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Colón-Bolea P, García-Gómez R, Casar B. RAC1 Activation as a Potential Therapeutic Option in Metastatic Cutaneous Melanoma. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1554. [PMID: 34827551 PMCID: PMC8615836 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a complex process by which cancer cells escape from the primary tumor to colonize distant organs. RAC1 is a member of the RHO family of small guanosine triphosphatases that plays an important role in cancer migration, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. RAC1 activation has been related to most cancers, such as cutaneous melanoma, breast, lung, and pancreatic cancer. RAC1P29S driver mutation appears in a significant number of cutaneous melanoma cases. Likewise, RAC1 is overexpressed or hyperactivated via signaling through oncogenic cell surface receptors. Thus, targeting RAC1 represents a promising strategy for cutaneous melanoma therapy, as well as for inhibition of other signaling activation that promotes resistance to targeted therapies. In this review, we focus on the role of RAC1 in metastatic cutaneous melanoma emphasizing the anti-metastatic potential of RAC1- targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Colón-Bolea
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas—Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain; (P.C.-B.); (R.G.-G.)
| | - Rocío García-Gómez
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas—Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain; (P.C.-B.); (R.G.-G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Berta Casar
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas—Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain; (P.C.-B.); (R.G.-G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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2
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de Melo Bisneto AV, Fernandes AS, Velozo Sá VDS, Véras JH, Soares ETS, da Silva Santos AF, Cardoso CG, Silveira-Lacerda EDP, Carneiro CC, Chen-Chen L. Anti-angiogenic activity of azathioprine. Microvasc Res 2021; 138:104234. [PMID: 34478745 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2021.104234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Azathioprine (AZA) is the main drug used in immunomodulatory therapy in post-transplant patients or with autoimmune diseases. However, no study has evaluated the AZA angiogenic response. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of AZA on the angiogenic process through macroscopic, histological, and immunohistochemical analyses in chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). Our results showed potent anti-angiogenic activity of AZA at the higher concentrations tested in the CAM assay. The histological analysis of CAM confirmed this effect, since AZA induced a significant reduction in all parameters evaluated. In addition, immunohistochemical evaluation of CAM revealed that AZA decreased TGF-β and VEGF levels, important cytokines involved in the angiogenic process. Therefore, the AZA anti-angiogenic effect identified in our study provides new information for the possible application of this drug in anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Vieira de Melo Bisneto
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics of Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Amanda Silva Fernandes
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics of Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Vivianne de Souza Velozo Sá
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Cytogenetics, Department of Genetics of Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Hollanda Véras
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics of Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Estéfane Thaíne Sodré Soares
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics of Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Clever Gomes Cardoso
- Department of Morphology of Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Elisângela de Paula Silveira-Lacerda
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Cytogenetics, Department of Genetics of Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Cristiene Costa Carneiro
- Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Paulista - Campus Flamboyant, 74845-090 Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Lee Chen-Chen
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics of Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia, Brazil.
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3
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Lorimer IAJ. Aberrant Rac pathway signalling in glioblastoma. Small GTPases 2021; 12:81-95. [PMID: 31032735 PMCID: PMC7849730 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2019.1612694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is an aggressive and incurable form of brain cancer. Both mutation analysis in human glioblastoma and mouse modelling studies have shown that aberrant activation of the PI 3-kinase pathway is a central driver of glioblastoma malignancy. The small GTPase Rac is activated downstream of this pathway, mediating a subset of the effects of aberrant PI 3-kinase pathway activation. Here I discuss the current state of our knowledge on Rac activation mechanisms in glioblastoma. Current knowledge on roles for specific PI 3-kinase pathway responsive Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factors in glioblastoma is reviewed. Rac is best known for its role in promoting cell motility and invasion, but there is also evidence for roles in multiple other cellular processes with cancer relevance, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, DNA damage responses, metabolism, angiogenesis and immunosuppression. I review what is known about the role of Rac in these processes in glioblastoma. Finally, I assess possible strategies to inhibit this pathway in glioblastoma through either direct inhibition of Rac or inhibition of upstream activators or downstream mediators of Rac signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian AJ Lorimer
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Nikolopoulou PA, Koufaki MA, Kostourou V. The Adhesome Network: Key Components Shaping the Tumour Stroma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:525. [PMID: 33573141 PMCID: PMC7866493 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond the conventional perception of solid tumours as mere masses of cancer cells, advanced cancer research focuses on the complex contributions of tumour-associated host cells that are known as "tumour microenvironment" (TME). It has been long appreciated that the tumour stroma, composed mainly of blood vessels, cancer-associated fibroblasts and immune cells, together with the extracellular matrix (ECM), define the tumour architecture and influence cancer cell properties. Besides soluble cues, that mediate the crosstalk between tumour and stroma cells, cell adhesion to ECM arises as a crucial determinant in cancer progression. In this review, we discuss how adhesome, the intracellular protein network formed at cell adhesions, regulate the TME and control malignancy. The role of adhesome extends beyond the physical attachment of cells to ECM and the regulation of cytoskeletal remodelling and acts as a signalling and mechanosensing hub, orchestrating cellular responses that shape the tumour milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vassiliki Kostourou
- Biomedical Sciences Research Centre “Alexander Fleming”, Institute of Bioinnovation, 34 Fleming Str., 16672 Vari-Athens, Greece; (P.A.N.); (M.A.K.)
