1
|
de Caro T, Toro RG, Cassone L, Barbaccia FI, Zaratti C, Colasanti IA, La Russa MF, Macchia A. Functionalization of Artwork Packaging Materials Utilizing Ag-Doped TiO 2 and ZnO Nanoparticles. Molecules 2024; 29:3712. [PMID: 39125115 PMCID: PMC11314615 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Most of the artworks stored in museums are often kept in inappropriate climatic and environmental conditions that facilitate the formation and growth of microorganisms, such as fungi, which are responsible for many types of biodegradation phenomena. To mitigate and prevent these deteriorative processes, functionalized packaging materials can be used for the storage and handling of artworks. The aim of this study was to develop a potential anti-biodeterioration coating suitable for packaging purposes. TiO2 and ZnO doped with different amounts of Ag (0.5 wt%, 1 wt%, and 3 wt%) were synthesized and dispersed in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and acrylic resin (Paraloid B72), then applied on different types of packaging materials (cellulose and the high-density spunbound polyethylene fiber Tyvek®, materials that are frequently used as packaging in museums). Analytical investigations (SEM/EDS, Raman, FTIR, and XRD) were employed to assess dispersion on the packaging material. Furthermore, resistance against biodeteriogens was assessed using Cladosporium sp., a bioluminometer, to define the biocidal efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tilde de Caro
- CNR-ISMN, Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Strada Provinciale 35 d n. 9, 00010 Rome, Italy;
| | - Roberta Grazia Toro
- CNR-ISMN, Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Strada Provinciale 35 d n. 9, 00010 Rome, Italy;
| | - Luminita Cassone
- Youth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage (YOCOCU APS), Via T. Tasso 108, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (I.A.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Francesca Irene Barbaccia
- Youth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage (YOCOCU APS), Via T. Tasso 108, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (I.A.C.); (A.M.)
- Department of Technological Innovation Engineering, Digital Technologies for Industry 4.0, International Telematic University Uninettuno, Corso Vittorio Emanuele II 39, 00186 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Irene Angela Colasanti
- Youth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage (YOCOCU APS), Via T. Tasso 108, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (I.A.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Mauro Francesco La Russa
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DIBEST), University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, Arcavacata, 87036 Rende, Italy;
| | - Andrea Macchia
- Youth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage (YOCOCU APS), Via T. Tasso 108, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (I.A.C.); (A.M.)
- Lab4Green, Via T. Tasso 108, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Szulc J, Okrasa M, Nowak A, Ryngajłło M, Nizioł J, Kuźniar A, Ruman T, Gutarowska B. Uncontrolled Post-Industrial Landfill-Source of Metals, Potential Toxic Compounds, Dust, and Pathogens in Environment-A Case Study. Molecules 2024; 29:1496. [PMID: 38611776 PMCID: PMC11013361 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this case study was the evaluation of the selected metals' concentration, potential toxic compound identification, cytotoxicity analysis, estimation of the airborne dust concentration, biodiversity, and number of microorganisms in the environment (leachate, soil, air) of the biggest uncontrolled post-industrial landfills in Poland. Based on the results obtained, preliminary solutions for the future management of post-industrial objects that have become an uncontrolled landfill were indicated. In the air, the PM1 fraction dominated, constituting 78.1-98.2% of the particulate matter. Bacterial counts were in the ranges of 9.33 × 101-3.21 × 103 CFU m-3 (air), 1.87 × 105-2.30 × 106 CFU mL-1 (leachates), and 8.33 × 104-2.69 × 106 CFU g-1 (soil). In the air, the predominant bacteria were Cellulosimicrobium and Stenotrophomonas. The predominant fungi were Mycosphaerella, Cladosporium, and Chalastospora. The main bacteria in the leachates and soils were Acinetobacter, Mortierella, Proteiniclasticum, Caloramator, and Shewanella. The main fungi in the leachates and soils were Lindtneria. Elevated concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Hg were detected. The soil showed the most pronounced cytotoxic potential, with rates of 36.55%, 63.08%, and 100% for the A-549, Caco-2, and A-549 cell lines. Nine compounds were identified which may be responsible for this cytotoxic effect, including 2,4,8-trimethylquinoline, benzo(f)quinoline, and 1-(m-tolyl)isoquinoline. The microbiome included bacteria and fungi potentially metabolizing toxic compounds and pathogenic species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Szulc
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-530 Łódź, Poland; (A.N.); (B.G.)
| | - Małgorzata Okrasa
- Department of Personal Protective Equipment, Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, 90-133 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Adriana Nowak
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-530 Łódź, Poland; (A.N.); (B.G.)
| | - Małgorzata Ryngajłło
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-573 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Joanna Nizioł
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; (J.N.); (A.K.); (T.R.)
| | - Anna Kuźniar
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; (J.N.); (A.K.); (T.R.)
| | - Tomasz Ruman
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; (J.N.); (A.K.); (T.R.)
