1
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Rojas-González DM, Babendreyer A, Ludwig A, Mela P. Analysis of flow-induced transcriptional response and cell alignment of different sources of endothelial cells used in vascular tissue engineering. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14384. [PMID: 37658092 PMCID: PMC10474151 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41247-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelialization of tissue-engineered vascular grafts has proven crucial for implant functionality and thus clinical outcome, however, the choice of endothelial cells (ECs) is often driven by availability rather than by the type of vessel to be replaced. In this work we studied the response to flow of different human ECs with the aim of examining whether their response in vitro is dictated by their original in vivo conditions. Arterial, venous, and microvascular ECs were cultured under shear stress (SS) of 0, 0.3, 3, 1, 10, and 30 dyne/cm2 for 24 h. Regulation of flow-induced marker KLF2 was similar across the different ECs. Upregulation of anti-thrombotic markers, TM and TPA, was mainly seen at higher SS. Cell elongation and alignment was observed for the different ECs at 10 and 30 dyne/cm2 while at lower SS cells maintained a random orientation. Downregulation of pro-inflammatory factors SELE, IL8, and VCAM1 and up-regulation of anti-oxidant markers NQO1 and HO1 was present even at SS for which cell alignment was not observed. Our results evidenced similarities in the response to flow among the different ECs, suggesting that the maintenance of the resting state in vitro is not dictated by the SS typical of the tissue of origin and that absence of flow-induced cell orientation does not necessarily correlate with a pro-inflammatory state of the ECs. These results support the use of ECs from easily accessible sources for in vitro vascular tissue engineering independently from the target vessel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Rojas-González
- Department of Biohybrid & Medical Textiles (BioTex) at Center of Biohybrid Medical Systems (CBMS), AME-Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 55, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Chair of Medical Materials and Implants, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering and Design and Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Aaron Babendreyer
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Petra Mela
- Department of Biohybrid & Medical Textiles (BioTex) at Center of Biohybrid Medical Systems (CBMS), AME-Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 55, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
- Chair of Medical Materials and Implants, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering and Design and Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr 15, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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2
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Sun L, Li X, Yang T, Lu T, Du P, Jing C, Chen Z, Lin F, Zhao G, Zhao L. Construction of spider silk protein small-caliber tissue engineering vascular grafts based on dynamic culture and its performance evaluation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2023; 111:71-87. [PMID: 36129207 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is an alternative method for preparing small-caliber (<6 mm) vascular grafts. Dynamic mechanical conditioning is being researched as a method to improve mechanical properties of tissue engineered blood vessels. This method attempts to induce unique reaction in implanted cells that regenerate the matrix around them, thereby improving the overall mechanical stability of the grafts. In this study, we used a bioreactor to seed endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells into the inner and outer layers of the electrospun spider silk protein scaffold respectively to construct vascular grafts. The cell proliferation, mechanical properties, blood compatibility and other indicators of the vascular grafts were characterized in vitro. Furthermore, the vascular grafts were implanted in Sprague Dawley rats, and the vascular grafts' patency, extracellular matrix formation, and inflammatory response were evaluated in vivo. We aimed to construct spider silk protein vascular grafts with the potential for in vivo implantation by using a pulsating flow bioreactor. The results showed that, when compared with the static culture condition, the dynamic culture condition improved cell proliferation on vascular scaffolds and enhanced mechanical function of vascular scaffolds. In vivo experiments also showed that the dynamic culture of vascular grafts was more beneficial for the extracellular matrix deposition and anti-thrombogenesis, as well as reducing the inflammatory response of vascular grafts. In conclusion, dynamic mechanical conditioning aid in the resolution of challenges impeding the application of electrospun scaffolds and have the potential to construct small-caliber blood vessels with regenerative function for cardiovascular tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Sun
- College of Life Science and Technology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiafei Li
- College of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Tuo Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Tian Lu
- College of Life Science and Technology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Pengchong Du
- College of Life Science and Technology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Changqin Jing
- College of Life Science and Technology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Mitochondrion Biomedical of Heart, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Cardiovascular Injury and Repair, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Fei Lin
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Mitochondrion Biomedical of Heart, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Cardiovascular Injury and Repair, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Guoan Zhao
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Mitochondrion Biomedical of Heart, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Cardiovascular Injury and Repair, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Engineering Research Center for Mitochondrion Biomedical of Heart, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Cardiovascular Injury and Repair, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,The Central Lab, The Third People Hospital of Datong, Datong, China
