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Sytu MRC, Cho DH, Hahm JI. Self-Assembled Block Copolymers as a Facile Pathway to Create Functional Nanobiosensor and Nanobiomaterial Surfaces. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1267. [PMID: 38732737 PMCID: PMC11085100 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Block copolymer (BCP) surfaces permit an exquisite level of nanoscale control in biomolecular assemblies solely based on self-assembly. Owing to this, BCP-based biomolecular assembly represents a much-needed, new paradigm for creating nanobiosensors and nanobiomaterials without the need for costly and time-consuming fabrication steps. Research endeavors in the BCP nanobiotechnology field have led to stimulating results that can promote our current understanding of biomolecular interactions at a solid interface to the never-explored size regimes comparable to individual biomolecules. Encouraging research outcomes have also been reported for the stability and activity of biomolecules bound on BCP thin film surfaces. A wide range of single and multicomponent biomolecules and BCP systems has been assessed to substantiate the potential utility in practical applications as next-generation nanobiosensors, nanobiodevices, and biomaterials. To this end, this Review highlights pioneering research efforts made in the BCP nanobiotechnology area. The discussions will be focused on those works particularly pertaining to nanoscale surface assembly of functional biomolecules, biomolecular interaction properties unique to nanoscale polymer interfaces, functionality of nanoscale surface-bound biomolecules, and specific examples in biosensing. Systems involving the incorporation of biomolecules as one of the blocks in BCPs, i.e., DNA-BCP hybrids, protein-BCP conjugates, and isolated BCP micelles of bioligand carriers used in drug delivery, are outside of the scope of this Review. Looking ahead, there awaits plenty of exciting research opportunities to advance the research field of BCP nanobiotechnology by capitalizing on the fundamental groundwork laid so far for the biomolecular interactions on BCP surfaces. In order to better guide the path forward, key fundamental questions yet to be addressed by the field are identified. In addition, future research directions of BCP nanobiotechnology are contemplated in the concluding section of this Review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Ryan C. Sytu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th & O Sts. NW., Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - David H. Cho
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Jong-in Hahm
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th & O Sts. NW., Washington, DC 20057, USA
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2
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Derr JB, Tamayo J, Clark JA, Morales M, Mayther MF, Espinoza EM, Rybicka-Jasińska K, Vullev VI. Multifaceted aspects of charge transfer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:21583-21629. [PMID: 32785306 PMCID: PMC7544685 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01556c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Charge transfer and charge transport are by far among the most important processes for sustaining life on Earth and for making our modern ways of living possible. Involving multiple electron-transfer steps, photosynthesis and cellular respiration have been principally responsible for managing the energy flow in the biosphere of our planet since the Great Oxygen Event. It is impossible to imagine living organisms without charge transport mediated by ion channels, or electron and proton transfer mediated by redox enzymes. Concurrently, transfer and transport of electrons and holes drive the functionalities of electronic and photonic devices that are intricate for our lives. While fueling advances in engineering, charge-transfer science has established itself as an important independent field, originating from physical chemistry and chemical physics, focusing on paradigms from biology, and gaining momentum from solar-energy research. Here, we review the fundamental concepts of charge transfer, and outline its core role in a broad range of unrelated fields, such as medicine, environmental science, catalysis, electronics and photonics. The ubiquitous nature of dipoles, for example, sets demands on deepening the understanding of how localized electric fields affect charge transfer. Charge-transfer electrets, thus, prove important for advancing the field and for interfacing fundamental science with engineering. Synergy between the vastly different aspects of charge-transfer science sets the stage for the broad global impacts that the advances in this field have.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Derr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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3
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Cėpla V, Rakickas T, Stankevičienė G, Mazėtytė-Godienė A, Baradokė A, Ruželė Ž, Valiokas RN. Photografting and Patterning of Poly(ethylene glycol) Methacrylate Hydrogel on Glass for Biochip Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:32233-32246. [PMID: 32438798 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c04085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An efficient procedure for chemical initiator-free, in situ synthesis of a functional polyethylene glycol methacrylate (PEG MA) hydrogel on regular glass substrates is reported. It is demonstrated that self-initiated photografting and photopolymerization driven by UV irradiation can yield tens of nanometer-thick coatings of carboxy-functionalized PEG MA on the aldehyde-terminated borosilicate glass surface. The most efficient formulation for hydrogel synthesis contained methyl methacrylic acid (MAA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and PEG methacrylate (PEG10MA) monomers (1:1:1). The resulting HEMA/PEG10MA/MAA (HPMAA) coatings had a defined thickness in the range from 11 to 50 nm. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized HPMAA coatings were analyzed by combining water contact angle measurements, stylus profilometry, imaging null ellipsometry, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The latter technique was employed in the quantitative imaging mode not only for direct probing of the surface topography but also for swelling behavior characterization in the pH range from 4.5 to 8.0. The estimated high swelling ratios of the HPMAA hydrogel (up to 3.2) together with its good stability and resistance to nonspecific protein binding were advantageous in extracellular matrix mimetics via patterning of fibronectin (FN) at a resolution close to 200 nm. It was shown that the fabricated FN micropatterns on HPMAA were equally suitable for single-cell arraying, as well as controlled cell culture lasting at least for 96 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vytautas Cėpla
