1
|
Birla RK. State of the art in Purkinje bioengineering. Tissue Cell 2024; 90:102467. [PMID: 39053130 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2024.102467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
This review article will cover the recent developments in the new evolving field of Purkinje bioengineering and the development of human Purkinje networks. Recent work has progressed to the point of a methodological and systematic process to bioengineer Purkinje networks. This involves the development of 3D models based on human anatomy, followed by the development of tunable biomaterials, and strategies to reprogram stem cells to Purkinje cells. Subsequently, the reprogrammed cells and the biomaterials are coupled to bioengineer Purkinje networks, which are then tested using a small animal injury model. In this article, we discuss this process as a whole and then each step separately. We then describe potential applications of bioengineered Purkinje networks and challenges in the field that need to be overcome to move this field forward. Although the field of Purkinje bioengineering is new and in a state of infancy, it holds tremendous potential, both for therapeutic applications and to develop tools that can be used for disease modeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi K Birla
- Laboratory for Regenerative Tissue Repair, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Congenital Cardiac Research, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Division of Congenital Heart Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Brimmer S, Ji P, Birla AK, Keswani SG, Caldarone CA, Birla RK. Recent advances in biological pumps as a building block for bioartificial hearts. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1061622. [PMID: 36741765 PMCID: PMC9895798 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1061622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of biological pumps is a subset of cardiac tissue engineering and focused on the development of tubular grafts that are designed generate intraluminal pressure. In the simplest embodiment, biological pumps are tubular grafts with contractile cardiomyocytes on the external surface. The rationale for biological pumps is a transition from planar 3D cardiac patches to functional biological pumps, on the way to complete bioartificial hearts. Biological pumps also have applications as a standalone device, for example, to support the Fontan circulation in pediatric patients. In recent years, there has been a lot of progress in the field of biological pumps, with innovative fabrication technologies. Examples include the use of cell sheet engineering, self-organized heart muscle, bioprinting and in vivo bio chambers for vascularization. Several materials have been tested for biological pumps and included resected aortic segments from rodents, type I collagen, and fibrin hydrogel, to name a few. Multiple bioreactors have been tested to condition biological pumps and replicate the complex in vivo environment during controlled in vitro culture. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the field of the biological pumps, outlining progress in the field over the past several years. In particular, different fabrication methods, biomaterial platforms for tubular grafts and examples of bioreactors will be presented. In addition, we present an overview of some of the challenges that need to be overcome for the field of biological pumps to move forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Brimmer
- Laboratory for Regenerative Tissue Repair, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States,Center for Congenital Cardiac Research, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States,Division of Congenital Heart Surgery, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Pengfei Ji
- Laboratory for Regenerative Tissue Repair, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States,Center for Congenital Cardiac Research, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States,Division of Congenital Heart Surgery, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Aditya K. Birla
- Laboratory for Regenerative Tissue Repair, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States,Center for Congenital Cardiac Research, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sundeep G. Keswani
- Laboratory for Regenerative Tissue Repair, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States,Center for Congenital Cardiac Research, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States,Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States,Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Christopher A. Caldarone
- Center for Congenital Cardiac Research, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States,Division of Congenital Heart Surgery, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States,Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States,Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ravi K. Birla
- Laboratory for Regenerative Tissue Repair, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States,Center for Congenital Cardiac Research, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States,Division of Congenital Heart Surgery, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States,Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States,Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States,*Correspondence: Ravi K. Birla,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bußmann A, Thalhofer T, Hoffmann S, Daum L, Surendran N, Hayden O, Hubbuch J, Richter M. Microfluidic Cell Transport with Piezoelectric Micro Diaphragm Pumps. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12121459. [PMID: 34945309 PMCID: PMC8708163 DOI: 10.3390/mi12121459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The automated transport of cells can enable far-reaching cell culture research. However, to date, such automated transport has been achieved with large pump systems that often come with long fluidic connections and a large power consumption. Improvement is possible with space- and energy-efficient piezoelectric micro diaphragm pumps, though a precondition for a successful use is to enable transport with little to no mechanical stress on the cell suspension. This study evaluates the impact of the microfluidic transport of cells with the piezoelectric micro diaphragm pump developed by our group. It includes the investigation of different actuation signals. Therewith, we aim to achieve optimal fluidic performance while maximizing the cell viability. The investigation of fluidic properties proves a similar performance with a hybrid actuation signal that is a rectangular waveform with sinusoidal flanks, compared to the fluidically optimal rectangular actuation. The comparison of the cell transport with three actuation signals, sinusoidal, rectangular, and hybrid actuation shows that the hybrid actuation causes less damage than the rectangular actuation. With a 5% reduction of the cell viability it causes similar strain to the transport with sinusoidal actuation. Piezoelectric micro diaphragm pumps with the fluidically efficient hybrid signal actuation are therefore an interesting option for integrable microfluidic workflows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Bußmann
- Fraunhofer EMFT Research Institution for Microsystems and Solid State Technologies, Hansastrasse 27d, 80686 Munich, Germany; (T.T.); (S.H.); (N.S.); (M.R.)