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3
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Kimna C, Miller Naranjo B, Eckert F, Fan D, Arcuti D, Mela P, Lieleg O. Tailored mechanosensitive nanogels release drugs upon exposure to different levels of stenosis. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:17196-17209. [PMID: 36226684 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03292a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the unhealthy lifestyle and genetic susceptibility of today's population, atherosclerosis is one of the global leading causes of life-threatening cardiovascular diseases. Although a rapid intervention is required for severe blood vessel constrictions, a systemic administration of anticoagulant drugs is not the preferred method of choice as the associated risk of bleeding complications is high. In this study, we present mechanosensitive nanogels that exhibit tunable degrees of disintegration upon exposure to different levels of stenosis. Those nanogels can be further functionalized to encapsulate charged drug molecules such as heparin, and they efficiently release their cargo when passing stenotic constrictions; however, passive drug leakage in the absence of mechanical shear stress is very low. Furthermore, heparin molecules liberated from those mechanosensitive nanogels show a similar blood clot lysis efficiency as the free drug molecules, which demonstrates that drug encapsulation into those nanogels does not interfere with the functionality of the cargo. Thus, the hemocompatible and mechanoresponsive nanogels developed here represent a smart and efficient drug delivery platform that can offer safer solutions for vascular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Kimna
- School of Engineering and Design, Department of Materials Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Center for Protein Assemblies (CPA) and Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer Straße 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Bernardo Miller Naranjo
- School of Engineering and Design, Department of Materials Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Center for Protein Assemblies (CPA) and Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer Straße 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Franziska Eckert
- School of Engineering and Design, Department of Materials Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Center for Protein Assemblies (CPA) and Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer Straße 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Di Fan
- School of Engineering and Design, Department of Materials Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Center for Protein Assemblies (CPA) and Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer Straße 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Dario Arcuti
- Medical Materials and Implants, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Petra Mela
- Medical Materials and Implants, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Oliver Lieleg
- School of Engineering and Design, Department of Materials Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Center for Protein Assemblies (CPA) and Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer Straße 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
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4
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Mitchell TC, Feng NL, Lam YT, Michael P, Santos M, Wise SG. Engineering vascular bioreactor systems to closely mimic physiological forces in vitro. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B: REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2022.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Mitchell
- The University of Sydney, 4334, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
| | - Nicolas L Feng
- The University of Sydney, 4334, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
| | - Yuen Ting Lam
- The University of Sydney, 4334, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
| | - Praveesuda Michael
- The University of Sydney, 4334, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
| | - Miguel Santos
- The University of Sydney, 4334, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
| | - Steven G Wise
- The University of Sydney, 4334, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
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5
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Fell CA, Brooks-Richards TL, Woodruff M, Allenby MC. Soft pneumatic actuators for mimicking multi-axial femoropopliteal artery mechanobiology. Biofabrication 2022; 14. [PMID: 35378520 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac63ef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Tissue biomanufacturing aims to produce lab-grown stem cell grafts and biomimetic drug testing platforms but remains limited in its ability to recapitulate native tissue mechanics. The emerging field of soft robotics aims to emulate dynamic physiological locomotion, representing an ideal approach to recapitulate physiologically complex mechanical stimuli and enhance patient-specific tissue maturation. The kneecap's femoropopliteal artery (FPA) represents a highly flexible tissue across multiple axes during blood flow, walking, standing, and crouching positions, and these complex biomechanics are implicated in the FPA's frequent presentation of peripheral artery disease. We developed a soft pneumatically actuated (SPA) cell culture platform to investigate how patient-specific FPA mechanics affect lab-grown arterial tissues. Silicone hyperelastomers were screened for flexibility and biocompatibility, then additively manufactured into SPAs using a simulation-based design workflow to mimic normal and diseased FPA extensions in radial, angular, and longitudinal dimensions. SPA culture platforms were seeded with mesenchymal stem cells, connected to a pneumatic controller, and provided with 24-hour multi-axial exercise schedules to demonstrate the effect of dynamic conditioning on cell alignment, collagen production, and muscle differentiation without additional growth factors. Soft robotic bioreactors are promising platforms for recapitulating patient-, disease-, and lifestyle-specific mechanobiology for understanding disease, treatment simulations, and lab-grown tissue grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody A Fell
