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Vuille-Dit-Bille E, Deshmukh DV, Connolly S, Heub S, Boder-Pasche S, Dual J, Tibbitt MW, Weder G. Tools for manipulation and positioning of microtissues. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:4043-4066. [PMID: 36196619 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00559j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Complex three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models are emerging as a key technology to support research areas in personalised medicine, such as drug development and regenerative medicine. Tools for manipulation and positioning of microtissues play a crucial role in the microtissue life cycle from production to end-point analysis. The ability to precisely locate microtissues can improve the efficiency and reliability of processes and investigations by reducing experimental time and by providing more controlled parameters. To achieve this goal, standardisation of the techniques is of primary importance. Compared to microtissue production, the field of microtissue manipulation and positioning is still in its infancy but is gaining increasing attention in the last few years. Techniques to position microtissues have been classified into four main categories: hydrodynamic techniques, bioprinting, substrate modification, and non-contact active forces. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the different tools for the manipulation and positioning of microtissues that have been reported to date. The working mechanism of each technique is described, and its merits and limitations are discussed. We conclude by evaluating the potential of the different approaches to support progress in personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Vuille-Dit-Bille
- Centre Suisse d'Electronique et de Microtechnique SA, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
- MicroBioRobotic Systems Laboratory, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dhananjay V Deshmukh
- Macromolecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Mechanical Systems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sinéad Connolly
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Heub
- Centre Suisse d'Electronique et de Microtechnique SA, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | | | - Jürg Dual
- Institute for Mechanical Systems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mark W Tibbitt
- Macromolecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Weder
- Centre Suisse d'Electronique et de Microtechnique SA, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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2
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Sarno B, Heineck D, Heller MJ, Ibsen SD. Dielectrophoresis: Developments and applications from 2010 to 2020. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:539-564. [PMID: 33191521 PMCID: PMC7986072 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The 20th century has seen tremendous innovation of dielectrophoresis (DEP) technologies, with applications being developed in areas ranging from industrial processing to micro- and nanoscale biotechnology. From 2010 to present day, there have been 981 publications about DEP. Of over 2600 DEP patents held by the United States Patent and Trademark Office, 106 were filed in 2019 alone. This review focuses on DEP-based technologies and application developments between 2010 and 2020, with an aim to highlight the progress and to identify potential areas for future research. A major trend over the last 10 years has been the use of DEP techniques for biological and clinical applications. It has been used in various forms on a diverse array of biologically derived molecules and particles to manipulate and study them including proteins, exosomes, bacteria, yeast, stem cells, cancer cells, and blood cells. DEP has also been used to manipulate nano- and micron-sized particles in order to fabricate different structures. The next 10 years are likely to see the increase in DEP-related patent applications begin to result in a greater level of technology commercialization. Also during this time, innovations in DEP technology will likely be leveraged to continue the existing trend to further biological and medical-focused applications as well as applications in microfabrication. As a tool leveraged by engineering and imaginative scientific design, DEP offers unique capabilities to manipulate small particles in precise ways that can help solve problems and enable scientific inquiry that cannot be addressed using conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Sarno
- Oregon Health and Science University–The Knight Cancer Institute's Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research CenterPortlandORUSA
- University of California San Diego–NanoengineeringLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Daniel Heineck
- Oregon Health and Science University–The Knight Cancer Institute's Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research CenterPortlandORUSA
| | - Michael J. Heller
- Oregon Health and Science University–The Knight Cancer Institute's Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research CenterPortlandORUSA
- University of California San Diego–NanoengineeringLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Stuart D. Ibsen
- Oregon Health and Science University–The Knight Cancer Institute's Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research CenterPortlandORUSA
- Oregon Health and Science University–Biomedical EngineeringPortlandORUSA
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3
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Soto F, Guimarães CF, Reis RL, Franco W, Rizvi I, Demirci U. Emerging biofabrication approaches for gastrointestinal organoids towards patient specific cancer models. Cancer Lett 2021; 504:116-124. [PMID: 33577978 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineered organoids are simple biomodels that can emulate the structural and functional complexity of specific organs. Here, we review developments in three-dimensional (3D) artificial cell constructs to model gastrointestinal dynamics towards cancer diagnosis. We describe bottom-up approaches to fabricate close-packed cell aggregates, from the use of biochemical and physical cues to guide the self-assembly of organoids, to the use of engineering approaches, including 3D printing/additive manufacturing and external field-driven protocols. Finally, we outline the main challenges and possible risks regarding the potential translation of gastrointestinal organoids from laboratory settings to patient-specific models in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Soto
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, 94304-5427, USA
| | - Carlos F Guimarães
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, 94304-5427, USA; 3B's Research Group, Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Walfre Franco
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, 01854, MA, USA; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, MA, USA
| | - Imran Rizvi
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, 94304-5427, USA.