- Department of Nanoengineering, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanorių 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Tomas Rakickas
- Department of Nanoengineering, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanorių 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gintarė Stankevičienė
- Department of Nanoengineering, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanorių 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Airina Mazėtytė-Godienė
- Department of Nanoengineering, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanorių 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aušra Baradokė
- Department of Nanoengineering, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanorių 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Živilė Ruželė
- Department of Nanoengineering, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanorių 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ramu Nas Valiokas
- Department of Nanoengineering, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanorių 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
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4
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Skonieczny K, Espinoza EM, Derr JB, Morales M, Clinton JM, Xia B, Vullev VI. Biomimetic and bioinspired molecular electrets. How to make them and why does the established peptide chemistry not always work? PURE APPL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2019-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract“Biomimetic” and “bioinspired” define different aspects of the impacts that biology exerts on science and engineering. Biomimicking improves the understanding of how living systems work, and builds tools for bioinspired endeavors. Biological inspiration takes ideas from biology and implements them in unorthodox manners, exceeding what nature offers. Molecular electrets, i.e. systems with ordered electric dipoles, are key for advancing charge-transfer (CT) science and engineering. Protein helices and their biomimetic analogues, based on synthetic polypeptides, are the best-known molecular electrets. The inability of native polypeptide backbones to efficiently mediate long-range CT, however, limits their utility. Bioinspired molecular electrets based on anthranilamides can overcome the limitations of their biological and biomimetic counterparts. Polypeptide helices are easy to synthesize using established automated protocols. These protocols, however, fail to produce even short anthranilamide oligomers. For making anthranilamides, the residues are introduced as their nitrobenzoic-acid derivatives, and the oligomers are built from their C- to their N-termini via amide-coupling and nitro-reduction steps. The stringent requirements for these reduction and coupling steps pose non-trivial challenges, such as high selectivity, quantitative yields, and fast completion under mild conditions. Addressing these challenges will provide access to bioinspired molecular electrets essential for organic electronics and energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Skonieczny
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eli M. Espinoza
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - James B. Derr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Maryann Morales
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jillian M. Clinton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Bing Xia
- GlaxoSmithKline, 200 Cambridgepark Dr., Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - Valentine I. Vullev
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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5
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Seo J, Shin JY, Leijten J, Jeon O, Camci-Unal G, Dikina AD, Brinegar K, Ghaemmaghami AM, Alsberg E, Khademhosseini A. High-throughput approaches for screening and analysis of cell behaviors. Biomaterials 2018; 153:85-101. [PMID: 29079207 PMCID: PMC5702937 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of new biomaterials and techniques to modify them challenge our capability to characterize them using conventional methods. In response, numerous high-throughput (HT) strategies are being developed to analyze biomaterials and their interactions with cells using combinatorial approaches. Moreover, these systematic analyses have the power to uncover effects of delivered soluble bioactive molecules on cell responses. In this review, we describe the recent developments in HT approaches that help identify cellular microenvironments affecting cell behaviors and highlight HT screening of biochemical libraries for gene delivery, drug discovery, and toxicological studies. We also discuss HT techniques for the analyses of cell secreted biomolecules and provide perspectives on the future utility of HT approaches in biomedical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmok Seo
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 14 Hwarang-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Jung-Youn Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Jeroen Leijten
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Oju Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Gulden Camci-Unal
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave, Lowell, MA, 01854-2827, USA
| | - Anna D Dikina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Katelyn Brinegar
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Amir M Ghaemmaghami
- Division of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Eben Alsberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA; National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Division of General Medical Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21569, Saudi Arabia.