| | - Beata Gutarowska
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-530 Łódź, Poland; (A.N.); (B.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zalar P, Graf Hriberšek D, Gostinčar C, Breskvar M, Džeroski S, Matul M, Novak Babič M, Čremožnik Zupančič J, Kujović A, Gunde-Cimerman N, Kavkler K. Xerophilic fungi contaminating historically valuable easel paintings from Slovenia. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1258670. [PMID: 38029120 PMCID: PMC10653331 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1258670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically valuable canvas paintings are often exposed to conditions enabling microbial deterioration. Painting materials, mainly of organic origin, in combination with high humidity and other environmental conditions, favor microbial metabolism and growth. These preconditions are often present during exhibitions or storage in old buildings, such as churches and castles, and also in museum storage depositories. The accumulated dust serves as an inoculum for both indoor and outdoor fungi. In our study, we present the results on cultivable fungi isolated from 24 canvas paintings, mainly exhibited in Slovenian sacral buildings, dating from the 16th to 21st centuries. Fungi were isolated from the front and back of damaged and undamaged surfaces of the paintings using culture media with high- and low-water activity. A total of 465 isolates were identified using current taxonomic DNA markers and assigned to 37 genera and 98 species. The most abundant genus was Aspergillus, represented by 32 species, of which 9 xerophilic species are for the first time mentioned in contaminated paintings. In addition to the most abundant xerophilic A. vitricola, A. destruens, A. tardicrescens, and A. magnivesiculatus, xerophilic Wallemia muriae and W. canadensis, xerotolerant Penicillium chrysogenum, P. brevicompactum, P. corylophilum, and xerotolerant Cladosporium species were most frequent. When machine learning methods were used to predict the relationship between fungal contamination, damage to the painting, and the type of material present, proteins were identified as one of the most important factors and cracked paint was identified as a hotspot for fungal growth. Aspergillus species colonize paintings regardless of materials, while Wallemia spp. can be associated with animal fat. Culture media with low-water activity are suggested in such inventories to isolate and obtain an overview of fungi that are actively contaminating paintings stored indoors at low relative humidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Polona Zalar
- Chair of Molecular Genetics and Biology of Microorganisms, Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Daša Graf Hriberšek
- Chair of Molecular Genetics and Biology of Microorganisms, Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Cene Gostinčar
- Chair of Molecular Genetics and Biology of Microorganisms, Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Breskvar
- Department of Knowledge Technologies, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sašo Džeroski
- Department of Knowledge Technologies, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Matul
- Chair of Molecular Genetics and Biology of Microorganisms, Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Monika Novak Babič
- Chair of Molecular Genetics and Biology of Microorganisms, Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jerneja Čremožnik Zupančič
- Chair of Molecular Genetics and Biology of Microorganisms, Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Amela Kujović
- Chair of Molecular Genetics and Biology of Microorganisms, Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nina Gunde-Cimerman
- Chair of Molecular Genetics and Biology of Microorganisms, Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Kavkler
- Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sajjad B, Rasool K, Siddique A, Jabbar KA, El-Malaha SS, Sohail MU, Almomani F, Alfarra MR. Size-resolved ambient bioaerosols concentration, antibiotic resistance, and community composition during autumn and winter seasons in Qatar. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122401. [PMID: 37598930 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the size distribution, microbial composition, and antibiotic resistance (ABR) of airborne bioaerosols at a suburban location in Doha, Qatar between October 2021 and January 2022. Samples were collected using an Andersen six-stage viable cascade impactor and a liquid impinger. Findings showed that the mean bacteria concentration (464 CFU/m3) was significantly higher than that of fungi (242 CFU/m3) during the study period. Both bacteria and fungi were most abundant in the aerodynamic size fractions of 1.10-2.21 μm, with peak concentrations observed in the mornings and lowest concentrations in the afternoons across all size fractions. A total of 24 different culturable species were identified, with the most abundant ones being Pasteurella pneumotropica (9.71%), Pantoea spp. 1 (8.73%), and Proteus penneri (7.77%) spp. At the phylum level, the bacterial community configurations during the autumn and winter seasons were nearly identical as revealed by molecular genomics, with Proteobacteria being the most predominant, followed by Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteriota, and Planctomycetota. However, there was a significant variation in dominant genera between autumn and winter. The most abundant genera included Sphingomonas, Paraburkholderia, Comamonas, Bacillus, and Lysinibacillus. Several bacterial genera identified in this study have important public health and ecological implications, including the risk of respiratory tract infections. Furthermore, the study found that ABR was highest in December, with bioaerosols exhibiting resistance to at least 5 out of 10 antibiotics, and 100% resistance to Metronidazole in all samples. Metagenomics analysis revealed the presence of various airborne bacteria that were not detected through culture-dependent methods. This study provides valuable insights into the airborne microbial composition, temporal variability and ABR in the Arabian Gulf region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Sajjad
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P. O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar; Department of Chemical Engineering, Qatar University, Qatar
| | - Kashif Rasool
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P. O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Azhar Siddique
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P. O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khadeeja Abdul Jabbar
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P. O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shimaa S El-Malaha
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P. O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Fares Almomani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Qatar University, Qatar
| | - M Rami Alfarra
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P. O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
El Jaddaoui I, Ghazal H, Bennett JW. Mold in Paradise: A Review of Fungi Found in Libraries. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1061. [PMID: 37998867 PMCID: PMC10672585 DOI: 10.3390/jof9111061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Libraries contain a large amount of organic material, frequently stored with inadequate climate control; thus, mold growth represents a considerable threat to library buildings and their contents. In this essay, we review published papers that have isolated microscopic fungi from library books, shelving, walls, and other surfaces, as well as from air samples within library buildings. Our literature search found 54 published studies about mold in libraries, 53 of which identified fungi to genus and/or species. In 28 of the 53 studies, Aspergillus was the single most common genus isolated from libraries. Most of these studies used traditional culture and microscopic methods for identifying the fungi. Mold damage to books and archival holdings causes biodeterioration of valuable educational and cultural resources. Exposure to molds may also be correlated with negative health effects in both patrons and librarians, so there are legitimate concerns about the dangers of contact with high levels of fungal contamination. Microbiologists are frequently called upon to help librarians after flooding and other events that bring water into library settings. This review can help guide microbiologists to choose appropriate protocols for the isolation and identification of mold in libraries and be a resource for librarians who are not usually trained in building science to manage the threat molds can pose to library holdings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Islam El Jaddaoui
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed V, Rabat 10000, Morocco
- Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat 10000, Morocco
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
| | - Hassan Ghazal
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, School of Pharmacy, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences, Casablanca 82403, Morocco;
- Royal Institute of Sports, Royal Institute for Managerial Training in Youth and Sport, Department of Sports Sciences, Laboratory of Sports Sciences and Performance Optimization, Salé 10102, Morocco
| | - Joan W. Bennett
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Szulc J, Okrasa M, Ryngajłło M, Pielech-Przybylska K, Gutarowska B. Markers of Chemical and Microbiological Contamination of the Air in the Sport Centers. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083560. [PMID: 37110794 PMCID: PMC10144153 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the markers of chemical and microbiological contamination of the air at sport centers (e.g., the fitness center in Poland) including the determination of particulate matter, CO2, formaldehyde (DustTrak™ DRX Aerosol Monitor; Multi-functional Air Quality Detector), volatile organic compound (VOC) concentration (headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry), the number of microorganisms in the air (culture methods), and microbial biodiversity (high-throughput sequencing on the Illumina platform). Additionally the number of microorganisms and the presence of SARS-CoV-2 (PCR) on the surfaces was determined. Total particle concentration varied between 0.0445 mg m-3 and 0.0841 mg m-3 with the dominance (99.65-99.99%) of the PM2.5 fraction. The CO2 concentration ranged from 800 ppm to 2198 ppm, while the formaldehyde concentration was from 0.005 mg/m3 to 0.049 mg m-3. A total of 84 VOCs were identified in the air collected from the gym. Phenol, D-limonene, toluene, and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol dominated in the air at the tested facilities. The average daily number of bacteria was 7.17 × 102 CFU m-3-1.68 × 103 CFU m-3, while the number of fungi was 3.03 × 103 CFU m-3-7.34 × 103 CFU m-3. In total, 422 genera of bacteria and 408 genera of fungi representing 21 and 11 phyla, respectively, were detected in the gym. The most abundant bacteria and fungi (>1%) that belonged to the second and third groups of health hazards were: Escherichia-Shigella, Corynebacterium, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium. In addition, other species that may be allergenic (Epicoccum) or infectious (Acinetobacter, Sphingomonas, Sporobolomyces) were present in the air. Moreover, the SARS-CoV-2 virus was detected on surfaces in the gym. The monitoring proposal for the assessment of the air quality at a sport center includes the following markers: total particle concentration with the PM2.5 fraction, CO2 concentration, VOCs (phenol, toluene, and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol), and the number of bacteria and fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Szulc
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-530 Łódź, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Okrasa
- Department of Personal Protective Equipment, Central Institute for Labour Protection-National Research Institute, 90-133 Łódź, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Ryngajłło
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-573 Łódź, Poland
| | | | - Beata Gutarowska
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-530 Łódź, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wawrzyk A, Dymel M, Guzińska K, Cywiński P, Papis A, Konka A, Wawrzyk-Bochenek I, Wilczyński S. Optimization of the Process of Eliminating Microorganisms Harmful to Human Health and Threatening Objects Isolated from Historical Materials from the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in Poland (A-BSM) Collection with the Use of Ethanol in the Form of Mist. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2700. [PMID: 37048992 PMCID: PMC10096311 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the biocidal effectiveness and the effect of 80% and 90% ethanol applied in the form of mist on the surface of textile materials from historical A-BSM objects. The microorganisms used for the tests, namely, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogenum, were isolated from the surface of textile objects in the A-BSM. Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger were also used from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). Fabric samples were inoculated with microorganisms at a concentration of 105-106 CFU/ml. Ethanol in the form of mist was applied in concentrations of 80% and 90%. Airbrushes VL 0819 and VE 0707 were used for this purpose, where the pressure was 0.2 MPa and the PA HEAD VLH-5 nozzle with a tip of 1.05 mm in diameter was used. In order to achieve more effective disinfection after applying the ethanol mist, samples were stored in PE foil in the conditions of 21 °C ± 1 °C for 22 ± 1 h. After applying the ethanol mist, changes in the properties of the materials were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The reduction in the number of microorganisms on modern cotton fabric after the use of ethanol in the form of mist at concentrations of 80% and 90% ranged from 93.27% to 99.91% for fungi and from 94.96% to 100% for bacteria, except for 74.24% for B. subtillis. On the historical fabric, after the time of application of 90% ethanol was shortened to 4 s, the microorganisms were reduced by over 99.93% and S. aureus was completely eliminated. After applying the tested disinfection technique, no changes in fiber morphology were observed on the surface of the model and historical cotton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wawrzyk
- Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, Więźniów Oświęcimia 20, 32-603 Oświęcim, Poland
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia in Zabrze, M. Curie Skłodowskiej 10C Str., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Marzena Dymel
- Lukasiewicz Research Network-Lodz Institute of Technology, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 19/27, 90-570 Lodz, Poland
| | - Krystyna Guzińska
- Lukasiewicz Research Network-Lodz Institute of Technology, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 19/27, 90-570 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Cywiński
- Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, Więźniów Oświęcimia 20, 32-603 Oświęcim, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Papis
- Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, Więźniów Oświęcimia 20, 32-603 Oświęcim, Poland
| | - Adam Konka
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia in Zabrze, M. Curie Skłodowskiej 10C Str., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Iga Wawrzyk-Bochenek
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Kasztanowa 3, 41-205 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Sławomir Wilczyński
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Kasztanowa 3, 41-205 Sosnowiec, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tomić A, Šovljanski O, Nikolić V, Pezo L, Aćimović M, Cvetković M, Stanojev J, Kuzmanović N, Markov S. Screening of Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils in Controlling Biocontamination of Historical Papers in Archives. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12010103. [PMID: 36671304 PMCID: PMC9854659 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The main challenge in controlling the microbiological contamination of historical paper is finding an adequate method that includes the use of cost-effective, harmless, and non-toxic biocides whose effectiveness is maintained over time and without adverse effects on cultural heritage and human health. Therefore, this study demonstrated the possibility of using a non-invasive method of historical paper conservation based on plant essential oils (EOs) application. Evaluation of antimicrobial effects of different EOs (lemongrass, oregano, rosemary, peppermint, and eucalyptus) was conducted against Cladosporium cladosporoides, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium chrysogenum, which are commonly found on archive papers. Using a mixture of oregano, lemongrass and peppermint in ratio 1:1:1, the lower minimal inhibition concentration (0.78%) and better efficiency during a vapour test at the highest tested distance (5.5 cm) compared with individual EOs was proven. At the final step, this EOs mixture was used in the in situ conservation of historical paper samples obtained from the Archives of Vojvodina. According to the SEM imaging, the applied EOs mixture demonstrates complete efficiency in the inhibition of fungi colonization of archive papers, since fungal growth was not observed on samples, unlike the control samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Tomić
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Correspondence: (A.T.); (O.Š.)