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering; Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4001, AUSTRALIA
| | - Trent L Brooks-Richards
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering; Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4001, AUSTRALIA
| | - Mia Woodruff
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering; Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Brisbane, Queensland, 4001, AUSTRALIA
| | - Mark Colin Allenby
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Andrew N. Liveris Building, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, AUSTRALIA
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6
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Blume C, Kraus X, Heene S, Loewner S, Stanislawski N, Cholewa F, Blume H. Vascular implants – new aspects for in situ tissue engineering. Eng Life Sci 2022; 22:344-360. [PMID: 35382534 PMCID: PMC8961049 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202100100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional synthetic vascular grafts require ongoing anticoagulation, and autologous venous grafts are often not available in elderly patients. This review highlights the development of bioartificial vessels replacing brain‐dead donor‐ or animal‐deriving vessels with ongoing immune reactivity. The vision for such bio‐hybrids exists in a combination of biodegradable scaffolds and seeding with immune‐neutral cells, and here different cells sources such as autologous progenitor cells or stem cells are relevant. This kind of in situ tissue engineering depends on a suitable bioreactor system with elaborate monitoring systems, three‐dimensional (3D) visualization and a potential of cell conditioning into the direction of the targeted vascular cell phenotype. Necessary bioreactor tools for dynamic and pulsatile cultivation are described. In addition, a concept for design of vasa vasorum is outlined, that is needed for sustainable nutrition of the wall structure in large caliber vessels. For scaffold design and cell adhesion additives, different materials and technologies are discussed. 3D printing is introduced as a relatively new field with promising prospects, for example, to create complex geometries or micro‐structured surfaces for optimal cell adhesion and ingrowth in a standardized and custom designed procedure. Summarizing, a bio‐hybrid vascular prosthesis from a controlled biotechnological process is thus coming more and more into view. It has the potential to withstand strict approval requirements applied for advanced therapy medicinal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Blume
- Institute for Technical Chemistry Leibniz University Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Xenia Kraus
- Institute for Technical Chemistry Leibniz University Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Sebastian Heene
- Institute for Technical Chemistry Leibniz University Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Sebastian Loewner
- Institute for Technical Chemistry Leibniz University Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Nils Stanislawski
- Institute for Microelectronic Systems Leibniz University Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Fabian Cholewa
- Institute for Microelectronic Systems Leibniz University Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Holger Blume
- Institute for Microelectronic Systems Leibniz University Hannover Hannover Germany
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7
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Helms F, Haverich A, Wilhelmi M, Böer U. Establishment of a Modular Hemodynamic Simulator for Accurate In Vitro Simulation of Physiological and Pathological Pressure Waveforms in Native and Bioartificial Blood Vessels. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2021; 13:291-306. [PMID: 34558032 PMCID: PMC9114050 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-021-00577-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose In vitro stimulation of native and bioartificial vessels in perfusable systems simulating natural mechanical environments of the human vasculature represents an emerging approach in cardiovascular research. Promising results have been achieved for applications in both regenerative medicine and etiopathogenetic investigations. However, accurate and reliable simulation of the wide variety of physiological and pathological pressure environments observed in different vessels still remains an unmet challenge. Methods We established a modular hemodynamic simulator (MHS) with interchangeable and modifiable components suitable for the perfusion of native porcine—(i.e. the aorta, brachial and radial arteries and the inferior vena cava) and bioartificial fibrin-based vessels with anatomical site specific pressure curves. Additionally, different pathological pressure waveforms associated with cardiovascular diseases including hyper- and hypotension, tachy- and bradycardia, aortic valve stenosis and insufficiency, heart failure, obstructive cardiomyopathy and arterial stiffening were simulated. Pressure curves, cyclic distension and shear stress were measured for each vessel and compared to ideal clinical pressure waveforms. Results The pressure waveforms obtained in the MHS showed high similarity to the ideal anatomical site specific pressure curves of different vessel types. Moreover, the system facilitated accurate emulation of physiological and different pathological pressure conditions in small diameter fibrin-based vessels. Conclusion The MHS serves as a variable in vitro platform for accurate emulation of physiological and pathological pressure environments in biological probes. Potential applications of the system include bioartificial vessel maturation in cardiovascular tissue engineering approaches as well as etiopathogenetic investigations of various cardiovascular pathologies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13239-021-00577-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Helms
- Hannover Medical School, Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Axel Haverich