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6
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Akers PW, Dingley AJ, Swift S, Nelson ARJ, Martin J, McGillivray DJ. Using Neutron Reflectometry to Characterize Antimicrobial Protein Surface Coatings. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:5908-5916. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b02886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter W. Akers
- School
of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrew J. Dingley
- Institute of Complex
Systems: Strukturbiochemie (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institut
für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Simon Swift
- Department
of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrew R. J. Nelson
- Australian
Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, New South
Wales 2232, Australia
| | - Julie Martin
- School
of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Duncan J. McGillivray
- School
of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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7
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Shen L, Zhu J. Oriented Protein Nanoarrays on Block Copolymer Template. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:494-9. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST); Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Jintao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST); Wuhan 430074 China
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8
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Upadhyayula S, Nuñez V, Espinoza EM, Larsen JM, Bao D, Shi D, Mac JT, Anvari B, Vullev VI. Photoinduced dynamics of a cyanine dye: parallel pathways of non-radiative deactivation involving multiple excited-state twisted transients. Chem Sci 2015; 6:2237-2251. [PMID: 29449923 PMCID: PMC5701728 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc02881c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanine dyes are broadly used for fluorescence imaging and other photonic applications. 3,3'-Diethylthiacyanine (THIA) is a cyanine dye composed of two identical aromatic heterocyclic moieties linked with a single methine, -CH[double bond, length as m-dash]. The torsional degrees of freedom around the methine bonds provide routes for non-radiative decay, responsible for the inherently low fluorescence quantum yields. Using transient absorption spectroscopy, we determined that upon photoexcitation, the excited state relaxes along two parallel pathways producing three excited-state transients that undergo internal conversion to the ground state. The media viscosity impedes the molecular modes of ring rotation and preferentially affects one of the pathways of non-radiative decay, exerting a dominant effect on the emission properties of THIA. Concurrently, the polarity affects the energy of the transients involved in the decay pathways and further modulates the kinetics of non-radiative deactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srigokul Upadhyayula
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Riverside , CA 92521 , USA .
- Department of Biochemistry , University of California , Riverside , CA 92521 , USA
| | - Vicente Nuñez
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Riverside , CA 92521 , USA .
| | - Eli M Espinoza
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Riverside , CA 92521 , USA
| | - Jillian M Larsen
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Riverside , CA 92521 , USA .
| | - Duoduo Bao
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Riverside , CA 92521 , USA .
| | - Dewen Shi
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Riverside , CA 92521 , USA .
| | - Jenny T Mac
- Department of Biochemistry , University of California , Riverside , CA 92521 , USA
| | - Bahman Anvari
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Riverside , CA 92521 , USA .
| | - Valentine I Vullev
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Riverside , CA 92521 , USA .