| | - Olja Šovljanski
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Correspondence: (A.T.); (O.Š.)
| | - Višnja Nikolić
- The Archives of Vojvodina, Žarka Vasiljevića 2A, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Lato Pezo
- Instutute of General and Physical Chemistry, Studenski trg 10-12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Aćimović
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Maksima Gorkog 30, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Cvetković
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovana Stanojev
- Biosense Institute, University of Novi Sad, Dr Zorana Ðindića 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Siniša Markov
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ma K, Wang Y, Yang X, Wang C, Han Y, Huang X, Guo P, Du J, Chen Y, Pan J. Analysis of the composition of culturable airborne microorganisms in the archaeological excavation protection site of the Nanhai No. 1 Ancient Shipwreck. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:958914. [PMID: 36090103 PMCID: PMC9456620 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.958914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
After the recovery of the ship from the sea on 2007, the Nanhai No. 1 Ancient Shipwreck is currently exposed to the air. Air microorganisms settle on wooden shipwrecks, and they can use wood matrix to grow and multiply, causing biocorrosion and biodegradation. In this study, a systematical survey of the composition of culturable airborne microorganisms was performed at the conservation site of the Nanhai No. 1 Ancient Shipwreck. Airborne microorganisms were collected from seven sites in the preservation Nanhai No. 1 area over five periods. Molecular identification of the culturable microorganisms isolated from the air was done by sequencing both 16S rRNA (bacteria) and ITS (fungi) gene regions. The biodegradability of these strains was evaluated by degradation experiments with cellulose and lignin as substrate. The results showed that the composition of the isolated microbial communities was different in each period, and microbial spatial distribution was dissimilar in the same period. In the recent 2020, the dominant bacterial genus was Acinetobacter, and the dominant fungal genera were Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Cerrena. Acinetobacter spp. can degrade cellulose and lignin. Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp., and Cerrena spp. degraded cellulose but only Cerrena spp. could utilize lignin. These dominant strains may have a harmful effect on the Nanhai No. 1 Ancient Shipwreck. This study provides data on the airborne microbial community found inside the protective chamber where Nanhai No. 1 Shipereck is placed, which can be used as a reference basis for the future conservation of the ship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Cen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yeqing Han
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinduo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Peifeng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Du
- National Center for Archaeology, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Chen
- National Center for Archaeology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Pan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Institute for Cultural Heritage and History of Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jiao Pan, ;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Raeisnia N, Arefian E, Amoozegar MA. Microbial Community of an 11th Century Manuscript by Both Culture-Dependent and -Independent Approaches. Microbiology (Reading) 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261722300117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
11
|
Borrego S, Vivar I, Molina A. Air- and dustborne fungi in repositories of the National Archive of the Republic of Cuba. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2022; 9:103-122. [PMID: 35647176 PMCID: PMC9113668 DOI: 10.15698/mic2022.05.776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study has as objectives to determine the concentration and diversity of the air- and dustborne mycobiota in seven National Archive of the Republic of Cuba repositories, and to assess the potential risk of biodeterioration that isolated taxa may have. In the indoor and outdoor environmental microbiological samplings a SAS biocollector was used and the indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio was determined for each repository. The settled dust was collected during six months. Sørensen's coefficient of similarity (QS) was calculated to compare the isolated taxa among the three studied niches (indoor air, dust, outdoor air). The biodegradation potential of the isolated taxa was determined by semi-quantitative tests. The concentrations in the air of repositories with natural cross-ventilation ranged from 225.2-750.3 CFU m-3, while in the Map library with air-conditioning the concentration was significantly lower. The I/O ratios ranged from 0.1-1.7 revealing different environmental qualities. The maximum settled dust load was 22.8 mg/m2/day with a top fungal concentration of 6000 CFU g-1. 14 and eleven genera were detected in the air and dust respectively with predominance of the genera Aspergillus, Cladosporium and Penicillium. A QS of 0.8 was obtained between the indoor and the outdoor environments with eleven taxa similar evidencing the incidence of outdoors on the indoor mycobiota. The isolated taxa showed several biodeteriogenic attributes highlighting twelve and 14 taxa from indoor air and dust respectively with positive results for the five tests performed. This demonstrates the potential risk that fungal environmental represent for the preserved documentary heritage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Borrego
- Conservation Preventive Laboratory, National Archive of the Republic of Cuba, Havana, Cuba
| | - Isbel Vivar
- Conservation Preventive Laboratory, National Archive of the Republic of Cuba, Havana, Cuba
| | - Alian Molina
- Conservation Preventive Laboratory, National Archive of the Republic of Cuba, Havana, Cuba
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lobo AM, Tikam M. Natural ingredients for a bacteria-free library collection. IFLA JOURNAL-INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF LIBRARY ASSOCIATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/03400352211023070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fumigation is widely used for getting rid of pests. This treatment makes use of chemicals. However, if repeated applications are not made, the insects and pests tend to breed again. This treatment also does not take care of the growth of microorganisms that feed on organic substances. India has a warm and humid climate that encourages the growth of microorganisms. Indian tradition makes use of various herbs and spices to preserve reading materials. This study was therefore undertaken to view the effect of locally available herbs and spices on paper. Experiments were carried out in a college laboratory. This was done with the objective of studying the inhibitory action of neem, cinnamon, cloves, pepper and a mixture of all of these herbs and spices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Madhuri Tikam
