed with CD8+ T cells from mice pretreated with sTGF-βR than when mixed with CD8+ T cells from mice in the control group: 96 mm3 vs. 22.5 mm3, respectively (p < 0.05). In addition, fewer CD8+ T cells were generated in Ad.E7-immunized mice pretreated with sTGF-βR than in mice from the control group: 0.6% total CD8+ T cells vs. 1.9%, respectively (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These studies provide the first in vivo evidence that TGF-β may be necessary for anti-tumor immune responses in certain cancers. This finding has important implications for our understanding of anti-tumor immune responses, the role of TGF-β in the immune system, and the future development of TGF-β inhibiting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon G Quatromoni
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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4
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Krishnamachari Y, Geary SM, Lemke CD, Salem AK. Nanoparticle delivery systems in cancer vaccines. Pharm Res 2010; 28:215-36. [PMID: 20721603 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0241-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies that involve the manipulation of the host's immune system are gaining momentum in cancer research. Antigen-loaded nanocarriers are capable of being actively taken up by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and have shown promising potential in cancer immunotherapy by initiating a strong immunostimulatory cascade that results in potent antigen-specific immune responses against the cancer. Such carrier systems offer versatility in that they can simultaneously co-deliver adjuvants with the antigens to enhance APC activation and maturation. Furthermore, modifying the surface properties of these nanocarriers affords active targeting properties to APCs and/or enhanced accumulation in solid tumors. Here, we review some recent advances in these colloidal and particulate nanoscale systems designed for cancer immunotherapy and the potential for these systems to translate into clinical cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Krishnamachari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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5
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Xia Y, Chen R, Song Z, Ye S, Sun R, Xue Q, Zhang Z. Gene expression profiles during activation of cultured rat hepatic stellate cells by tumoral hepatocytes and fetal bovine serum. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010; 136:309-21. [PMID: 19727817 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-009-0666-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) transdifferentiate to become extracellular matrix-producing myofibroblasts during liver injury. Myofibroblasts can also promote invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study, we determined gene expression changes in two different models of HSC activation, induction-activated HSCs (iHSCs) and culture-activated HSCs (cHSCs). METHODS Hepatic stellate cells were isolated by density centrifugation and exposed to conditioned medium (CM) from the rat HCC cell line C5F, and fetal bovine serum (FBS). Expression of 27,100 genes in quiescent HSCs, cHSCs and iHSCs was analyzed by microarray and was confirmed on a subset of genes by real-time RT-PCR and Western blot. RESULTS One thousand nine hundred sixty-seven genes were differentially expressed in cHSCs and iHSCs, including genes that encode proinflammatory factors, adhesion molecules, cell surface receptors, signaling transduction and immune factors such as Il1a, Vcam1, Ccl6, Ilr7, PRAP, osteopontin, Gp39, Raf1, Rac2, Adam17, Wnt6, MMP-9, and Cfd. C5F-CM-induced activation only partially reproduced the gene expression changes observed during FBS culture activation. iHSCs showed specific gene expression, suggesting that HCC cells can specifically induce HSC activation. CONCLUSIONS Induction- activated HSCs' gene expression patterns were partially similar to and different from that of cHSCs. iHSCs might play an important role in invasion and metastasis of HCC. This study provided theoretical foundations for investigating the biology of HSCs in HCC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cattle
- Cell Culture Techniques
- Cell Separation/methods
- Cells, Cultured
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Hepatic Stellate Cells/immunology
- Hepatic Stellate Cells/metabolism
- Hepatic Stellate Cells/pathology
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhong Xia
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
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Biswas S, Biswas K, Richmond A, Ko J, Ghosh S, Simmons M, Rayman P, Rini B, Gill I, Tannenbaum CS, Finke JH. Elevated levels of select gangliosides in T cells from renal cell carcinoma patients is associated with T cell dysfunction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:5050-8. [PMID: 19801523 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Increased expression of gangliosides by different tumor types including renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is thought to contribute to the immune suppression observed in cancer patients. In this study, we report an increase in apoptotic T cells from RCC patients compared with T cells from normal donors that coincided with the detection of T cells staining positive for GM2 and that the apoptosis was predominantly observed in the GM2(+) but not the GM2(-) T cell population. Ganglioside shedding from tumor rather than endogenous production accounts for GM2(+) T cells since there was no detectable level of mRNA for GM2 synthase in RCC patient T cells and in T cells from normal healthy donors after incubation with either purified GM2 or supernatant from RCC cell lines despite their staining positive for GM2. Moreover, reactive oxygen species as well as activated caspase 3, 8, and 9 were predominantly elevated in GM2(+) but not GM2(-) T cells. Similarly, increased staining for GD2 and GD3 but not GD1a was detected with patient T cells with elevated levels of apoptosis in the GD2(+) and GD3(+) cells. These findings suggest that GM2, GD2, and GD3 play a significant role in immune dysfunction observed in RCC patient T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumika Biswas