- Hannover Medical School, Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,Division for Cardiothoracic-, Transplantation- and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mathias Wilhelmi
- Hannover Medical School, Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Vascular- and Endovascular Surgery, St. Bernward Hospital, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Ulrike Böer
- Hannover Medical School, Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,Division for Cardiothoracic-, Transplantation- and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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8
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Grab M, Stieglmeier F, Emrich J, Grefen L, Leone A, König F, Hagl C, Thierfelder N. Customized 3D printed bioreactors for decellularization-High efficiency and quality on a budget. Artif Organs 2021; 45:1477-1490. [PMID: 34219220 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Decellularization (DC) of biomaterials with bioreactors is widely used to produce scaffolds for tissue engineering. This study uses 3D printing to develop efficient but low-cost DC bioreactors. Two bioreactors were developed to decellularize pericardial patches and vascular grafts. Flow profiles and pressure distribution inside the bioreactors were optimized by steady-state computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. Printing materials were evaluated by cytotoxicity assessment. Following evaluation, all parts of the bioreactors were 3D printed in a commercial fused deposition modeling printer. Samples of bovine pericardia and porcine aortae were decellularized using established protocols. An immersion and agitation setup was used as a control. With histological assessment, DNA quantification and biomechanical testing treatment effects were evaluated. CFD analysis of the pericardial bioreactor revealed even flow and pressure distribution in between all pericardia. The CFD analysis of the vessel bioreactor showed increased intraluminal flow rate and pressure compared to the vessel's outside. Cytotoxicity assessment of the used printing material revealed no adverse effect on the tissue. Complete DC was achieved for all samples using the 3D printed bioreactors while DAPI staining revealed residual cells in aortic vessels of the control group. Histological analysis showed no structural changes in the decellularized samples. Additionally, biomechanical properties exhibited no significant change compared to native samples. This study presents a novel approach to manufacturing highly efficient and low budget 3D printed bioreactors for the DC of biomaterials. When compared to standard protocols, the bioreactors offer a cost effective, fast, and reproducible approach, which vastly improves the DC results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Grab
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,Chair of Medical Materials and Implants, Technical University, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Stieglmeier
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jessica Emrich
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Linda Grefen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ariane Leone
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian König
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,Chair of Medical Materials and Implants, Technical University, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Hagl
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
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9
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Çelebi-Saltik B, Öteyaka MÖ, Gökçinar-Yagci B. Stem cell-based small-diameter vascular grafts in dynamic culture. Connect Tissue Res 2021; 62:151-163. [PMID: 31379220 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2019.1651848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Transplantation of autologous and/or allogeneic blood vessels is the most convenient treatment for vascular diseases. With regard to extensive need for blood vessels, developments in vascular tissue engineering are contributing greatly. In this study, our aim is to create intact small-diameter tubular vascular grafts cultivated in pulsatile flow bioreactor. Materials and Methods: CD146+ cell-based small-diameter vascular grafts were fabricated with ECM/glycosaminoglycans and polyurethane nanofibers. Characterization of the vascular graft was performed by SEM and WST-1. To mimic blood circulation in the bioreactor, human CD34+ cells cultured in megakaryocytes/platelets medium; then these cells were transferred inside of the vascular graft to mimic blood circulation. Cell differentiation was evaluated by flow cytometry and colony assay. Wright-Giemsa staining and polyploidy analysis were performed to show the differentiated cell population inside of the vascular graft. Anti-thrombogenic properties of the blood vessel were demonstrated by IF. Results: Polyurethane nanofibers provided a suitable environment for Human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and no significant cytotoxic effect was observed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the tubular graft showed that under perfusion HUVECs, smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and fibroblasts formed layers that aligned on each other, respectively. The vascular graft was strong with a tensile strength of 0.70 MPa and elastic modulus of 0.007 GPa. When cultured in a bioreactor system, platelet adhesion to the vascular graft was remarkably low. Conclusion: In conclusion, this vascular graft may hold the potential to regenerate functional small-diameter vessels for cardiovascular tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betül Çelebi-Saltik
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Hacettepe University , Ankara, Turkey.,Center for Stem Cell Research and Development, Hacettepe University , Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Özgür Öteyaka
- Mechatronic Program, Eskişehir Vocational School, Eskişehir Osmangazi University , Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Beyza Gökçinar-Yagci
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Hacettepe University , Ankara, Turkey.,Center for Stem Cell Research and Development, Hacettepe University , Ankara, Turkey
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10