- Library Department, Hassaram Rijhumal College of Commerce and Economics, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yang L, Shen Z, Wang D, Wei J, Wang X, Sun J, Xu H, Cao J. Diurnal Variations of Size-Resolved Bioaerosols During Autumn and Winter Over a Semi-Arid Megacity in Northwest China. GEOHEALTH 2021; 5:e2021GH000411. [PMID: 34036209 PMCID: PMC8137277 DOI: 10.1029/2021gh000411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bioaerosols have a major negative effect on air quality and on public health by causing the spread of diseases. This study evaluated the bioaerosol composition and variation in a semi-arid megacity of northwest China from October 2019 to January 2020 using an Andersen six-stage impactor sampler. The size distribution, diurnal variations of the concentrations of airborne bacteria, airborne fungi, and total airborne microbes (TAM) were investigated in autumn and winter. The mean concentrations of airborne bacteria, fungi, and TAM were 523.5 ± 301.1 colony-forming units (CFU)/m3, 1318.9 ± 447.8 CFU/m3, and (7.25 ± 1.90) × 106 cells/m3, respectively, in autumn and 581 ± 305.4 CFU/m3, 1234.4 ± 519.9 CFU/m3, and (5.96 ± 1.65) × 106 cells/m3, respectively, in winter. The mean bioaerosol concentrations were slightly higher on nonhaze days than on haze days, but the difference was not statistically significant. Higher ambient particulate matter levels and atmospheric oxidation capacity inhibited bacteria survival. The diurnal maximum bioaerosol concentration was observed in the morning in autumn, whereas in winter, bioaerosols did not exhibit such a distribution, the impact of human activities on bioaerosols was still uncertain. The size of airborne bacteria exhibited a bimodal distribution, whereas a unimodal pattern was observed for fungi and TAM. Most bacteria, fungi, and TAM were distributed in the respirable ranges from trachea and primary bronchi to alveoli, indicating that bioaerosols have a high risk of being inhaled and causing respiratory diseases in Xi'an.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringXi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anChina
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & PhysicsSKLLQGInstitute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXi’anChina
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringXi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anChina
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & PhysicsSKLLQGInstitute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXi’anChina
| | - Diwei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringXi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Junqiang Wei
- Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringXi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringXi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringXi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & PhysicsSKLLQGInstitute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXi’anChina
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wu D, Zhang Y, Zhao C, Li A, Hou L, Tian Y, Xiong J, Gao R. Temporal variation of airborne fungi in university library rooms and its relation to environmental parameters and potential confounders. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:14068-14079. [PMID: 33205272 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11582-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Indoor airborne fungi have been associated with adverse human health effects. Therefore, it is important to understand the causes of underlying variation in airborne fungi in indoor environments. This study consequently aimed to investigate the association between indoor fungi with temporal variation, environmental parameters, and potential confounders over 10 months in four library rooms using Andersen samplers. Indoor fungal concentrations peaked in October and were lowest in March in both stack rooms, whereas the highest concentrations in both reading rooms were observed in September with lowest concentrations in July. Nonparametric analyses revealed higher fungal concentrations in the rooms that were significantly associated with relative humidity ≥ 60%, PM2.5 ≥ 35 μg/m3, number of people ≥ 16, open windows, working air conditioners, and room area < 400 m2. Multiple linear regression modeling for the library building considering only continuous variables revealed that relative humidity, PM2.5, and the number of people were significant predictors of fungal concentrations. Additionally, the model with continuous and categorical variables suggested that relative humidity, PM2.5, the number of people, ceiling fan condition, window state, and air conditioner operating status were significant predictor variables of concentrations. Outdoor fungal concentrations were a significant predictor for the two models of indoor fungal concentrations for each room. Ceiling fan or air conditioner operation was associated with altered fungal particle concentrations. These results provide a deeper understanding of indoor air fungal quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dingmeng Wu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- School of Building Services Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Building Services Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenbo Zhao
- School of Building Services Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Angui Li
- School of Building Services Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li'an Hou
- School of Building Services Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Tian
- School of Building Services Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xiong
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- School of Building Services Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Gao
- School of Building Services Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Han Y, Huang X, Wang Y, Du J, Ma K, Chen Y, Li N, Zhang Z, Pan J. Fungal Community and Biodeterioration Analysis of Hull Wood and Its Storage Environment of the Nanhai No. 1 Shipwreck. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:609475. [PMID: 33519760 PMCID: PMC7843524 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.609475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck is a Chinese merchant ship in the Southern Song Dynasty, and now it is stored in a huge enclosed glass warehouse in Maritime Silk Road Museum in Guangdong Province. At present, the hull of the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck is still being excavated, and a small part of the hull wood is soaked in a specific solution to desalt. Through long-term exploration, we found that the above two states of hull wood had undergone biodeterioration, so the purpose of this study is to analyze the fungal community of exposed and soaked wood from the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck. We sampled 10 exposed hull wood and sea mud samples, two wood storage water samples, and air samples in the glass warehouse. We used scanning electron microscope and optical microscope to find that there were obvious fungal structures in exposed wood and wood storing water samples. High-throughput sequencing of fungi revealed that the most abundant genera in exposed and soaked wood were Fusarium sp., and Scedosporium sp., respectively. In addition, Fusarium solani and Scedosporium apiospermum were successfully isolated from the hull wood surface and wood storing water samples, and the degradation tests of lignin and cellulose, the sensitivity tests of biocides and growth curve assay were carried out. We also found that Penicillium sp. and Cladosporium sp. are the most abundant in the glass warehouse air. Our research results show that F. solani and S. apiospermum should be regarded as a major threat to the preservation of the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck. These results provide a reference for our protection of shipwrecks and other similar artifacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeqing Han
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinduo Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Du
- Chinese Academy of Cultural Heritage, Beijing, China