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4
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On-Chip Construction of Multilayered Hydrogel Microtubes for Engineered Vascular-Like Microstructures. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10120840. [PMID: 31805688 PMCID: PMC6953073 DOI: 10.3390/mi10120840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multilayered and multicellular structures are indispensable for constructing functional artificial tissues. Engineered vascular-like microstructures with multiple layers are promising structures to be functionalized as artificial blood vessels. In this paper, we present an efficient method to construct multilayer microtubes embedding different microstructures based on direct fabrication and assembly inside a microfluidic device. This four-layer microfluidic device has two separate inlets for fabricating various microstructures. We have achieved alternating-layered microtubes by controlling the fabrication, flow, and assembly time of each microstructure, and as well, double-layered microtubes have been built by a two-step assembly method. Modifications of both the inner and outer layers was successfully demonstrated, and the flow conditions during the on-chip assembly were evaluated and optimized. Each microtube was successfully constructed within several minutes, showing the potential applications of the presented method for building engineered vascular-like microstructures with high efficiency.
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5
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Yasukawa T, Morishima A, Suzuki M, Yoshioka J, Yoshimoto K, Mizutani F. Rapid Formation of Aggregates with Uniform Numbers of Cells Based on Three-dimensional Dielectrophoresis. ANAL SCI 2019; 35:895-901. [PMID: 31006719 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19p074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We applied a fabrication method for the formation of island organization of cells based on a three-dimensional (3D) device for negative dielectrophoresis (n-DEP) to produce cell aggregates with uniform numbers of cells rapidly and simply. The intersections formed by rotating the interdigitated array (IDA) with two combs of band electrodes on the upper substrate by 90° relative to the IDA with two combs on the lower substrate were prepared in the device. The AC voltage was applied to a comb on the upper substrate and a comb on the lower substrate, while AC voltage with opposite phase was applied to another comb on the upper substrate and another comb on the lower substrate. Cells dispersed randomly were directed toward the intersections with relatively lower electric fields due to n-DEP, which formed by AC voltage applied bands with the identical phase, resulting in the formation of island patterns of cells. The cells accumulated at intersections were promoted to form the cell aggregates due to the close contact together. The production of cell aggregations adhered together was easily found by the dispersion behavior after switching the applied frequency to convert the cellular pattern. When cells were accumulated at the intersections by n-DEP for 45 min, almost accumulations of cells were adhered together, and hence a formations of cell aggregations. By using the present method, we can rapidly and simply fabricate cell aggregations with a uniform number of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asa Morishima
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo
| | - Masato Suzuki
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo
| | - Junya Yoshioka
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Keitaro Yoshimoto
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Fumio Mizutani
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo
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6
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Okayama H, Tomita M, Suzuki M, Yasukawa T. Rapid Formation of Arrayed Cells on an Electrode with Microwells by a Scanning Electrode Based on Positive Dielectrophoresis. ANAL SCI 2019; 35:701-704. [PMID: 30773512 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19n002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a simple and rapid formation of a cell-based array on microwell array electrodes by an attractive force of positive dielectrophoresis (p-DEP), even after removing an upper disk electrode stick that was used as a counter electrode to the microwell array electrodes. The attractive force of p-DEP generated by the scanning of the disk electrode allows the formation of a cell-based array on all microwell arrays. We demonstrated an exploration of target cells spiked with a low ratio after removing the disk electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Okayama
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo
| | - Masahiro Tomita
- Division of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University
| | - Masato Suzuki