- Department of Biochemistry , University of California , Riverside , CA 92521 , USA
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Riverside , CA 92521 , USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program , University of California , Riverside , CA 92521 , USA
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9
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Hahm JI. Fundamentals of nanoscale polymer-protein interactions and potential contributions to solid-state nanobioarrays. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:9891-904. [PMID: 24456577 PMCID: PMC4148170 DOI: 10.1021/la404481t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Protein adsorption onto polymer surfaces is a very complex, ubiquitous, and integrated process, impacting essential areas of food processing and packaging, health devices, diagnostic tools, and medical products. The nature of protein-surface interactions is becoming much more complicated with continuous efforts toward miniaturization, especially for the development of highly compact protein detection and diagnostic devices. A large body of literature reports on protein adsorption from the perspective of ensemble-averaged behavior on macroscopic, chemically homogeneous, polymeric surfaces. However, protein-surface interactions governing the nanoscale size regime may not be effectively inferred from their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Recently, research efforts have been made to produce periodically arranged, nanoscopic protein patterns on diblock copolymer surfaces solely through self-assembly. Intriguing protein adsorption phenomena are directly probed on the individual biomolecule level for a fundamental understanding of protein adsorption on nanoscale surfaces exhibiting varying degrees of chemical heterogeneity. Insight gained from protein assembly on diblock copolymers can be effectively used to control the surface density, conformation, orientation, and biofunctionality of prebound proteins in highly miniaturized applications, now approaching the nanoscale. This feature article will highlight recent experimental and theoretical advances made on these fronts while focusing on single-biomolecule-level investigations of protein adsorption behavior combined with surface chemical heterogeneity on the length scale commensurate with a single protein. This article will also address advantages and challenges of the self-assembly-driven patterning technology used to produce protein nanoarrays and its implications for ultrahigh density, functional, and quantifiable protein detection in a highly miniaturized format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-in Hahm
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University , 37th & O Streets NW, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
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10
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Kreider A, Sell S, Kowalik T, Hartwig A, Grunwald I. Influence of immobilization protocol on the structure and function of surface bound proteins. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 116:378-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Jung S, Yi H. Facile strategy for protein conjugation with chitosan-poly(ethylene glycol) hybrid microparticle platforms via strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) reaction. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:3892-902. [PMID: 24074168 DOI: 10.1021/bm401018h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a facile fabrication-conjugation scheme for protein-conjugated biosensing platforms. Specifically, we utilize a chitosan-poly(ethylene glycol) hybrid system to fabricate highly uniform and chemically reactive microparticle platforms via simple replica molding. Strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) reaction between azide-modified proteins and microparticles activated with strain-promoted cyclooctynes allows tunable protein conjugation under mild reaction conditions. Upon conjugation of a model red fluorescent protein, fluorescence and confocal micrographs show selective protein conjugation near the particle surfaces as well as long-term stability of the conjugation scheme. Fluorescence and AFM results upon conjugation with varying protein concentrations indicate controllable protein conjugation. Examination of protein-particle conjugation kinetics shows multiple reaction regimes; rapid initial, intermediate, and steady final stage. Lastly, we demonstrate antibody conjugation with the particles and selective and rapid target protein capture with antibody-conjugated particles. Combined, these results illustrate a facile fabrication-conjugation scheme for robust protein-conjugated platforms that can be readily enlisted in various protein sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukwon Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts, United States
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12