| | - Kaixuan Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Chinese Academy of Cultural Heritage, Beijing, China
| | - Naisheng Li
- Chinese Academy of Cultural Heritage, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jiao Pan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Glevitzky M, Aleya L, Vică ML, Dumitrel GA, Avram M, Tit DM, Popa M, Popa VC, Behl T, Bungau S. Assessing the microbiological contamination along with environmental factors of old books in the 1490-founded Bistrița Monastery, Romania. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:8743-8757. [PMID: 33070291 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microbial contamination and damaging effects due to environmental factors (temperature, humidity) of old books is an extremely important issue in the heritage preserving field, being a great threat to this unique cultural and literary treasure. This paper analysed the indoor environmental conditions, the microbiological characteristics of the air and the condition itself of 27 clerical books (from eighteenth to nineteenth centuries), randomly chosen from the library of Bistrița Monastery, Romania. The analysis revealed that most of the books were contaminated and damaged by moulds and yeasts. The statistical analysis (chi-square test) shows that the incidence of mould species was not coincidental. The most common isolated fungi discovered on old books were Penicillium spp. (40.7%), Cladosporium spp. (33.3%) and Fusarium spp. (29.6%). Fungal contamination was observed in 17 books. Microbiota air tests have shown possible contamination by air flow. Often, the measured temperature/humidity values are not in line with the requirements of the legislation in force, especially during the cold seasons, the average minimum temperature varying from 3 to 6 °C to an average maximum temperature of 22-25 °C; the values of relative humidity were between 27 and 77%. In terms of storage conditions, the recorded values of temperature and humidity are extremely harmful to the stored documents. Therefore, these indoor environmental conditions have to be improved, in order to reduce/eliminate potential sources of fungal contamination and to achieve optimal environmental preserving conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirel Glevitzky
- Faculty of Sciences, "1 Decembrie 1918" University of Alba Iulia, 11-13 N. Iorga St., 510009, Alba Iulia, Romania
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Laboratoire Chrono-environnement CNRS 6249, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.
| | - Mihaela Laura Vică
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 V. Babes St., 400000, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gabriela-Alina Dumitrel
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic University of Timisoara, 2 Victoriei Sq., 300006, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Mariana Avram
- "Neagoe Bsarab" Center for Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage Objects, Bistrița Monastery, Bistrița, Romania
| | - Delia Mirela Tit
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 29 N. Jiga St., 410028, Oradea, Romania
| | - Maria Popa
- Faculty of Sciences, "1 Decembrie 1918" University of Alba Iulia, 11-13 N. Iorga St., 510009, Alba Iulia, Romania
| | - Viorel-Cristian Popa
- "Vasile Coman" Faculty of Orthodox Theology, University of Oradea, 1 Universitatii St., 410087, Oradea, Romania
| | - Tapan Behl
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 29 N. Jiga St., 410028, Oradea, Romania.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wu D, Zhang Y, Tian Y, Li A, Li Y, Xiong J, Gao R. On-site investigation of the concentration and size distribution characteristics of airborne fungi in a university library. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114138. [PMID: 32113104 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It is important to investigate fungal air quality in libraries because they represent a complex indoor environment. The aim of the study was to quantitatively investigate airborne fungal contamination levels based on field measurements in autumn and winter in four selected library rooms (compact stack, lending room, reading room, study room) in a university library building, as well as the effects of several factors on the culturability of airborne fungi. Airborne fungal levels varied by room, with the highest fungal levels in the reading room (634 ± 275 CFU/m3) and the lowest in the lending room (486 ± 177 CFU/m3). Airborne fungal concentrations were significantly different with seasonal variation (p < 0.05) for all rooms except for the reading room. The size distribution analysis showed that the most airborne fungi were 1.1-3.2 μm in size; based on the schematic diagram of the human respiratory system, more than 80% of airborne fungi could be deposited in the lower respiratory tract (0.65-4.7 μm). Indoor/outdoor airborne fungal concentration ratios were below 1.0 for all four rooms during autumn and winter, showing that outdoor fungi are the main source of indoor fungi. Pearson correlations showed that the fungal concentration was significantly positively correlated with both temperature (r = 0.531, p < 0.05) and relative humidity (r = 0.555, p < 0.05). Indoor temperature, indoor relative humidity and number of open windows significantly positively affected airborne fungal concentration in a multiple linear regression model (p < 0.05). This paper provides fundamental data on fungal contamination that can help experts in indoor air quality to develop guidelines for airborne fungi in libraries and create a safe environment for library patrons and staff.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dingmeng Wu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710055, PR China; School of Building Services Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710055, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Building Services Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710055, PR China
| | - Yu Tian
- School of Building Services Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710055, PR China
| | - Angui Li
- School of Building Services Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710055, PR China.
| | - Yang Li
- School of Building Services Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710055, PR China
| | - Jing Xiong
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710055, PR China
| | - Ran Gao
- School of Building Services Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710055, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fungal Community Analyses of a Pirogue from the Tang Dynasty in the National Maritime Museum of China. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9194129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this research was to analyze the fungal community responsible for the biodeterioration of a pirogue in the National Maritime Museum of China and to make recommendations for the protection of this artifact. Molecular identification of fungal strains isolated from the surface of the pirogue and the air of the storage room that were most closely related to Cladosporium, Penicillium, Talaromyces and Trichoderma spp. DNA extracted from the samples was sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform. The results showed that the predominant fungal genera present were Penicillium sp., Cladosporium sp. and Exophiala sp. Thereafter, cellulose degradation experiments were carried out on the predominant fungi screened by pure culturing. Finally, we tested the sensitivity of the predominant fungal isolates to four biocides. This work suggests that we should pay more attention to Penicillium sp. and Cladosporium sp. in the protection of wooden artifacts, and environmental control is recommended as the main means of protecting the pirogue.