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo
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8
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Hong HJ, Koom WS, Koh WG. Cell Microarray Technologies for High-Throughput Cell-Based Biosensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 17:E1293. [PMID: 28587242 PMCID: PMC5492771 DOI: 10.3390/s17061293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Due to the recent demand for high-throughput cellular assays, a lot of efforts have been made on miniaturization of cell-based biosensors by preparing cell microarrays. Various microfabrication technologies have been used to generate cell microarrays, where cells of different phenotypes are immobilized either on a flat substrate (positional array) or on particles (solution or suspension array) to achieve multiplexed and high-throughput cell-based biosensing. After introducing the fabrication methods for preparation of the positional and suspension cell microarrays, this review discusses the applications of the cell microarray including toxicology, drug discovery and detection of toxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Hong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea.
| | - Woong Sub Koom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea.
| | - Won-Gun Koh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea.
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9
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Yue T, Nakajima M, Tajima H, Fukuda T. Fabrication of Microstructures Embedding Controllable Particles inside Dielectrophoretic Microfluidic Devices. INT J ADV ROBOT SYST 2017. [DOI: 10.5772/55598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yue
- Department of Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakajima
- Center for Micro-Nano Mechatronics of Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Tajima
- Department of Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshio Fukuda
- Department of Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
- Center for Micro-Nano Mechatronics of Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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10
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Huan Z, Chu HK, Yang J, Sun D. Characterization of a Honeycomb-Like Scaffold With Dielectrophoresis-Based Patterning for Tissue Engineering. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2017; 64:755-764. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2016.2574932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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11
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Yang W, Yu H, Li G, Wang Y, Liu L. High-Throughput Fabrication and Modular Assembly of 3D Heterogeneous Microscale Tissues. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1602769. [PMID: 27862956 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201602769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
3D hydrogel microstructures that encapsulate cells have been used in broad applications in microscale tissue engineering, personalized drug screening, and regenerative medicine. Recent technological advances in microstructure assembly, such as bioprinting, magnetic assembly, microfluidics, and acoustics, have enabled the construction of designed 3D tissue structures with spatially organized cells in vitro. However, a bottleneck exists that still hampers the application of microtissue structures, due to a lack of techniques that combined high-throughput fabrication and flexible assembly. Here, a versatile method for fabricating customized microstructures and reorganizing building blocks composed of functional components into a combined single geometric shape is demonstrated. The arbitrary microstructures are dynamically synthesized in a microfluidic device and then transferred to an optically induced electrokinetics chip for manipulation and assembly. Moreover, building blocks containing different cells can be arranged into a desired geometry with specific shape and size, which can be used for microscale tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110000, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Haibo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110000, P. R. China
| | - Gongxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110000, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yuechao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110000, P. R. China
| | - Lianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110000, P. R. China
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12
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SUZUKI M, NAKANO R, IRIBE Y. High Efficient Cell Leading into Microwell Array by Using Positive Dielectrophoresis. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.84.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masayasu SUZUKI
- Department of Electric and Electronic Engineering, University of Toyama