- MAB-Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-54759-416
| | - Thomas Thalhofer
- Fraunhofer EMFT Research Institution for Microsystems and Solid State Technologies, Hansastrasse 27d, 80686 Munich, Germany; (T.T.); (S.H.); (N.S.); (M.R.)
- TranslaTUM—Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Einsteinstrasse 25, 81675 Munich, Germany; (L.D.); (O.H.)
| | - Sophie Hoffmann
- Fraunhofer EMFT Research Institution for Microsystems and Solid State Technologies, Hansastrasse 27d, 80686 Munich, Germany; (T.T.); (S.H.); (N.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Leopold Daum
- TranslaTUM—Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Einsteinstrasse 25, 81675 Munich, Germany; (L.D.); (O.H.)
| | - Nivedha Surendran
- Fraunhofer EMFT Research Institution for Microsystems and Solid State Technologies, Hansastrasse 27d, 80686 Munich, Germany; (T.T.); (S.H.); (N.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Oliver Hayden
- TranslaTUM—Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Einsteinstrasse 25, 81675 Munich, Germany; (L.D.); (O.H.)
| | - Jürgen Hubbuch
- MAB-Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany;
| | - Martin Richter
- Fraunhofer EMFT Research Institution for Microsystems and Solid State Technologies, Hansastrasse 27d, 80686 Munich, Germany; (T.T.); (S.H.); (N.S.); (M.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Birla RK. A methodological nine-step process to bioengineer heart muscle tissue. Tissue Cell 2020; 67:101425. [PMID: 32853859 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2020.101425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Research in the field of heart muscle tissue engineering is focused on the fabrication of heart muscle tissue which can be utilized to repair, replace and/or augment functionality of damaged and/or diseased tissue. In the simplest embodiment, bioengineering heart muscle tissue constructs involves culture of cardiomyocytes within natural or synthetic scaffolds. Functional integration of the cells with the scaffold and subsequent remodeling lead to the formation of 3D heart muscle tissue and physiological cues like mechanical stretch, electrical stimulation and perfusion are necessary to guide tissue maturation and development. Potential applications for bioengineered heart muscle include use as grafts to repair or replace damaged tissue, as models for basic research and as tools for high-throughput screening of pharmacological agents. In this article, we provide a methodological process to bioengineer functional 3D heart muscle tissue and discuss state of the art and potential challenges in each of the nine-step tissue fabrication process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi K Birla
- BIOLIFE4D, 2450 Holcombe Blvd; Houston, TX, 77204, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Williams SK, Birla RK. Tissue engineering solutions to replace contractile function during pediatric heart surgery. Tissue Cell 2020; 67:101452. [PMID: 33137707 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2020.101452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric heart surgery remains challenging due to the small size of the pediatric heart, the severity of congenital abnormalities and the unique characteristics of each case. New tools and technologies are needed to tackle this enormous challenge. Tissue engineering strategies are focused on fabricating contractile heart muscle, ventricles, Fontan pumps and whole hearts, and a transplantable tissue equivalent has tremendous implications in pediatric heart surgery to provide functional cardiac tissue. This technology will prove to be a game-changer in the field of pediatric heart surgery and provide a novel toolkit for pediatric heart surgeons. This review will provide insight into the potential applications of tissue engineering technologies to replace lost contractile function in pediatric patients with heart abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart K Williams
- Bioficial Organs Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Uesugi K, Nishiyama K, Hirai K, Inoue H, Sakurai Y, Yamada Y, Taniguchi T, Morishima K. Survival Rate of Cells Sent by a Low Mechanical Load Tube Pump: The "Ring Pump". MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11040447. [PMID: 32340401 PMCID: PMC7231339 DOI: 10.3390/mi11040447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A ring pump (RP) is a useful tool for microchannels and automated cell culturing. We have been developing RPs (a full-press ring pump, FRP; and a mid-press ring pump, MRP). However, damage to cells which were sent by the RP and the MRP was not investigated, and no other studies have compared the damage to cells between RPs and peristaltic pumps (PPs). Therefore, first, we evaluated the damage to cells that were sent by a small size FRP (s-FRP) and small size MRPs (s-MRPs; gap = 25 or 50 μm, respectively). “Small size” means that the s-FRP and the s-MRPs are suitable for microchannel-scale applications. The survival rate of cells sent by the s-MRPs was higher than those sent by the s-FRP, and less damage caused by the former. Second, we compared the survival rate of cells that were sent by a large size FRP (l-FRP), a large size MRP (l-MRP) (gap = 50 μm) and a PP. “Large size” means that the l-FRP and the l-MRP are suitable for automated cell culture system applications. We could not confirm any differences among the cell survival rates. On the other hand, when cells suspended in Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline solution were circulated with the l-MRP (gap = 50 μm) and the PP, we confirmed a difference in cell survival rate, and less damage caused by the former.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Uesugi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (K.U.); (K.H.)
- Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Nakanarusawacho, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan
| | - Keizo Nishiyama
- Aquatech Co., Ltd., 2-1-13 Ono, Daito, Osaka 574-0042, Japan; (K.N.); (H.I.); (Y.S.); (Y.Y.); (T.T.)
- Phonics Center, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koki Hirai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (K.U.); (K.H.)
| | - Hiroaki Inoue
- Aquatech Co., Ltd., 2-1-13 Ono, Daito, Osaka 574-0042, Japan; (K.N.); (H.I.); (Y.S.); (Y.Y.); (T.T.)
| | - Yoichi Sakurai
- Aquatech Co., Ltd., 2-1-13 Ono, Daito, Osaka 574-0042, Japan; (K.N.); (H.I.); (Y.S.); (Y.Y.); (T.T.)
| | - Yoji Yamada
- Aquatech Co., Ltd., 2-1-13 Ono, Daito, Osaka 574-0042, Japan; (K.N.); (H.I.); (Y.S.); (Y.Y.); (T.T.)
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Aquatech Co., Ltd., 2-1-13 Ono, Daito, Osaka 574-0042, Japan; (K.N.); (H.I.); (Y.S.); (Y.Y.); (T.T.)
| | - Keisuke Morishima
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (K.U.); (K.H.)
- Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-6-6879-7343
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang B, Patnaik SS, Brazile B, Butler JR, Claude A, Zhang G, Guan J, Hong Y, Liao J. Establishing Early Functional Perfusion and Structure in Tissue Engineered Cardiac Constructs. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 2017; 43:455-71. [PMID: 27480586 DOI: 10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.2016016066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) causes massive heart muscle death and remains a leading cause of death in the world. Cardiac tissue engineering aims to replace the infarcted tissues with functional engineered heart muscles or revitalize the infarcted heart by delivering cells, bioactive factors, and/or biomaterials. One major challenge of cardiac tissue engineering and regeneration is the establishment of functional perfusion and structure to achieve timely angiogenesis and effective vascularization, which are essential to the survival of thick implants and the integration of repaired tissue with host heart. In this paper, we review four major approaches to promoting angiogenesis and vascularization in cardiac tissue engineering and regeneration: delivery of pro-angiogenic factors/molecules, direct cell implantation/cell sheet grafting, fabrication of prevascularized cardiac constructs, and the use of bioreactors to promote angiogenesis and vascularization. We further provide a detailed review and discussion on the early perfusion design in nature-derived biomaterials, synthetic biodegradable polymers, tissue-derived acellular scaffolds/whole hearts, and hydrogel derived from extracellular matrix. A better understanding of the current approaches and their advantages, limitations, and hurdles could be useful for developing better materials for future clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Biological Engineering and College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi; Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Sourav S Patnaik
- Department of Biological Engineering and College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi
| | - Bryn Brazile
- Department of Biological Engineering and College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi
| | - J Ryan Butler
- Department of Biological Engineering and College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi
| | - Andrew Claude
- Department of Biological Engineering and College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Akron, Ohio
| | - Jianjun Guan
- Department of Material Science and Technology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yi Hong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Alabama State University, Montgomery, Alabama
| | - Jun Liao
- Department of Biological Engineering and College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gernaey KV, Baganz F, Franco-Lara E, Kensy F, Krühne U, Luebberstedt M, Marx U, Palmqvist E, Schmid A, Schubert F, Mandenius CF. Monitoring and control of microbioreactors: An expert opinion on development needs. Biotechnol J 2012; 7:1308-14. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
9
|
Video Evaluation of the Kinematics and Dynamics of the Beating Cardiac Syncytium: An Alternative to the Langendorff Method. Int J Artif Organs 2011; 34:546-58. [DOI: 10.5301/ijao.2011.8510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Many important observations and discoveries in heart physiology have been made possible using the isolated heart method of Langendorff. Nevertheless, the Langendorff method has some limitations and disadvantages such as the vulnerability of the excised heart to contusions and injuries, the probability of preconditioning during instrumentation, the possibility of inducing tissue edema, and high oxidative stress, leading to the deterioration of the contractile function. To avoid these drawbacks associated with the use of a whole heart, we alternatively used beating mouse cardiac syncytia cultured in vitro in order to assess possible ergotropic, chronotropic, and inotropic effects of drugs. To achieve this aim, we developed a method based on image processing analysis to evaluate the kinematics and the dynamics of the drug-stimulated beating syncytia starting from the video recording of their contraction movement. In this manner, in comparison with the physiological no-drug condition, we observed progressive positive ergotropic, positive chronotropic, and positive