Collapse
|
19
|
Morando M, Matteucci E, Nascimbene J, Borghi A, Piervittori R, Favero-Longo SE. Effectiveness of aerobiological dispersal and microenvironmental requirements together influence spatial colonization patterns of lichen species on the stone cultural heritage. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 685:1066-1074. [PMID: 31390697 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Dispersal patterns of lichen species in monumental and archaeological sites and their relationships with spatial population structure are almost unknown, hampering predictions on colonization dynamics that are fundamental for planning conservation strategies. In this work, we tested if the local abundance and distribution pattern of some common lichen species on carbonate stones of heritage sites may be related to their patterns of propagule dispersal. We combined analyses of the spatial population structure of eight species on the calcareous balustrade of a heritage site in Torino (NW Italy) with aerobiological analyses. In situ and laboratory analyses were mainly focused on the ejection of ascospores and their air take-off and potential dispersal at short and long distance. Results indicate that the spatial distribution of lichens on the stone surfaces is influenced by both species-specific patterns of propagule dispersal and microenvironmental requirements. In particular, apotheciate species that have a higher ejection of ascospores with higher potential for long range dispersal are candidate for a much aggressive spreading on the monumental surfaces. Moreover, their occurrence on natural or artificial stone surfaces in the surroundings of the stone monumental surface may easily support recolonization dynamics after cleaning interventions, as an effective supply of propagules is expected. On the other hand, species with a lower dispersal rate have a more clustered distribution and are less effective in rapid recolonization, thus representing a minor threat for cultural heritage conservation. These results support the idea that information on the reproductive strategy and dispersal patterns of lichens should be coupled with traditional analyses on stone bioreceptivity and microclimatic conditions to plan effective restoration interventions of stone surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Morando
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - E Matteucci
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - J Nascimbene
- Università degli Studi di Bologna, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Piazza di Porta S. Donato 1, Bologna, Italy.
| | - A Borghi
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - R Piervittori
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - S E Favero-Longo
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Schmitz K, Wagner S, Reppke M, Maier CL, Windeisen-Holzhauser E, Benz JP. Preserving cultural heritage: Analyzing the antifungal potential of ionic liquids tested in paper restoration. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219650. [PMID: 31527882 PMCID: PMC6748409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Early industrialization and the development of cheap production processes for paper have led to an exponential accumulation of paper-based documents during the last two centuries. Archives and libraries harbor vast amounts of ancient and modern documents and have to undertake extensive endeavors to protect them from abiotic and biotic deterioration. While services for mechanical preservation such as ex post de-acidification of historic documents are already commercially available, the possibilities for long-term protection of paper-based documents against fungal attack (apart from temperature and humidity control) are very limited. Novel processes for mechanical enhancement of damaged cellulosic documents use Ionic Liquids (IL) as essential process components. With some of these ILs having azole-functionalities similar to well-known fungicides such as Clotrimazole, the possibility of antifungal activities of these ILs was proposed but has not yet been experimentally confirmed. We evaluated the potency of four ILs with potential application in paper restoration for suppression of fungal growth on five relevant paper-infesting molds. The results revealed a general antifungal activity of all ILs, which increased with the size of the non-polar group. Physiological experiments and ultimate elemental analysis allowed to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of each IL as well as the residual IL concentration in process-treated paper. These results provide valuable guidelines for IL-applications in paper restoration processes with antifungal activity as an added benefit. With azoles remaining in the paper after the process, simultaneous repair and biotic protection in treated documents could be facilitated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Schmitz
- Wood Research Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Sebastian Wagner
- Wood Research Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Manfred Reppke
- Wood Research Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Christian Ludwig Maier
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich-Großhadern, Germany
- Nitrochemie Aschau GmbH, Aschau am Inn, Germany
| | | | - J. Philipp Benz
- Wood Research Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Grealy A, Bunce M, Holleley CE. Avian mitochondrial genomes retrieved from museum eggshell. Mol Ecol Resour 2019; 19:1052-1062. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Grealy
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory, Department of Environment and Agriculture Curtin University Bentley Western Australia Australia
- Australian National Wildlife Collection, National Research Collections Australia CSIRO Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Michael Bunce
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory, Department of Environment and Agriculture Curtin University Bentley Western Australia Australia
| | - Clare E Holleley
- Australian National Wildlife Collection, National Research Collections Australia CSIRO Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Characterisation of the Mycobiota on the Shell Surface of Table Eggs Acquired from Different Egg-Laying Hen Breeding Systems. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10070293. [PMID: 30012982 PMCID: PMC6071293 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial safety is an important factor contributing to the egg quality. During egg acquisition, there is significant risk of contamination of the eggshell surface with microscopic fungi. Mycelial hyphae may grow on the eggshell surface and penetrate into the egg content. However, there is no information on the populations of microscopic fungi on the eggshell surface and, consequently, on possible production of mycotoxins. Therefore, the aim of the study was to identify the species of microscopic fungi present on the eggshell surface acquired from different breeding systems and to measure the number of selected mycotoxins. The qualitative analysis resulted in the identification of 41 isolates on the surface of eggs. There were 7 isolates from the organic production system, 11 from the free-range production system, 14 from the deep litter indoor housing system and 9 from the cage farming production system. The research proved that the diversification in the population of mycobiota on the eggshells depended on the egg-laying hen breeding system. The microscopic fungi isolated from the eggshells included toxigenic and pathogenic species such as Fusarium culmorum and F. equiseti. As the egg storage time increased, fungi, including the pathogenic species, penetrated through the eggshells. In consequence, mycotoxins were identified in the egg whites. Type-A and type-B trichothecenes were found in the eggshell samples containing F. culmorum.