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Venous and Arterial Endothelial Cells from Human Umbilical Cords: Potential Cell Sources for Cardiovascular Research. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020978. [PMID: 33478148 PMCID: PMC7835953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cardiovascular devices are mostly implanted in arteries or to replace arteries, in vitro studies on implant endothelialization are commonly performed with human umbilical cord-derived venous endothelial cells (HUVEC). In light of considerable differences, both morphologically and functionally, between arterial and venous endothelial cells, we here compare HUVEC and human umbilical cord-derived arterial endothelial cells (HUAEC) regarding their equivalence as an endothelial cell in vitro model for cardiovascular research. No differences were found in either for the tested parameters. The metabolic activity and lactate dehydrogenase, an indicator for the membrane integrity, slightly decreased over seven days of cultivation upon normalization to the cell number. The amount of secreted nitrite and nitrate, as well as prostacyclin per cell, also decreased slightly over time. Thromboxane B2 was secreted in constant amounts per cell at all time points. The Von Willebrand factor remained mainly intracellularly up to seven days of cultivation. In contrast, collagen and laminin were secreted into the extracellular space with increasing cell density. Based on these results one might argue that both cell types are equally suited for cardiovascular research. However, future studies should investigate further cell functionalities, and whether arterial endothelial cells from implantation-relevant areas, such as coronary arteries in the heart, are superior to umbilical cord-derived endothelial cells.
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11
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Kraus X, Pflaum M, Thoms S, Jonczyk R, Witt M, Scheper T, Blume C. A pre-conditioning protocol of peripheral blood derived endothelial colony forming cells for endothelialization of tissue engineered constructs. Microvasc Res 2020; 134:104107. [PMID: 33212112 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2020.104107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In regenerative medicine, autologous endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) bear the greatest potential to be used for surface endothelialization of tissue engineered constructs, as they are easily attainable and possess a high proliferation rate. The aim of this study was to develop a standardized pre-conditioning protocol under dynamic conditions simulating the physiology of human circulation to improve the formation of a flow resistant monolayer of ECFCs and to enhance the antithrombogenicity of the endothelial cells. The main focus of the study was to consequently compare the cellular behavior under a steady laminar flow against a pulsatile flow. Mononuclear cells were isolated out of peripheral blood (PB) buffy coats and plated on uncoated tissue culture flasks in anticipation of guidelines for Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products. ECFCs were identified by typical surface markers such as CD31, CD146 and VE-Cadherin. To explore the effects of dynamic cultivation, ECFCs and human umbilical vein endothelial cells were comparatively cultured under either laminar or pulsatile (1 Hz) flow conditions with different grades of shear stress (5 dyn/cm2versus 20 dyn/cm2). High shear stress of 20 dyn/cm2 led to a significant upregulation of the antithrombotic gene marker thrombomodulin in both cell types, but only ECFCs orientated and elongated significantly after shear stress application forming a confluent endothelial cell layer. The work therefore documents a suitable protocol to pre-condition PB-derived ECFCs for sustainable endothelialization of blood contacting surfaces and provides essential knowledge for future cultivations in bioreactor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Kraus
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Callinstr. 5, D-30167 Hannover, Germany; Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Michael Pflaum
- Department for Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefanie Thoms
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Callinstr. 5, D-30167 Hannover, Germany; Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Rebecca Jonczyk
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Callinstr. 5, D-30167 Hannover, Germany; Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Witt
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Callinstr. 5, D-30167 Hannover, Germany; Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Callinstr. 5, D-30167 Hannover, Germany; Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Cornelia Blume
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Callinstr. 5, D-30167 Hannover, Germany; Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), 30625 Hannover, Germany
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12
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Stanislawski N, Cholewa F, Heymann H, Kraus X, Heene S, Witt M, Thoms S, Blume C, Blume H. Automated Bioreactor System for the Cultivation of Autologous Tissue-Engineered Vascular Grafts. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:2257-2261. [PMID: 33018457 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In an aging society, diseases associated with irreversible damage of organs are frequent. An increasing percentage of patients requires bioartificial tissue or organ substitutes. Tissue engineering products depend on a well-defined process to ensure successful cultivation while meeting high regulatory demands. The goal of the presented work is the development of a bioreactor system for the cultivation of tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) for autologous implantation and transition from a lab scale setup to standardized production. Key characteristics include (i) the automated reliable monitoring and control of a wide-range of parameters regarding implant conditioning, (ii) easy and sterile setup and operation, (iii) reasonable costs of disposables, and (iv) parallelization of automated cultivation processes. The presented prototype bioreactor system provides comprehensive physiologically conditioning, sensing, and imaging functionality to meet all requirements for the successful cultivation of vascular grafts on a productional scale.
