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Durcan C, Hossain M, Chagnon G, Perić D, Girard E. Mechanical experimentation of the gastrointestinal tract: a systematic review. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2024; 23:23-59. [PMID: 37935880 PMCID: PMC10901955 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-023-01773-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) organs of the human body are responsible for transporting and extracting nutrients from food and drink, as well as excreting solid waste. Biomechanical experimentation of the GI organs provides insight into the mechanisms involved in their normal physiological functions, as well as understanding of how diseases can cause disruption to these. Additionally, experimental findings form the basis of all finite element (FE) modelling of these organs, which have a wide array of applications within medicine and engineering. This systematic review summarises the experimental studies that are currently in the literature (n = 247) and outlines the areas in which experimentation is lacking, highlighting what is still required in order to more fully understand the mechanical behaviour of the GI organs. These include (i) more human data, allowing for more accurate modelling for applications within medicine, (ii) an increase in time-dependent studies, and (iii) more sophisticated in vivo testing methods which allow for both the layer- and direction-dependent characterisation of the GI organs. The findings of this review can also be used to identify experimental data for the readers' own constitutive or FE modelling as the experimental studies have been grouped in terms of organ (oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine or rectum), test condition (ex vivo or in vivo), number of directions studied (isotropic or anisotropic), species family (human, porcine, feline etc.), tissue condition (intact wall or layer-dependent) and the type of test performed (biaxial tension, inflation-extension, distension (pressure-diameter), etc.). Furthermore, the studies that investigated the time-dependent (viscoelastic) behaviour of the tissues have been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Durcan
- Zienkiewicz Centre for Modelling, Data and AI, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, TIMC, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Mokarram Hossain
- Zienkiewicz Centre for Modelling, Data and AI, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK.
| | - Grégory Chagnon
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, TIMC, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Djordje Perić
- Zienkiewicz Centre for Modelling, Data and AI, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Edouard Girard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, TIMC, 38000, Grenoble, France
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie des Alpes Françaises, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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Caulk AW, Chatterjee M, Barr SJ, Contini EM. Mechanobiological considerations in colorectal stapling: Implications for technology development. Surg Open Sci 2023; 13:54-65. [PMID: 37159635 PMCID: PMC10163679 DOI: 10.1016/j.sopen.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Technological advancements in minimally invasive surgery have led to significant improvements in patient outcomes. One such technology is surgical stapling, which has evolved into a key component of many operating rooms by facilitating ease and efficacy in resection and repair of diseased or otherwise compromised tissue. Despite such advancements, adverse post-operative outcomes such as anastomotic leak remain a persistent problem in surgical stapling and its correlates (i.e., hand-sewing), most notably in low colorectal or coloanal procedures. Many factors may drive anastomotic leaks, including tissue perfusion, microbiome composition, and patient factors such as pre-existing disease. Surgical intervention induces complex acute and chronic changes to the mechanical environment of the tissue; however, roles of mechanical forces in post-operative healing remain poorly characterized. It is well known that cells sense and respond to their local mechanical environment and that dysfunction of this "mechanosensing" phenomenon contributes to a myriad of diseases. Mechanosensing has been investigated in wound healing contexts such as dermal incisional and excisional wounds and development of pressure ulcers; however, reports investigating roles of mechanical forces in adverse post-operative gastrointestinal wound healing are lacking. To understand this relationship well, it is critical to understand: 1) the intraoperative material responses of tissue to surgical intervention, and 2) the post-operative mechanobiological response of the tissue to surgically imposed forces. In this review, we summarize the state of the field in each of these contexts while highlighting areas of opportunity for discovery and innovation which can positively impact patient outcomes in minimally invasive surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W. Caulk
- Corresponding author at: 60 Middletown Ave., North Haven, CT 06473, USA.