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Kimmel JD, Arazawa DT, Ye SH, Shankarraman V, Wagner WR, Federspiel WJ. Carbonic anhydrase immobilized on hollow fiber membranes using glutaraldehyde activated chitosan for artificial lung applications. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2013; 24:2611-21. [PMID: 23888352 PMCID: PMC3826877 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-013-5006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Extracorporeal CO2 removal from circulating blood is a promising therapeutic modality for the treatment of acute respiratory failure. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase accelerates CO2 removal within gas exchange devices by locally catalyzing HCO3 (-) into gaseous CO2 within the blood. In this work, we covalently immobilized carbonic anhydrase on the surface of polypropylene hollow fiber membranes using glutaraldehyde activated chitosan tethering to amplify the density of reactive amine functional groups for enzyme immobilization. XPS and a colorimetric amine assay confirmed higher amine densities on the chitosan coated fiber compared to control fiber. Chitosan/CA coated fibers exhibited accelerated CO2 removal in scaled-down gas exchange devices in buffer and blood (115% enhancement vs. control, 37% enhancement vs. control, respectively). Carbonic anhydrase immobilized directly on hollow fiber membranes without chitosan tethering resulted in no enhancement in CO2 removal. Additionally, fibers coated with chitosan/carbonic anhydrase demonstrated reduced platelet adhesion when exposed to blood compared to control and heparin coated fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. D. Kimmel
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3025 East Carson Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA. Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D. T. Arazawa
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3025 East Carson Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA. Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - S.-H. Ye
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3025 East Carson Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA. Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - V. Shankarraman
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3025 East Carson Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA. Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - W. R. Wagner
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3025 East Carson Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA. Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - W. J. Federspiel
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3025 East Carson Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA. Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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13
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Bahmani B, Lytle CY, Walker AM, Gupta S, Vullev VI, Anvari B. Effects of nanoencapsulation and PEGylation on biodistribution of indocyanine green in healthy mice: quantitative fluorescence imaging and analysis of organs. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:1609-20. [PMID: 23637530 PMCID: PMC3635661 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s42511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared nanoconstructs present a potentially effective platform for site-specific and deep tissue optical imaging and phototherapy. We have engineered a polymeric nanocapsule composed of polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH) chains cross-linked with sodium phosphate and doped with indocyanine green (ICG) toward such endeavors. The ICG-doped nanocapsules were coated covalently with polyethylene glycol (5000 daltons) through reductive amination. We administrated the constructs by tail vein injection to healthy mice. To characterize the biodistribution of the constructs, we performed in vivo quantitative fluorescence imaging and subsequently analyzed the various extracted organs. Our results suggest that encapsulation of ICG in these PEGylated constructs is an effective approach to prolong the circulation time of ICG and delay its hepatic accumulation. Increased bioavailability of ICG, due to encapsulation, offers the potential of extending the clinical applications of ICG, which are currently limited due to rapid elimination of ICG from the vasculature. Our results also indicate that PAH and ICG-doped nanocapsules (ICG-NCs) are not cytotoxic at the levels used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baharak Bahmani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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14
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Nuñez V, Upadhyayula S, Millare B, Larsen JM, Hadian A, Shin S, Vandrangi P, Gupta S, Xu H, Lin AP, Georgiev GY, Vullev VI. Microfluidic Space-Domain Time-Resolved Emission Spectroscopy of Terbium(III) and Europium(III) Chelates with Pyridine-2,6-Dicarboxylate. Anal Chem 2013; 85:4567-77. [DOI: 10.1021/ac400200x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Nuñez
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Srigokul Upadhyayula
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521,
United States
| | - Brent Millare
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jillian M. Larsen
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ali Hadian
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Sanghoon Shin
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Prashanthi Vandrangi
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Sharad Gupta
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Adam P. Lin
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Georgi Y. Georgiev
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Valentine I. Vullev
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521,
United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Riverside, California 92521,