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation; Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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7
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Zhang M, Qian J, Xing X, Kong FM, Zhao L, Chen M, Lawrence TS. Inhibition of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha pathway is radioprotective for the lung. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:1868-76. [PMID: 18347190 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiation-induced lung toxicity limits the delivery of high-dose radiation to thoracic tumors. Here, we investigated the potential of inhibiting the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) pathway as a novel radioprotection strategy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Mouse lungs were irradiated with various doses and assessed at varying times for TNF-alpha production. Lung toxicity was measured by apoptosis and pulmonary function testing. TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) inhibition, achieved by genetic knockout or antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) silencing, was tested for selective lung protection in a mouse lung metastasis model of colon cancer. RESULTS Lung radiation induced local production of TNF-alpha by macrophages in BALB/c mice 3 to 24 hours after radiation (15 Gy). A similar maximal induction was found 1 week after the start of radiation when 15 Gy was divided into five daily fractions. Cell apoptosis in the lung, measured by terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase-mediated nick-end labeling staining (mostly epithelial cells) and Western blot for caspase-3, was induced by radiation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Specific ASO inhibited lung TNFR1 expression and reduced radiation-induced apoptosis. Radiation decreased lung function in BALB/c and C57BL mice 4 to 8 weeks after completion of fractionated radiation (40 Gy). Inhibition of TNFR1 by genetic deficiency (C57BL mice) or therapeutic silencing with ASO (BALB/c mice) tended to preserve lung function without compromising lung tumor sensitivity to radiation. CONCLUSION Radiation-induced lung TNF-alpha production correlates with early cell apoptosis and latent lung function damage. Inhibition of lung TNFR1 is selectively radioprotective for the lung without compromising tumor response. These findings support the development of a novel radioprotection strategy using inhibition of the TNF-alpha pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5582, USA.
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8
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Suzuki E, Kim S, Cheung HK, Corbley MJ, Zhang X, Sun L, Shan F, Singh J, Lee WC, Albelda SM, Ling LE. A Novel Small-Molecule Inhibitor of Transforming Growth Factor β Type I Receptor Kinase (SM16) Inhibits Murine Mesothelioma Tumor Growth In vivo and Prevents Tumor Recurrence after Surgical Resection. Cancer Res 2007; 67:2351-9. [PMID: 17332368 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma is an aggressive and lethal pleural cancer that overexpresses transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta). We investigated the efficacy of a novel small-molecule TGFbeta type I receptor (ALK5) kinase inhibitor, SM16, in the AB12 syngeneic model of malignant mesothelioma. SM16 inhibited TGFbeta signaling seen as decreased phosphorylated Smad2/3 levels in cultured AB12 cells (IC(50), approximately 200 nmol/L). SM16 penetrated tumor cells in vivo, suppressing tumor phosphorylated Smad2/3 levels for at least 3 h following treatment of tumor-bearing mice with a single i.p. bolus of 20 mg/kg SM16. The growth of established AB12 tumors was significantly inhibited by 5 mg/kg/d SM16 (P < 0.001) delivered via s.c. miniosmotic pumps over 28 days. The efficacy of SM16 was a result of a CD8+ antitumor response because (a) the antitumor effects were markedly diminished in severe combined immunodeficient mice and (b) CD8+ T cells isolated from spleens of mice treated with SM16 showed strong antitumor cytolytic effects whereas CD8+ T cells isolated from spleens of tumor-bearing mice treated with control vehicle showed minimal activity. Treatment of mice bearing large tumors with 5 mg/kg/d SM16 after debulking surgery reduced the extent of tumor recurrence from 80% to <20% (P < 0.05). SM16 was also highly effective in blocking and regressing tumors when given p.o. at doses of 0.45 or 0.65 g/kg in mouse chow. Thus, SM16 shows potent activity against established AB12 malignant mesothelioma tumors using an immune-mediated mechanism and can significantly prevent tumor recurrence after resection of bulky AB12 malignant mesothelioma tumors. These data suggest that ALK5 inhibitors, such as SM16, offer significant potential for the treatment of malignant mesothelioma and possibly other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Suzuki