| | - Ryota NAKANO
- Department of Electric and Electronic Engineering, University of Toyama
| | - Yasunori IRIBE
- Department of Electric and Electronic Engineering, University of Toyama
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13
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Taruvai Kalyana Kumar R, De Mello Gindri I, Kinnamon D, Rodrigues DC, Frizzo CP, Prasad S. Use of dicationic ionic liquids as a novel liquid platform for dielectrophoretic cell manipulation. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra01563h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Separation, characterization and analysis of target cells demonstrate critical cues for diagnosis and monitoring of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Izabelle De Mello Gindri
- Biomaterials for Osseointegration and Novel Engineering Laboratory
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
| | - David Kinnamon
- Biomedical Microdevices and Nanotechnology Laboratory
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
| | - Danieli C. Rodrigues
- Biomaterials for Osseointegration and Novel Engineering Laboratory
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
| | - Clarissa P. Frizzo
- Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE)
- Department of Chemistry
- Federal University of Santa Maria
- UFSM
- RS
| | - Shalini Prasad
- Biomedical Microdevices and Nanotechnology Laboratory
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
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14
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Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) microwells in microfluidics: Fabrication methods and applications. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-014-8401-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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15
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Ahadian S, Yamada S, Ramón-Azcón J, Ino K, Shiku H, Khademhosseini A, Matsue T. Rapid and high-throughput formation of 3D embryoid bodies in hydrogels using the dielectrophoresis technique. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:3690-3694. [PMID: 25082412 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00479e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this manuscript, we demonstrate the rapid formation of three-dimensional (3D) embryonic stem cell (ESC) aggregates with controllable sizes and shapes in hydrogels using dielectrophoresis (DEP). The ESCs encapsulated within a methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) prepolymer were introduced into a DEP device and, upon applying an electric field and crosslinking of the GelMA hydrogel, formed 3D ESC aggregates. Embryoid bodies (EBs) fabricated using this method showed high cellular viability and pluripotency. The proposed technique enables production of EBs on a large scale and in a high-throughput manner for potential cell therapy and tissue regeneration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samad Ahadian
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
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16
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Hayakawa T, Fukada S, Arai F. Fabrication of an On-Chip Nanorobot Integrating Functional Nanomaterials for Single-Cell Punctures. IEEE T ROBOT 2014. [DOI: 10.1109/tro.2013.2284402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Yue T, Nakajima M, Takeuchi M, Fukuda T. Improved Laser Manipulation for On-chip Fabricated Microstructures Based on Solution Replacement and Its Application in Single Cell Analysis. INT J ADV ROBOT SYST 2014. [DOI: 10.5772/57518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we present the fabrication and assembly of microstructures inside a microfluidic device based on a photocrosslinkable resin and optical tweezers. We also report a method of solution replacement inside the microfluidic channel in order to improve the manipulation performance and apply the assembled microstructures for single cell cultivation. By the illumination of patterned ultraviolet (UV) through a microscope, microstructures of arbitrary shape were fabricated by the photocrosslinkable resin inside a microfluidic channel. Based on the microfluidic channel with both glass and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surfaces, immovable and movable microstructures were fabricated and manipulated. The microstructures were fabricated at the desired places and manipulated by the optical tweezers. A rotational microstructure including a microgear and a rotation axis was assembled and rotated in demonstrating this technique. The improved laser manipulation of microstructures was achieved based on the on-chip solution replacement method. The manipulation speed of the microstructures increased when the viscosity of the solvent decreased. The movement efficiency of the fabricated microstructures inside the lower viscosity solvent was evaluated and compared with those microstructures inside the former high viscosity solvent. A novel cell cage was fabricated and the cultivation of a single yeast cell ( w303) was demonstrated in the cell cage, inside the microfluidic device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yue