inotropic effects of 10 μM isoproterenol (β-adrenergic agonist) and early positive ergotropic, negative chronotropic, and positive inotropic effects of 10 μM phenylephrine (α-adrenergic agonist), followed by a late phase with negative ergotropic, positive chronotropic, and negative inotropic trends. Our method permitted a systematic study of in vitro beating syncytia, producing results consistent with previous works. Consequently, it could be used in in vitro studies of beating cardiac patches, as an alternative to Langendorff's heart in biochemical and pharmacological studies, and especially when the Langendorff technique is inapplicable (e.g., in studies about human cardiac syncytium in physiological and pathological conditions, patient-tailored therapeutics, and syncytium models derived from induced pluripotent/embryonic stem cells with genetic mutations). Furthermore, the method could be helpful in heart tissue engineering and bioartificial heart research to “engineer the heart piece by piece.” In particular, the proposed method could be useful in the identification of a suitable cell source, in the development and testing of “smart” biomaterials, and in the design and use of novel bioreactors and microperfusion systems.
Collapse
|
10
|
Mukherjee S, Venugopal JR, Ravichandran R, Ramakrishna S, Raghunath M. Multimodal biomaterial strategies for regeneration of infarcted myocardium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm00805b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
11
|
Khait L, Hodonsky CJ, Birla RK. Variable optimization for the formation of three-dimensional self-organized heart muscle. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2009; 45:592-601. [PMID: 19756885 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-009-9234-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac tissue-engineering research is focused on the development of functional three-dimensional (3D) heart muscle in vitro. These models allow the detailed study of critical events in organogenesis, such as the establishment of cell-cell communication and construction and modification of the extracellular matrix. We have previously described a model for 3D heart muscle, termed cardioids, formed by the spontaneous delamination of a cohesive monolayer of primary cells in the absence of any synthetic scaffolding material. In an earlier publication, we have shown that, upon electrical stimulation, cardioids generate a twitch force in the range of 200-300 microN, generate a specific force (twitch force normalized to total cross-sectional area) of 2-4 kN/m(2), and can be electrically paced at frequencies of up to 10 Hz without any notable fatigue. We have two objectives for the current study: model development and model optimization. Our model development efforts are focused on providing additional characterization of the cardioid model. In this study, we show for the first time that cardioids show a pattern of gene expression comparable to that of cells cultured in two dimensions on tissue culture plastic and normal mammalian heart muscle. Compared with primary cardiac cells cultured on tissue culture plastic, the expression of alpha-myosin heavy chain (MHC), beta-MHC, SERCA2, and phospholamban was significantly higher in cardioids. Our second objective, model optimization, is focused on evaluating the effect of several cell culture variables on cardioid formation and function. Specifically, we looked at the effect of plating density (1.0-4.0 x 10(6) cells per cardioid), concentration of two adhesion proteins (laminin at 0.2-2.0 microg/cm(2) and fibronectin at 1-10 microg/cm(2)), myocyte purity (using preplating times of 15 and 60 min), and ascorbic acid stimulation (1-100 microl/ml). For our optimization studies, we utilized twitch force in response to electrical stimulation as our endpoint metric. Based on these studies, we found that cardioids formed with a plating density in the range 3-4 x 10(6) cells per cardioid generated the maximum twitch force, whereas increasing the surface adhesion protein (using either laminin or fibronectin) and increasing the myocyte purity both resulted in a decrease in twitch force. In addition, increasing the ascorbic acid concentration resulted in an increase in the baseline force of cardioids, which was recorded in the absence of electrical stimulation. Based on the model development studies, we have shown that cardioids do indeed exhibit a gene expression pattern similar to normal mammalian heart muscle. This provides further validity for the cardioid model. Based on the model optimization studies, we have identified specific cell culture regimes which support cardioid formation and function. These results are specific to the cardioid model; however, they may be translated and applied to other tissue-engineering models. Collectively, the work described in this study provides insight into the formation of functional 3D heart muscle and the effect of several cell culture variables on tissue formation and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luda Khait
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Artificial Heart Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hecker L, Khait L, Radnoti D, Birla R. Novel bench-top perfusion system improves functional performance of bioengineered heart muscle. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 107:183-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2008.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|