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13
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Antonyshyn JA, D'''''Costa KA, Santerre JP. Advancing tissue-engineered vascular grafts via their endothelialization and mechanical conditioning. THE JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY 2020; 61:555-576. [PMID: 32909708 DOI: 10.23736/s0021-9509.20.11582-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering has garnered significant attention for its potential to address the predominant modes of failure of small diameter vascular prostheses, namely mid-graft thrombosis and anastomotic intimal hyperplasia. In this review, we described two main features underpinning the promise of tissue-engineered vascular grafts: the incorporation of an antithrombogenic endothelium, and the generation of a structurally and biomechanically mimetic extracellular matrix. From the early attempts at the in-vitro endothelialization of vascular prostheses in the 1970s through to the ongoing clinical trials of fully tissue-engineered vascular grafts, the historical advancements and unresolved challenges that characterize the current state-of-the-art are summarized in a manner that establishes a guide for the development of an effective vascular prosthesis for small diameter arterial reconstruction. The importance of endothelial cell purity and their arterial specification for the prevention of both diffuse neointimal hyperplasia and the accelerated development of atherosclerotic lesions is delineated. Additionally, the need for an extracellular matrix that recapitulates both the composition and structure of native elastic arteries to facilitate the protracted stability and patency of an engineered vasoactive conduit is described. Finally, the capacity of alternative sources of cells and mechanical conditioning to overcome these technical barriers to the clinical translation of an effective small diameter vascular prosthesis is discussed. In conclusion, this review provides an overview of the historical development of tissue-engineered vascular grafts, highlighting specific areas warranting further research, and commentating on the outlook of a clinically feasible and therapeutically efficacious vascular prosthesis for small diameter arterial reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Antonyshyn
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Katya A D'''''Costa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Paul Santerre
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada - .,Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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14
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Tsukada J, Wolf F, Vogt F, Schaaps N, Thoröe-Boveleth S, Keijdener H, Jankowski J, Tsukada H, Jockenhövel S, Jinzaki M, Schmitz-Rode T, Mela P. Development of in vitro endothelialized drug-eluting stent using human peripheral blood-derived endothelial progenitor cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 14:1415-1427. [PMID: 32668066 DOI: 10.1002/term.3107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We propose in vitro endothelialization of drug-eluting stents (DES) to overcome late stent thrombosis by directly introducing late-outgrowth human endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) at the target site utilizing abluminal DES. Isolated EPCs were confirmed as late-outgrowth EPCs by flow cytometric analysis. Abluminally paclitaxel-loaded stents were seeded with different cell concentrations and durations to determine optimal seeding conditions, in both uncrimped and crimped configurations. The seeding yield was determined by evaluating the percent coverage of the stent struts' area. The EPC-seeded DES were exposed to arterial shear stress to evaluate the effect of high shear stress on EPCs. To investigate how much paclitaxel elutes during the seeding procedure, a pharmacokinetic analysis was performed. Finally, to validate the proof of concept, EPC-seeded DES were placed on a fibrin matrix with and without smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and cultured for 3 days under perfusion. The seeding procedure resulted in 47% and 26% coverage of the stent surface in uncrimped and crimped conditions, respectively. After the optimal seeding, almost 99% of drug was still available. When EPC-seeded DES were placed on a fibrin matrix and cultured for 3 days, the EPCs confluently covered the stent surface and spread to the surrounding fibrin gel. When EPC-seeded DES were placed on SMC-containing fibrin layers, cells in contact with the struts died. EPCs can be successfully seeded onto DES without losing drug-eluting capability, and EPCs exhibit sufficient proliferative ability. EPC-seeded DES may combine early re-endothelialization ability with the antirestenotic effectiveness of DES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitsuro Tsukada
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Frederic Wolf
- Department of Biohybrid & Medical Textiles (Biotex), AME - Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Vogt
- Department of Cardiology, Pneumology, Angiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicole Schaaps
- Department of Cardiology, Pneumology, Angiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sven Thoröe-Boveleth
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hans Keijdener
- Department of Biohybrid & Medical Textiles (Biotex), AME - Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hiroko Tsukada
- Department of Surgery II, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Stefan Jockenhövel
- Department of Biohybrid & Medical Textiles (Biotex), AME - Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Masahiro Jinzaki
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thomas Schmitz-Rode
- AME - Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Petra Mela