- Department of Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakajima
- Center for Micro-Nano Mechatronics of Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masaru Takeuchi
- Department of Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshio Fukuda
- Department of Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
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18
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Kamei KI. Cutting-Edge Microfabricated Biomedical Tools for Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 18:469-81. [DOI: 10.1177/2211068213495394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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19
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20
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Ota S, Wang S, Wang Y, Yin X, Zhang X. Lipid bilayer-integrated optoelectronic tweezers for nanoparticle manipulations. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:2766-2770. [PMID: 23659726 DOI: 10.1021/nl400999f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Remotely manipulating a large number of microscopic objects is important to soft-condensed matter physics, biophysics, and nanotechnology. Optical tweezers and optoelectronic tweezers have been widely used for this purpose but face critical challenges when applied to nanoscale objects, including severe photoinduced damages, undesired ionic convections, or irreversible particle immobilization on surfaces. We report here the first demonstration of a lipid bilayer-integrated optoelectronic tweezers system for simultaneous manipulation of hundreds of 60 nm gold nanoparticles in an arbitrary pattern. We use a fluid lipid bilayer membrane with a ~5 nm thickness supported by a photoconductive electrode to confine the diffusion of chemically tethered nanoparticles in a two-dimensional space. Application of an external a.c. voltage together with patterned light selectively activates the photoconducting electrode that creates strong electric field localized near the surface. The field strength changes most significantly at the activated electrode surface where the particles tethered to the membrane thus experience the strongest dielectrophoretic forces. This design allows us to efficiently achieve dynamic, reversible, and parallel manipulation of many nanoparticles. Our approach to integrate biomolecular structures with optoelectronic devices offers a new platform enabling the study of thermodynamics in many particle systems and the selective transport of nanoscale objects for broad applications in biosensing and cellular mechanotransductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadao Ota
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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21
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Hagiwara M, Kawahara T, Iijima T, Arai F. High-Speed Magnetic Microrobot Actuation in a Microfluidic Chip by a Fine V-Groove Surface. IEEE T ROBOT 2013. [DOI: 10.1109/tro.2012.2228310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Abdallat RG, Ahmad Tajuddin AS, Gould DH, Hughes MP, Fatoyinbo HO, Labeed FH. Process development for cell aggregate arrays encapsulated in a synthetic hydrogel using negative dielectrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1059-67. [PMID: 23436271 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Spatial patterning of cells is of great importance in tissue engineering and biotechnology, enabling, for example the creation of bottom-up histoarchitectures of heterogeneous cells, or cell aggregates for in vitro high-throughput toxicological and therapeutic studies within 3D microenvironments. In this paper, a single-step process for creating peelable and resilient hydrogels, encapsulating arrays of biological cell aggregates formed by negative DEP has been devised. The dielectrophoretic trapping within low-energy regions of the DEP-dot array reduces cell exposure to high field stresses while creating distinguishable, evenly spaced arrays of aggregates. In addition to using an optimal combination of PEG diacrylate pre-polymer solution concentration and a novel UV exposure mechanism, total processing time was reduced. With a continuous phase medium of PEG diacrylate at 15% v/v concentration, effective dielectrophoretic cell patterned arrays and photo-polymerisation of the mixture was achieved within a 4 min period. This unique single-step process was achieved using a 30 s UV exposure time frame within a dedicated, wide exposure area DEP light box system. To demonstrate the developed process, aggregates of yeast, human leukemic (K562) and HeLa cells were immobilised in an array format within the hydrogel. Relative cell viability for both cells within the hydrogels, after maintaining them in appropriate iso-osmotic media, over a week period was greater than 90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rula G Abdallat