United States
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15
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Xia B, Bao D, Upadhyayula S, Jones G, Vullev VI. Anthranilamides as bioinspired molecular electrets: experimental evidence for a permanent ground-state electric dipole moment. J Org Chem 2013; 78:1994-2004. [PMID: 23270467 DOI: 10.1021/jo301942g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As electrostatic equivalents of magnets, organic electrets offer unparalleled properties for impacting energy conversion and electronic applications. While biological systems have evolved to efficiently utilize protein α-helices as molecular electrets, the synthetic counterparts of these conjugates still remain largely unexplored. This paper describes a study of the electronic properties of anthranilamide oligomers, which proved to be electrets based on their intrinsic dipole moments as evident from their spectral and dielectric properties. NMR studies provided the means for estimating the direction of the intrinsic electric dipoles of these conjugates. This study sets the foundation for the development of a class of organic materials that are de novo designed from biomolecular motifs and possess unexplored electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xia
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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16
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Perez E, Lahlil K, Rougeau C, Moraillon A, Chazalviel JN, Ozanam F, Gouget-Laemmel AC. Influence of the molecular design on the antifouling performance of poly(ethylene glycol) monolayers grafted on (111) Si. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:14654-14664. [PMID: 22988984 DOI: 10.1021/la303022a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Various poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether moieties were grafted onto hydrogenated silicon surfaces in order to investigate the influence of the molecular design on the antifouling performance of such coatings. The grafted chains were either oligo(ethylene oxide) chains (EG)(n)OMe bound to silicon via Si-O-C covalent bonds, or hybrid alkyl/oligo(ethylene oxide) chains C(p)(EG)(n)OMe bound via Si-C covalent bonds (from home-synthesized precursors). Quantitative IR spectroscopy gave the molecular coverage of the grafted layers, and AFM imaging demonstrated that a proper surfactinated rinse yields C(p)(EG)(n)OMe layers free of unwanted residues. The protein-repellent character of these grafted layers (here, toward BSA) was studied by IR and AFM imaging. C(p)(EG)(n)OMe layers exhibit a lower surface concentration than (EG)(n)OMe layers, because of the presence of a solvent in the grafting solution; they however demonstrate high resistance against BSA adsorption for high values of the n/p ratio and a higher stability than (EG)(n)OMe. This behavior is consistently explained by the poor ordering capability of the alkyl part of the layer, contrary to what is observed for similar layers on Au, and the key role of an entangled arrangement of the ethylene oxide chains which forms when these chains are long enough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Perez
- Physique de la Matière Condensée, École Polytechnique, CNRS, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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17
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Meng XL, Fang Y, Wan LS, Huang XJ, Xu ZK. Glycopolymer brushes for the affinity adsorption of RCA120: effects of thickness, grafting density, and epitope density. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:13616-13623. [PMID: 22950871 DOI: 10.1021/la302389e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between glycopolymer brushes and lectin are very important for the development of affinity membrane chromatography in protein separation. Here, we report the combination of surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to investigate the relationship between the structure of glycopolymer brushes and the affinity adsorption of lectin. The glycopolymer brushes were fabricated from self-assembly of 11-mercapto-1-undecanol (MUD)/1-undecanethiol (UDT) mixture, immobilization of ATRP initiators, and then SI-ATRP of 2-lactobionamidoethyl methacrylate (LAMA). Brush thickness and grafting density were adjusted by controlling polymerization time and thiol ratio in MUD/UDT mixture, respectively. Sugar epitope density was also controlled through copolymerization of 2-hydroxylethyl methacrylate (HEMA) with LAMA. Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA(120)), one kind of lectin that can bind galactose specifically, was chosen to study the effects of brush architectures on lectin adsorption. SPR results indicate not only the thickness but also the grafting density and the epitope density of glycopolymer brushes can achieve the best performance of sugar cluster effect in affinity adsorption of lectin. In addition, the mass transport effect is crucial in the adsorption process. We propose that it is important to keep the balance between the sugar cluster effect and the mass transport effect in the preparation of high-performance affinity membrane chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Lin Meng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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18