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de Oliveira GR, de Andrade C, Bez ICC, Melo ADB, Almeida VV, Magalhães WLE, Weber SH, Sotomaior CS, Luciano FB, Costa LB. Inclusion of Soybean Hulls ( Glycine max) and Pupunha Peach Palm ( Bactris gasipaes) Nanofibers in the Diet of Growing Rabbits: Effects on Zootechnical Performance and Intestinal Health. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020192. [PMID: 36670732 PMCID: PMC9854772 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the inclusion of nanofibers from soybean hulls and pupunha peach palm heart sheaths in the diet of growing rabbits. Twenty-four New Zealand White rabbits (male and female) were allocated in three experimental groups: control, fed a basal diet; Nanosoy, fed a diet containing 7% soybean-hull nanofibers; and Nanopupunha, fed a diet containing 7% pupunha palm heart-sheath nanofibers. The Nanosoy-group rabbits showed poorer final weight, daily feed intake, and daily weight gain than those in other groups. In the duodenum, villus height, total mucosal thickness, and villus width were higher in rabbits that received nanofiber-supplemented diets than in the controls. Higher villus density and wall thickness were observed in Nanopupunha-fed rabbits than in the controls. In the jejunum, although the crypt depth was higher in Nanosoy-fed rabbits, the villus height:crypt depth ratio was higher in the Nanopupunha-fed group. Nanosoy-fed animals exhibited increased count Enterobacteriaceae populations. Rabbits in both nanofiber-fed groups exhibited higher lactic-acid bacterial counts than those in the control-diet group. Therefore, although the inclusion of 7% Nanopupunha in the diet of rabbits did not alter the performance, it improved intestinal health and increased the lactic-acid bacterial count in the cecum of growing rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geovane Rosa de Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Carla de Andrade
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Isabela Cristina Colaço Bez
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Antonio Diego Brandão Melo
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | | | | | - Saulo Henrique Weber
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Cristina Santos Sotomaior
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Fernando Bittencourt Luciano
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Leandro Batista Costa
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-41-99103-8743
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Głogowski R, Pérez W, Clauss M. Body size and gastrointestinal morphology of nutria (Myocastor coypus) reared on an extensive or intensive feeding regime. J Anim Sci 2020; 96:3728-3737. [PMID: 29912430 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although plasticity of growth rates is mainly associated with ectotherm species, it does occur in endotherms as well, but has not been documented systematically for many species. We compared the effect of 2 common types of feeding systems, differing in energetic value, on body size and gastrointestinal tract morphology in nutrias (Myocastor coypus). A total of 30 extensively (E) fed and 20 intensively (I) fed animals were used in the study. We noted significant effects of age, sex, and feeding regime on body weight and length, with 1-yr-old females attaining 3.7 ± 0.4 kg and 33.4 ± 1.5 cm on E and 4.9 ± 0.3 kg and 36.1 ± 2.3 cm on I. A significant treatment-sex interaction indicated that treatment had a greater effect on the length growth in males (1-yr-old males attaining 4.0 ± 0.2 kg and 34.7 ± 1.2 cm on E and 5.4 ± 0.4 kg and 41.0 ± 1.4 cm on I). The differences matched individual literature reports of free-ranging or intensively fed nutrias. The majority of gastrointestinal tract measurement results were only related to body weight, without additional effect of the diet regime, except for a higher small intestinal tissue weight on I (79 ± 14 g vs. 61 ± 7 g on E). In contrast, the wet content weight of the stomach, caecum, and the total gastrotinestinal tract was higher on E (196 ± 34 g vs. 164 ± 51 g on I). Overall, we observed strong influence of dietary regime on body development but not on digestive anatomy, indicating a distinct phenotypic flexibility in growth rates in nutrias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Głogowski
- Department of Animal Breeding and Production, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - William Pérez
- Área de Anatomía, Facultad de Veterinaria, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Bao L, Zhao J, Liao D, Wang G, Gregersen H. Pressure overload changes mesenteric afferent nerve responses in a stress-dependent way in a fasting rat model. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2020; 19:1741-1753. [PMID: 32072371 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-020-01305-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that overload changes the mechanical properties of biological tissues and fasting changes the responsiveness of intestinal afferents. This study aimed to characterize the effect of overload on mechanosensitivity in mesenteric afferent nerves in normal and fasted Sprague-Dawley rats. Food was restricted for 7 days in the Fasting group. Jejunal whole afferent nerve firing was recorded during three distensions, i.e., ramp distension to 80 cmH2O luminal pressure (D1), sustained distension to 120 cmH2O for 2 min (D2), and again to 80 cmH2O (D3). Multiunit afferent recordings were separated into low-threshold (LT) and wide-dynamic-range (WDR) single-unit activity for D1 and D3. Intestinal deformation (strain), distension load (stress), and firing frequency of mesenteric afferent nerve bundles [spike rate increase ratio (SRIR)] were compared at 20 cmH2O and 40 cmH2O and maximum pressure levels among distensions and groups. SRIR and stress changes showed the same pattern in all distensions. The SRIR and stress were larger in the Fasting group compared to the Control group (P < 0.01). SRIR was lower in D3 compared to D1 in controls (P < 0.05) and fasting rats (P < 0.01). Total single units and LT were significantly lower in Fasting group than in Controls at D3. LT was significantly higher in D3 than in D1 in Controls. Furthermore, correlation was found between SRIR with stress (R = 0.653, P < 0.001). In conclusion, overload decreased afferent mechanosensitivity in a stress-dependent way and was most pronounced in fasting rats. Fasting shifts LT to WDR and high pressure shifts WDR to LT in response to mechanical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxia Bao