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Lu J, Barrios CA, Dickson AR, Nourse JL, Lee AP, Flanagan LA. Advancing practical usage of microtechnology: a study of the functional consequences of dielectrophoresis on neural stem cells. Integr Biol (Camb) 2013; 4:1223-36. [PMID: 22892587 DOI: 10.1039/c2ib20171b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The integration of microscale engineering, microfluidics, and AC electrokinetics such as dielectrophoresis has generated novel microsystems that enable quantitative analysis of cellular phenotype, function, and physiology. These systems are increasingly being used to assess diverse cell types, such as stem cells, so it becomes critical to thoroughly evaluate whether the systems themselves impact cell function. For example, engineered microsystems have been utilized to investigate neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs), which are of interest due to their potential to treat CNS disease and injury. Analysis by dielectrophoresis (DEP) microsystems determined that unlabeled NSPCs with distinct fate potential have previously unrecognized distinguishing electrophysiological characteristics, suggesting that NSPCs could be isolated by DEP microsystems without the use of cell type specific labels. To gauge the potential impact of DEP sorting on NSPCs, we investigated whether electric field exposure of varying times affected survival, proliferation, or fate potential of NSPCs in suspension. We found short-term DEP exposure (1 min or less) had no effect on NSPC survival, proliferation, or fate potential revealed by differentiation. Moreover, NSPC proliferation (measured by DNA synthesis and cell cycle kinetics) and fate potential were not altered by any length of DEP exposure (up to 30 min). However, lengthy exposure (>5 min) to frequencies near the crossover frequency (50-100 kHz) led to decreased survival of NSPCs (maximum ∼30% cell loss after 30 min). Based on experimental observations and mathematical simulations of cells in suspension, we find that frequencies near the crossover frequency generate an induced transmembrane potential that results in cell swelling and rupture. This is in contrast to the case for adherent cells since negative DEP frequencies lower than the crossover frequency generate the highest induced transmembrane potential and damage for these cells. We clarify contrasting effects of DEP on adherent and suspended cells, which are related to the cell position within the electric field and the strength of the electric field at specific distances from the electrodes. Modeling of electrode configurations predicts optimal designs to induce cell movement by DEP while limiting the induced transmembrane potential. We find DEP electric fields are not harmful to stem cells in suspension at short exposure times, thus providing a basis for developing DEP-based applications for stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jente Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California at Irvine, 3020 Gross Hall, 845 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Agarwal S, Sebastian A, Forrester LM, Markx GH. Formation of embryoid bodies using dielectrophoresis. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2012; 6:24101-2410111. [PMID: 22655013 PMCID: PMC3360717 DOI: 10.1063/1.3699969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Embryoid body (EB) formation forms an important step in embryonic stem cell differentiation invivo. In murine embryonic stem cell (mESC) cultures EB formation is inhibited by the inclusion of leukaemic inhibitory factor (LIF) in the medium. Assembly of mESCs into aggregates by positive dielectrophoresis (DEP) in high field regions between interdigitated oppositely castellated electrodes was found to initiate EB formation. Embryoid body formation in aggregates formed with DEP occurred at a more rapid rate-in fact faster compared to conventional methods-in medium without LIF. However, EB formation also occurred in medium in which LIF was present when the cells were aggregated with DEP. The optimum characteristic size for the electrodes for EB formation with DEP was found to be 75-100 microns; aggregates smaller than this tended to merge, whilst aggregates larger than this tended to split to form multiple EBs. Experiments with ESCs in which green fluorescent protein (GFP) production was targeted to the mesodermal gene brachyury indicated that differentiation within embryoid bodies of this size may preferentially occur along the mesoderm lineage. As hematopoietic lineages during normal development derive from mesoderm, the finding points to a possible application of DEP formed EBs in the production of blood-based products from ESCs.