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Nemunaitis J, Dillman RO, Schwarzenberger PO, Senzer N, Cunningham C, Cutler J, Tong A, Kumar P, Pappen B, Hamilton C, DeVol E, Maples PB, Liu L, Chamberlin T, Shawler DL, Fakhrai H. Phase II study of belagenpumatucel-L, a transforming growth factor beta-2 antisense gene-modified allogeneic tumor cell vaccine in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24:4721-30. [PMID: 16966690 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.05.5335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Belagenpumatucel-L is a nonviral gene-based allogeneic tumor cell vaccine that demonstrates enhancement of tumor antigen recognition as a result of transforming growth factor beta-2 inhibition. PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed a randomized, dose-variable, phase II trial involving stages II, IIIA, IIIB, and IV non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Each patient received one of three doses (1.25, 2.5, or 5.0 x 10(7) cells/injection) of belagenpumatucel-L on a monthly or every other month schedule to a maximum of 16 injections. Immune function, safety, and anticancer activity were monitored. RESULTS Seventy-five patients (two stage II, 12 stage IIIA, 15 stage IIIB, and 46 stage IV patients) received a total of 550 vaccinations. No significant adverse events were observed. A dose-related survival difference was demonstrated in patients who received > or = 2.5 x 10(7) cells/injection (P = .0069). Focusing on the 61 late-stage (IIIB and IV) assessable patients, a 15% partial response rate was achieved. The estimated probabilities of surviving 1 and 2 years were 68% and 52%, respectively for the higher dose groups combined and 39% and 20%, respectively, for the low-dose group. Immune function was explored in the 61 advanced-stage (IIIB and IV) patients. Increased cytokine production (at week 12 compared with patients with progressive disease) was observed among clinical responders (interferon gamma, P = .006; interleukin [IL] -6, P = .004; IL-4, P = .007), who also displayed an elevated antibody-mediated response to vaccine HLAs (P = .014). Furthermore, positive enzyme-linked immunospot reactions to belagenpumatucel-L showed a correlation trend (P = .086) with clinical responsiveness in patients achieving stable disease or better. CONCLUSION Belagenpumatucel-L is well tolerated, and the survival advantage justifies further phase III evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Nemunaitis
- Mary Crowley Medical Research Center/Texas Oncology Professional Association, Dallas, TX, USA.
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10
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Suzuki E, Kapoor V, Cheung HK, Ling LE, DeLong PA, Kaiser LR, Albelda SM. Soluble type II transforming growth factor-beta receptor inhibits established murine malignant mesothelioma tumor growth by augmenting host antitumor immunity. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 10:5907-18. [PMID: 15355924 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-03-0611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta blockade has been proposed as an anticancer therapy; however, understanding which tumor patients might benefit most from such therapy is crucial. An ideal target of such inhibitory therapy might be malignant mesothelioma (MM), a highly lethal, treatment-resistant malignancy of mesothelial cells of the pleura and peritoneum that produces large amounts of TGF-beta. The purpose of this study was to explore the possible therapeutic utility of TGF-beta blockade on MM. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To evaluate this hypothesis, we tested the effects of a soluble TGF-beta type II receptor (sTGF-beta R) that specifically inhibits TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta 3 in three different murine MM tumor models, AB12 and AC29 (which produce large amounts of TGF-beta) and AB1 (which does not produce TGF-beta). RESULTS Tumor growth of both established AB12 and AC29 tumors was inhibited by sTGF-beta R. In contrast, AB1 tumors showed little response to sTGF-beta R. The mechanism of these antitumor effects was evaluated and determined to be primarily dependent on immune-mediated responses because (a) the antitumor effects were markedly diminished in severe combined immunodeficient mice or mice depleted of CD8(+) T cells and (b) CD8(+) T cells isolated from spleens of mice treated with sTGF-beta R showed strong antitumor cytolytic effects, whereas CD8(+) T cells isolated from spleens of tumor-bearing mice treated with of control IgG2a showed no antitumor cytolytic effects. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that TGF-beta blockade of established TGF-beta-secreting MM should be explored as a promising strategy to treat patients with MM and other tumors that produce TGF-beta.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Female
- Genes, MHC Class I/physiology
- Genes, MHC Class II/physiology
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Mesothelioma/immunology
- Mesothelioma/metabolism
- Mesothelioma/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, SCID
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/therapeutic use
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Spleen/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1
- Transforming Growth Factor beta3
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- fas Receptor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Suzuki
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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11
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Flanders KC, Burmester JK. Medical applications of transforming growth factor-beta. Clin Med Res 2003; 1:13-20. [PMID: 15931280 PMCID: PMC1069016 DOI: 10.3121/cmr.1.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2002] [Accepted: 08/26/2002] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) proteins and their antagonists have entered clinical trials. These multi-functional regulators of cell growth and differentiation induce extracellular matrix proteins and suppress the immune system making TGF-betas useful in treatment of wounds with impaired healing, mucositis, fractures, ischemia-reperfusion injuries, and autoimmune disease. In diseases such as keloids, glomerulonephritis and pulmonary fibrosis, excessive expression of TGF-beta has been implicated as being responsible for accumulation of detrimental scar tissue. In these conditions, agents that block TGF-beta have prevented or reversed disease. Similarly, in carcinogenesis, blocking TGF-beta activity may be valuable in stimulating an immune response towards metastasis. As these blocking agents receive approval, we will likely have new therapies for previously recalcitrant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C Flanders
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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