- GIOME and the Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education; State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Giome Academia, Aarhus University, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Jingbo Zhao
- GIOME and the Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education; State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Giome Academia, Aarhus University, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Donghua Liao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Giome Academia, Aarhus University, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mech-Sense, Aalborg University Hospital and Clinical Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Guixue Wang
- GIOME and the Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education; State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Hans Gregersen
- GIOME and the Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education; State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China. .,Department of Surgery, GIOME, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, SAR. .,Department of Surgery, Clinical Science Building, GIOME, Prince of Wales Hospital, Ngan Street, Shatin, Hong Kong.
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Bao L, Zhao J, Liao D, Wang G, Gregersen H. Refeeding reverses fasting-induced remodeling of afferent nerve activity in rat small intestine. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 18:1915-1926. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Liu Y, Zhao J, Liao D, Wang G, Gregersen H. Stress-strain analysis of duodenal contractility in response to flow and ramp distension in rabbits fed low-fiber diet. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13476. [PMID: 30246440 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously we demonstrated that low-fiber diet in rabbits affects the passive mechanomorphological properties in the small intestine, resulting in reduced intestinal wall thickness and collagen content, as well as intestinal wall softening. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the contractility in rabbits on long-term low-fiber diet and specifically to compare the contraction threshold, the frequency, and the amplitude of flow-induced and distension-induced contractions in the duodenum between rabbits on normal diet and on long-term low-fiber diet. METHODS Ten rabbits were fed a low-fiber diet for 5 months (Intervention group), and five rabbits were fed normal diet (Control group). The duodenal segments were used for determination of mechanical parameters for analyses of contractility. The duodenal experiments were carried out in organ baths containing physiological Krebs solution. Pressure and diameter changes induced by contractions in response to flow and ramp distension were measured. The frequencies and amplitude of contractions were analyzed. Distension-induced contraction thresholds and maximum contraction amplitude of flow-induced contractions were calculated in terms of mechanical stress and strain. Multiple linear regression analyses were applied to study dependencies between contractility parameters and wall thickness, wall area, and muscle layer thickness. KEY RESULTS During distension, the pressure, stress, and strain thresholds for induction of phasic contraction were biggest in the Intervention Group (P < 0.05). In addition, the contraction frequencies during flow-induced contraction were highest in the Intervention Group (P < 0.05), whereas the maximum contraction amplitudes in terms of pressure, diameter, stress, and strain were lowest in the Intervention Group (P < 0.05). The contraction thresholds and contraction frequencies were negatively associated with the wall thickness, wall area, and muscle layer thickness, whereas maximum contraction amplitudes were positively associated with the wall thickness, wall area, and muscle layer thickness. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Duodenal contractility in rabbits fed with long-term low-fiber diet exhibited low contraction amplitudes and high contraction thresholds and frequencies. The changes were associated with the low-fiber diet-induced histomorphological remodeling. Studies on detailed structural and functional diet-induced changes in smooth muscle and intestinal nerves are needed for better understanding the remodeling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- GIOME and the Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,GIOME Academia, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Zhuhai Da Hengqin Technology Development Co. Ltd., Zhuhai, China
| | - Jingbo Zhao
- GIOME and the Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,GIOME Academia, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Donghua Liao
- GIOME Academia, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Guixue Wang
- GIOME and the Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hans Gregersen
- GIOME and the Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,GIOME, Department of Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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