- Department of Biohybrid & Medical Textiles (Biotex), AME - Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Medical Materials and Implants, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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15
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Fernández-Colino A, Wolf F, Rütten S, Schmitz-Rode T, Rodríguez-Cabello JC, Jockenhoevel S, Mela P. Small Caliber Compliant Vascular Grafts Based on Elastin-Like Recombinamers for in situ Tissue Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:340. [PMID: 31803735 PMCID: PMC6877483 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide, but surgical options are restricted by the limited availability of autologous vessels, and the suboptimal performance of prosthetic vascular grafts. This is especially evident for coronary artery by-pass grafts, whose small caliber is associated with a high occlusion propensity. Despite the potential of tissue-engineered grafts, compliance mismatch, dilatation, thrombus formation, and the lack of functional elastin are still major limitations leading to graft failure. This calls for advanced materials and fabrication schemes to achieve improved control on the grafts' properties and performance. Here, bioinspired materials and technical textile components are combined to create biohybrid cell-free implants for endogenous tissue regeneration. Clickable elastin-like recombinamers are processed to form an open macroporous 3D architecture to favor cell ingrowth, while being endowed with the non-thrombogenicity and the elastic behavior of the native elastin. The textile components (i.e., warp-knitted and electrospun meshes) are designed to confer suture retention, long-term structural stability, burst strength, and compliance. Notably, by controlling the electrospun layer's thickness, the compliance can be modulated over a wide range of values encompassing those of native vessels. The grafts support cell ingrowth, extracellular matrix deposition and endothelium development in vitro. Overall, the fabrication strategy results in promising off-the-shelf hemocompatible vascular implants for in situ tissue engineering by addressing the known limitations of bioartificial vessel substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Fernández-Colino
- Department of Biohybrid & Medical Textiles (BioTex), AME-Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frederic Wolf
- Department of Biohybrid & Medical Textiles (BioTex), AME-Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephan Rütten
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmitz-Rode
- AME-Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Jockenhoevel
- Department of Biohybrid & Medical Textiles (BioTex), AME-Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,AMIBM-Aachen-Maastricht-Institute for Biobased Materials, Maastricht University, Geleen, Netherlands
| | - Petra Mela
- Department of Biohybrid & Medical Textiles (BioTex), AME-Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Medical Materials and Implants, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
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16
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MR and PET-CT monitoring of tissue-engineered vascular grafts in the ovine carotid artery. Biomaterials 2019; 216:119228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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17
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A versatile perfusion bioreactor and endothelializable photo cross-linked tubes of gelatin methacryloyl as promising tools in tissue engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 64:397-406. [DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2018-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Size and function of bioartificial tissue models are still limited due to the lack of blood vessels and dynamic perfusion for nutrient supply. In this study, we evaluated the use of cytocompatible methacryl-modified gelatin for the fabrication of a hydrogel-based tube by dip-coating and subsequent photo-initiated cross-linking. The wall thickness of the tubes and the diameter were tuned by the degree of gelatin methacryl-modification and the number of dipping cycles. The dipping temperature of the gelatin solution was adjusted to achieve low viscous fluids of approximately 0.1 Pa s and was different for gelatin derivatives with different modification degrees. A versatile perfusion bioreactor for the supply of surrounding tissue models was developed, which can be adapted to several geometries and sizes of blood-vessel mimicking tubes. The manufactured bendable gelatin tubes were permeable for water and dissolved substances, like Nile Blue and serum albumin. As a proof of concept, human fibroblasts in a three-dimensional collagen tissue model were successfully supplied with nutrients via the central gelatin tube under dynamic conditions for 2 days. Moreover, the tubes could be used as scaffolds to build-up a functional and viable endothelial layer. Hence, the presented tools can contribute to solving current challenges in tissue engineering.
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18
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Blaeser A, Heilshorn SC, Duarte Campos DF. Smart Bioinks as de novo Building Blocks to Bioengineer Living Tissues. Gels 2019; 5:E29. [PMID: 31121889 PMCID: PMC6630496 DOI: 10.3390/gels5020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro tissues and 3D in vitro models have come of age [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Blaeser
- Medical Textiles and Biofabrication, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Sarah C Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Daniela F Duarte Campos
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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