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Upadhyayula S, Quinata T, Bishop S, Gupta S, Johnson NR, Bahmani B, Bozhilov K, Stubbs J, Jreij P, Nallagatla P, Vullev VI. Coatings of polyethylene glycol for suppressing adhesion between solid microspheres and flat surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:5059-69. [PMID: 22364506 DOI: 10.1021/la300545v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the development and the examination of surface coatings that suppress the adhesion between glass surfaces and polymer microspheres. Superparamagnetic doping allowed for exerting magnetic forces on the microbeads. The carboxyl functionalization of the polymer provided the means for coating the beads with polyethylene glycol (PEG) with different molecular weight. Under gravitational force, the microbeads settled on glass surfaces with similar polymer coatings. We examined the efficacy of removing the beads from the glass surfaces by applying a pulling force of ~1.2 pN. The percent beads remaining on the surface after applying the pulling force for approximately 5 s served as an indication of the adhesion propensity. Coating of PEG with molecular weight ranging between 3 and 10 kDa was essential for suppressing the adhesion. For the particular substrates, surface chemistry and aqueous media we used, coatings of 5 kDa manifested optimal suppression of adhesion: that is, only 3% of the microbeads remained on the surface after applying the pulling magnetic force. When either the glass or the beads were not PEGylated, the adhesion between them was substantial. Addition of a noncharged surfactant, TWEEN, above its critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) suppressed the adhesion between noncoated substrates. The extent of this surfactant-induced improvement of the adhesion suppression, however, did not exceed the quality of preventing the adhesion that we attained by PEGylating both substrates. In addition, the use of surfactants did not significantly improve the suppression of bead-surface adhesion when both substrates were PEGylated. These findings suggest that such surfactant additives tend to be redundant and that covalently grafted coatings of PEGs with selected chain lengths provide sufficient suppression of nonspecific interfacial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srigokul Upadhyayula
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 91521, United States
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19
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Stamos B, Loredo L, Chand S, Phan TV, Zhang Y, Mohapatra S, Rajeshwar K, Perera R. Biosynthetic approach for functional protein microarrays. Anal Biochem 2012; 424:114-23. [PMID: 22370272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein microarrays have emerged as an indispensable research tool for providing information about protein functions and interactions through high-throughput screening. Traditional methods for immobilizing biomolecules onto solid surfaces have been based on covalent and noncovalent binding, entrapment in semipermeable membranes, microencapsulation, sol gel, and hydrogel methods. Each of these techniques has its own strengths but fails to combine the most important tenets of a functional protein microarray such as covalent attachment, native protein conformation, homogeneity of the protein monolayer, control over active site orientation, and retention of protein activity. Here we present a selective and site-directed covalent immobilization technique for proteins via a benzoxazine ring formation through a Diels-Alder reaction in water and a genetically encoded 3-amino-L-tyrosine (3-NH(2)Tyr) amino acid. Fully functional protein microarrays, with monolayer arrangements and complete control over their orientations, were generated using this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Stamos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
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20
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Abstract
Bacterial endospores are some of the most resilient forms of life known to us, with their persistent survival capability resulting from a complex and effective structural organization. The outer membrane of endospores is surrounded by the densely packed endospore coat and exosporium, containing amyloid or amyloid-like proteins. In fact, it is the impenetrable composition of the endospore coat and the exosporium that makes staining methodologies for endospore detection complex and challenging. Therefore, a plausible strategy for facile and expedient staining would be to target components of the protective surface layers of the endospores. Instead of targeting endogenous markers encapsulated in the spores, here we demonstrated staining of these dormant life entities that targets the amyloid domains, i.e., the very surface components that make the coats of these species impenetrable. Using an amyloid staining dye, thioflavin T (ThT), we examined this strategy. A short incubation of bacillus endospore suspensions with ThT, under ambient conditions, resulted in (i) an enhancement of the fluorescence of ThT and (ii) the accumulation of ThT in the endospores, affording fluorescence images with excellent contrast ratios. Fluorescence images revealed that ThT tends to accumulate in the surface regions of the endospores. The observed fluorescence enhancement and dye accumulation, coupled with the sensitivity of emission techniques, provide an effective and rapid means of staining endospores without the inconvenience of pre- or posttreatment of samples.