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Wei F, Bai B, Ho CM. Rapidly optimizing an aptamer based BoNT sensor by feedback system control (FSC) scheme. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 30:174-9. [PMID: 21993141 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The sensitivity and detection time of an aptamer based biosensor for detecting botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) depend upon the formation of proper tertiary architecture of aptamer, which closely correlates with the combinatorial effects of multiple types of ions and their concentrations presented in the buffer. Finding the optimal conditions for four different ions at 12 different concentrations, 20,736 possible combinations, by brute force is an extremely laborious and time-consuming task. Here, we introduce a feedback system control (FSC) scheme that can rapidly identify the best combination of components to form the optimal aptamer structure binding to a target molecule. In this study, rapid identification of optimized ionic combinations for electrochemical aptasensor of BoNT type A (BoNT/A) detection has been achieved. Only about 10 iterations with about 50 tests in each iteration are needed to identify the optimal ionic concentration out of the 20,736 possibilities. The most exciting finding was that a very short detection time and high sensitivity could be achieved with the optimized combinational ion buffer. Only a 5-min detection time, compared with hours or even days, was needed for aptamer-based BoNT/A detection with a limit of detection of 40 pg/ml. The methodologies described here can be applied to other multi-parameter chemical systems, which should significantly improve the rate of parameter optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wei
- School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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26
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Gagnon ZR. Cellular dielectrophoresis: applications to the characterization, manipulation, separation and patterning of cells. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2466-87. [PMID: 21922493 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, dielectrophoresis (DEP) has evolved into a powerful, robust and flexible method for cellular characterization, manipulation, separation and cell patterning. It is a field with widely varying disciplines, as it is quite common to see DEP integrated with a host of applications including microfluidics, impedance spectroscopy, tissue engineering, real-time PCR, immunoassays, stem-cell characterization, gene transfection and electroporation, just to name a few. The field is finally at the point where analytical and numerical polarization models can be used to adequately describe and characterize the dielectrophoretic behavior of cells, and there is ever increasing evidence demonstrating that electric fields can safely be used to manipulate cells without harm. As such, DEP is slowly making its way into the biological sciences. Today, DEP is being used to manipulate individual cells to specific regions of space for single-cell assays. DEP is able to separate rare cells from a heterogeneous cell suspension, where isolated cells can then be characterized and dynamically studied using nothing more than electric fields. However, there is need for a critical report to integrate the many new features of DEP for cellular applications. Here, a review of the basic theory and current applications of DEP, specifically for cells, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Gagnon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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Cetin B, Li D. Dielectrophoresis in microfluidics technology. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2410-27. [PMID: 21922491 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is the movement of a particle in a non-uniform electric field due to the interaction of the particle's dipole and spatial gradient of the electric field. DEP is a subtle solution to manipulate particles and cells at microscale due to its favorable scaling for the reduced size of the system. DEP has been utilized for many applications in microfluidic systems. In this review, a detailed analysis of the modeling of DEP-based manipulation of the particles is provided, and the recent applications regarding the particle manipulation in microfluidic systems (mainly the published works between 2007 and 2010) are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbaros Cetin
- Mechanical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Northern Cyprus Campus, Güzelyurt, Turkey.
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Jungreuthmayer C, Birnbaumer GM, Zanghellini J, Ertl P. 3D numerical simulation of a lab-on-a-chip--increasing measurement sensitivity of interdigitated capacitors by passivation optimization. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:1318-1325. [PMID: 21331426 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00543f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Interdigital electrode structures (IDES) play a major role in many technical and analytical applications. In particular, they are a key technology in modern lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices. As high sensitivity is a key component of any (bio)analytical method, the presented work is aimed at designing a novel dielectric sensing system, which exhibits maximum sensor sensitivity using passivated dielectric microsensors. Although the implementation of high-ε(r) dielectric passivation materials such as tantalum oxide or titanium oxide showed increased sensor sensitivity by a factor of 5, simulations revealed that sensor sensitivity is ultimately determined by the dielectric properties of the analyte. Ideally, dielectric properties of the passivation material need to be adjusted to the dielectric properties of the material under investigation and any deviations (e.g. higher or lower dielectric constants) will result in significant loss of sensitivity. To address these shortcomings we have developed a novel dielectric sensing concept based on a dual-material passivation geometry. The novel design consists of electric flux barriers that are layered between the finger electrodes, as well as electric flux guides which are located above the electrode structures that direct the entire generated electric flux to the object under investigation. Our 3D numerical results clearly show that the novel design offers two main advantages: firstly, the measurement sensitivity is further increased by more than a factor of two in comparison to a homogeneous passivation material sensing strategy. Secondly, maximum sensitivity for a given set of finger geometries can be achieved using a single sensor design regardless of the frequency-dependent dielectric properties of the measured objects. Hence, the novel approach is capable of reducing design and manufacturing costs of lab-on-a-chip devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Jungreuthmayer
- Department of Mobility, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 2, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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