Collapse
|
23
|
Weryszko-Chmielewska E, Kasprzyk I, Nowak M, Sulborska A, Kaczmarek J, Szymanska A, Haratym W, Gilski M, Jedryczka M. Health hazards related to conidia of Cladosporium-biological air pollutants in Poland, central Europe. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 65:271-281. [PMID: 29548398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The spores of Cladosporium Link. are often present in the air in high quantities and produce many allergenic proteins, which may lead to asthma. An aerobiological spore monitoring program can inform patients about the current spore concentration in air and help their physicians determine the spore dose that is harmful for a given individual. This makes it possible to develop optimized responses and propose personalized therapy for a particular sensitive patient. The aim of this study was to assess the extent of the human health hazard posed by the fungal genus Cladosporium. For the first time, we have determined the number of days on which air samples in Poland exceeded the concentrations linked to allergic responses of sensitive patients, according to thresholds established by three different groups (2800/3000/4000 spores per 1m3 of the air). The survey was conducted over three consecutive growing seasons (April-September, 2010-2012) in three cities located in different climate zones of Poland (Poznan, Lublin and Rzeszow). The average number of days exceeding 2800 spores per cubic meter (the lowest threshold) ranged from 61 (2010) through 76 (2011) to 93 (2012), though there was significant variation between cities. In each year the highest concentration of spores in the air was detected in either Poznan or Lublin, both located on large plains with intensive agriculture. We have proposed that an effective, science-based software platform to support policy-making on air quality should incorporate biological air pollutant data, such as allergenic fungal spores and pollen grains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Idalia Kasprzyk
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Nowak
- Laboratory of Aeropalynology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland; Department and Clinic of Dermatology, University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Aneta Sulborska
- Department of Botany, Lublin University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Kaczmarek
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 34, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
| | - Agata Szymanska
- Laboratory of Aeropalynology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Weronika Haratym
- Department of Botany, Lublin University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Gilski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland; Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Jedryczka
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 34, 60-479 Poznan, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sclocchi MC, Kraková L, Pinzari F, Colaizzi P, Bicchieri M, Šaková N, Pangallo D. Microbial Life and Death in a Foxing Stain: a Suggested Mechanism of Photographic Prints Defacement. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2017; 73:815-826. [PMID: 27975134 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0913-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The gelatin-silver halide black and white prints represent an enormous photography heritage with a great value. Unaesthetic phenomena, the foxing stains that are caused by microbial growth on surface, have been described in stamps, drawings, books, and tissues but, until now, scarcely for photographic materials. In this study, a combination of various techniques, including culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches (RNA and DNA analysis), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and μ-Raman spectroscopy supported by X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), permitted to describe the microbial contamination dynamics of foxing stains present on the surface of two gelatin-silver halide photographs. The investigation provided also information on the effects of microbial activity on the materials' chemistry of the two prints. The action of microbial community resulted locally in either (a) formation of mixed aluminum-iron-potassium phosphate compounds that could be attributed to the hydrolytic activity of bacteria, (b) leaching of barite,
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carla Sclocchi
- Istituto Centrale Restauro e Conservazione Patrimonio Archivistico e Librario (ICRCPAL),MIBACT, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Kraková
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Flavia Pinzari
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di ricerca per lo studio delle Relazioni tra Pianta e Suolo (CREA-RPS), Rome, Italy
- Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Piero Colaizzi
- Istituto Centrale Restauro e Conservazione Patrimonio Archivistico e Librario (ICRCPAL),MIBACT, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Bicchieri
- Istituto Centrale Restauro e Conservazione Patrimonio Archivistico e Librario (ICRCPAL),MIBACT, Rome, Italy
| | - Nikoleta Šaková
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Domenico Pangallo
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Microbial communities affecting albumen photography heritage: a methodological survey. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20810. [PMID: 26864429 PMCID: PMC4749957 DOI: 10.1038/srep20810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is one of the few investigations which analyze albumen prints, perhaps the most important photographic heritage of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The chemical composition of photographic samples was assessed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence. These two non-invasive techniques revealed the complex nature of albumen prints, which are composed of a mixture of proteins, cellulose and salts. Microbial sampling was performed using cellulose nitrate membranes which also permitted the trapped microflora to be observed with a scanning electron microscope. Microbial analysis was performed using the combination of culture-dependent (cultivation in different media, including one 3% NaCl) and culture-independent (bacterial and fungal cloning and sequencing) approaches. The isolated microorganisms were screened for their lipolytic, proteolytic, cellulolytic, catalase and peroxidase activities. The combination of the culture-dependent and -independent techniques together with enzymatic assays revealed a substantial microbial diversity with several deteriogen microorganisms from the genera Bacillus, Kocuria, Streptomyces and Geobacillus and the fungal strains Acrostalagmus luteoalbus, Bjerkandera adusta, Pleurotus pulmonarius and Trichothecium roseum.
Collapse
|
26
|
Borrego S, Perdomo I. Airborne microorganisms cultivable on naturally ventilated document repositories of the National Archive of Cuba. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:3747-3757. [PMID: 26498813 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5585-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The quality of the indoor air can provide very useful information for the artwork conservation. The aim of the study was to evaluate the microbial concentration inside six document repositories of the National Archive of the Republic of Cuba in two months of 1 year. The repositories are large, high, and have a natural cross-ventilation system. The microbial sampling was done in July 2010 (summer or rainy month) and February 2011 (winter or dry month) using the SAS Super 100 biocollector at 100 L/min. An appropriate selective culture media were used to isolate fungi and bacteria. A high total microbial concentration on the north side of the building in two studied months was observed. The fungal concentrations were significantly higher in July 2010 in all repositories, while the bacterial concentrations were significantly higher mostly in February 2011 only in repositories located on the first and second floor of the building. Eight fungal genera in the indoor air of all environments were isolated. Regardless of the side of the analyzed building, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Cladosporium were the predominant genera. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger were the species isolated in almost all of the analyzed repositories in the studied months. Gram-positive bacteria prevailed among bacterial groups isolated from indoor air repositories, and some percentages corresponded to the genera Bacillus and Streptomyces. In Cuba, the temperature and relative humidity are high during the whole year but the natural ventilation plays an important role in retarding microbial growth on materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Borrego
- Laboratory of Preventive Conservation, National Archive of the Republic of Cuba, Havana, Cuba.
| | - Ivette Perdomo
- Laboratory of Preventive Conservation, National Archive of the Republic of Cuba, Havana, Cuba
| |
Collapse
|