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21
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Bahmani B, Gupta S, Upadhyayula S, Vullev VI, Anvari B. Effect of polyethylene glycol coatings on uptake of indocyanine green loaded nanocapsules by human spleen macrophages in vitro. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:051303. [PMID: 21639563 DOI: 10.1117/1.3574761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) optically active nanoparticles are promising exogenous chromophores for applications in medical imaging and phototherapy. Since nanoparticles can be rapidly eliminated from the body by cells of the reticuloendothelial system, a thriving strategy to increase their blood circulation time is through surface modification with polyethylene glycol (PEG). We constructed polymeric nanocapsules loaded with indocyanine green (ICG), an FDA-approved NIR dye, and coated with aldehyde-terminated PEG. Using optical absorbance spectroscopy and flow cytometry, we investigated the effect of PEG coating and molecular weight (MW) of PEG [5000 and 30,000 Daltons (Da)] on the phagocytic content of human spleen macrophages incubated with ICG-containing nanocapsules (ICG-NCs) between 15 to 360 min. Our results indicate that surface coating with PEG is an effective method to reduce the phagocytic content of ICG-NCs within macrophages for at least up to 360 min of incubation time. Coating the surface of ICG-NCs with the low MW PEG results in lower phagocytic content of ICG-NCs within macrophages for at least up to 60 min of incubation time as compared to ICG-NCs coated with the high MW PEG. Surface coating of ICG-NCs with PEG is a promising approach to prolong vasculature circulation time of ICG for NIR imaging and phototherapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baharak Bahmani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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22
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Appleyard DC, Chapin SC, Doyle PS. Multiplexed protein quantification with barcoded hydrogel microparticles. Anal Chem 2011; 83:193-9. [PMID: 21142122 PMCID: PMC3030995 DOI: 10.1021/ac1022343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the use of graphically encoded hydrogel microparticles for the sensitive and high-throughput multiplexed detection of clinically relevant protein panels in complex media. Combining established antibody capture techniques with advances in both microfluidic synthesis and analysis, we detected 1-8 pg/mL amounts of three cytokines (interleuken-2, interleuken-4, and tumor necrosis factor alpha) in single and multiplexed assays without the need for filtration or blocking agents. A range of hydrogel porosities was investigated to ensure rapid diffusion of targets and reagents into the particle as well as to maintain the structural integrity of particles during rinsing procedures and high-velocity microfluidic scanning. Covalent incorporation of capture antibodies using a heterobifunctional poly(ethylene glycol) linker enabled one-step synthesis and functionalization of particles using only small amounts of valuable reagents. In addition to the use of three separate types of single-probe particles, the flexibility of the stop-flow lithography (SFL) method was leveraged to spatially segregate the three probes for the aforementioned target set on an individual encoded particle, thereby demonstrating the feasibility of single-particle diagnostic panels. This study establishes the gel-particle platform as a versatile tool for the efficient quantification of protein targets and significantly advances efforts to extend the advantages of both hydrogel substrates and particle-based arrays to the field of clinical proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Appleyard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Stephen C. Chapin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Patrick S. Doyle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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23
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Thomas MS, Nuñez V, Upadhyayula S, Zielins ER, Bao D, Vasquez JM, Bahmani B, Vullev VI. Kinetics of bacterial fluorescence staining with 3,3'-diethylthiacyanine. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:9756-9765. [PMID: 20481488 DOI: 10.1021/la1013279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
For more than a century, colorimetric and fluorescence staining have been the foundation of a broad range of key bioanalytical techniques. The dynamics of such staining processes, however, still remains largely unexplored. We investigated the kinetics of fluorescence staining of two gram-negative and two gram-positive species with 3,3'-diethylthiacyanine (THIA) iodide. An increase in the THIA fluorescence quantum yield, induced by the bacterial dye uptake, was the principal reason for the observed emission enhancement. The fluorescence quantum yield of THIA depended on the media viscosity and not on the media polarity, which suggested that the microenvironment of the dye molecules taken up by the cells was restrictive. The kinetics of fluorescence staining did not manifest a statistically significant dependence neither on the dye concentration, nor on the cell count. In the presence of surfactant additives, however, the fluorescence-enhancement kinetic patterns manifested species specificity with statistically significant discernibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon S Thomas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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24
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Bao D, Ramu S, Contreras A, Upadhyayula S, Vasquez JM, Beran G, Vullev VI. Electrochemical Reduction of Quinones: Interfacing Experiment and Theory for Defining Effective Radii of Redox Moieties. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:14467-79. [DOI: 10.1021/jp101730e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Duoduo Bao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Sangeetha Ramu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Antonio Contreras
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Srigokul Upadhyayula
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Jacob M. Vasquez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Gregory Beran
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Valentine I. Vullev
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
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