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5
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Bagheri M, Fens MH, Kleijn TG, Capomaccio RB, Mehn D, Krawczyk PM, Scutigliani EM, Gurinov A, Baldus M, van Kronenburg NCH, Kok RJ, Heger M, van Nostrum CF, Hennink WE. In Vitro and In Vivo Studies on HPMA-Based Polymeric Micelles Loaded with Curcumin. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1247-1263. [PMID: 33464911 PMCID: PMC7927141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin-loaded polymeric micelles composed of poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(N-2-benzoyloxypropyl methacrylamide) (mPEG-b-p(HPMA-Bz)) were prepared to solubilize and improve the pharmacokinetics of curcumin. Curcumin-loaded micelles were prepared by a nanoprecipitation method using mPEG5kDa-b-p(HPMA-Bz) copolymers with varying molecular weight of the hydrophobic block (5.2, 10.0, and 17.1 kDa). At equal curcumin loading, micelles composed of mPEG5kDa-b-p(HPMA-Bz)17.1kDa showed better curcumin retention in both phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and plasma at 37 °C than micelles based on block copolymers with smaller hydrophobic blocks. No change in micelle size was observed during 24 h incubation in plasma using asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4), attesting to particle stability. However, 22-49% of the curcumin loading was released from the micelles during 24 h from formulations with the highest to the lowest molecular weight p(HPMA-Bz), respectively, in plasma. AF4 analysis further showed that the released curcumin was subsequently solubilized by albumin. In vitro analyses revealed that the curcumin-loaded mPEG5kDa-b-p(HPMA-Bz)17.1kDa micelles were internalized by different types of cancer cells, resulting in curcumin-induced cell death. Intravenously administered curcumin-loaded, Cy7-labeled mPEG5kDa-b-p(HPMA-Bz)17.1kDa micelles in mice at 50 mg curcumin/kg showed a long circulation half-life for the micelles (t1/2 = 42 h), in line with the AF4 results. In contrast, the circulation time of curcumin was considerably shorter than that of the micelles (t1/2α = 0.11, t1/2β = 2.5 h) but ∼5 times longer than has been reported for free curcumin (t1/2α = 0.02 h). The faster clearance of curcumin in vivo compared to in vitro studies can be attributed to the interaction of curcumin with blood cells. Despite the excellent solubilizing effect of these micelles, no cytostatic effect was achieved in neuroblastoma-bearing mice, possibly because of the low sensitivity of the Neuro2A cells to curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Bagheri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel H Fens
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tony G Kleijn
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, P. R. China
| | - Robin B Capomaccio
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Dora Mehn
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Przemek M Krawczyk
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Enzo M Scutigliani
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrei Gurinov
- NMR Spectroscopy Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Baldus
- NMR Spectroscopy Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicky C H van Kronenburg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert J Kok
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michal Heger
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, P. R. China
| | - Cornelus F van Nostrum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim E Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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6
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Grimes MM, Kenney SR, Dominguez DR, Brayer KJ, Guo Y, Wandinger-Ness A, Hudson LG. The R-enantiomer of ketorolac reduces ovarian cancer tumor burden in vivo. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:40. [PMID: 33413202 PMCID: PMC7791840 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07716-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rho-family GTPases, including Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) and cell division control protein 42 (Cdc42), are important modulators of cancer-relevant cell functions and are viewed as promising therapeutic targets. Based on high-throughput screening and cheminformatics we identified the R-enantiomer of an FDA-approved drug (ketorolac) as an inhibitor of Rac1 and Cdc42. The corresponding S-enantiomer is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with selective activity against cyclooxygenases. We reported previously that R-ketorolac, but not the S-enantiomer, inhibited Rac1 and Cdc42-dependent downstream signaling, growth factor stimulated actin cytoskeleton rearrangements, cell adhesion, migration and invasion in ovarian cancer cell lines and patient-derived tumor cells. METHODS In this study we treated mice with R-ketorolac and measured engraftment of tumor cells to the omentum, tumor burden, and target GTPase activity. In order to gain insights into the actions of R-ketorolac, we also performed global RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis on tumor samples. RESULTS Treatment of mice with R-ketorolac decreased omental engraftment of ovarian tumor cells at 18 h post tumor cell injection and tumor burden after 2 weeks of tumor growth. R-ketorolac treatment inhibited tumor Rac1 and Cdc42 activity with little impact on mRNA or protein expression of these GTPase targets. RNA-seq analysis revealed that R-ketorolac decreased expression of genes in the HIF-1 signaling pathway. R-ketorolac treatment also reduced expression of additional genes associated with poor prognosis in ovarian cancer. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that R-ketorolac may represent a novel therapeutic approach for ovarian cancer based on its pharmacologic activity as a Rac1 and Cdc42 inhibitor. R-ketorolac modulates relevant pathways and genes associated with disease progression and worse outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha M. Grimes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico USA
| | - S. Ray Kenney
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico USA
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico USA
| | - Dayna R. Dominguez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico USA
| | - Kathryn J. Brayer
- Analytical and Translational Genomics Shared Resource, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico USA
| | - Yuna Guo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico USA
| | - Angela Wandinger-Ness
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico USA
| | - Laurie G. Hudson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico USA
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Goka ET, Chaturvedi P, Lopez DTM, Lippman ME. Rac Signaling Drives Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma Tumor Growth by Priming the Tumor Microenvironment for an Angiogenic Switch. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1462-1473. [PMID: 32371578 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remains a common cause of cancer mortality. Better understanding of ccRCC molecular drivers resulted in the development of antiangiogenic therapies that block the blood vessels that supply tumors with nutrients for growth and metastasis. Unfortunately, most ccRCC patients eventually become resistant to initial treatments, creating a need for alternative treatment options. We investigated the role of the small GTPase Rac1 in ccRCC. Analysis of ccRCC clinical samples indicates that Rac signaling drives disease progression and predicts patients with poorer outcomes. Investigation of Rac1 identifies multiple roles for Rac1 in the pathogenesis of ccRCC. Rac1 is overexpressed in RCC cell lines and drives proliferation and migratory/metastatic potential. Rac1 is also critical for endothelial cells to grow and form endothelial tubular networks potentiated by angiogenic factors. Importantly, Rac1 controls paracrine signaling of angiogenic factors including VEGF from renal carcinoma cells to surrounding blood vessels. A novel Rac1 inhibitor impaired the growth and migratory potential of both renal carcinoma cells and endothelial cells and reduced VEGF production by RCC cells, thereby limiting paracrine signaling both in vitro and in vivo Lastly, Rac1 was shown to be downstream of VEGF receptor (VEGFR) signaling and required for activation of MAPK signaling. In combination with VEGFR2 inhibitors, Rac inhibition provides enhanced suppression of angiogenesis. Therefore, targeting Rac in ccRCC has the potential to block the growth of tumor cells, endothelial cell recruitment, and paracrine signaling from tumor cells to other cells in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marc E Lippman
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
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8
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The Role of Rho GTPases in VEGF Signaling in Cancer Cells. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2020; 2020:2097214. [PMID: 32377503 PMCID: PMC7182966 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2097214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) consist of five molecules (VEGFA through D as well as placental growth factor) which are crucial for regulating key cellular and tissue functions. The role of VEGF and its intracellular signaling and downstream molecular pathways have been thoroughly studied. Activation of VEGF signal transduction can be initiated by the molecules' binding to two classes of transmembrane receptors: (1) the VEGF tyrosine kinase receptors (VEGF receptors 1 through 3) and (2) the neuropilins (NRP1 and 2). The involvement of Rho GTPases in modulating VEGFA signaling in both cancer cells and endothelial cells has also been well established. Additionally, different isoforms of Rho GTPases, namely, RhoA, RhoC, and RhoG, have been shown to regulate VEGF expression as well as blood vessel formation. This review article will explore how Rho GTPases modulate VEGF signaling and the consequences of such interaction on cancer progression.
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9
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Kranjc Brezar S, Kranjc M, Čemažar M, Buček S, Serša G, Miklavčič D. Electrotransfer of siRNA to Silence Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein in Tumor Mediated by a High Intensity Pulsed Electromagnetic Field. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E49. [PMID: 32012775 PMCID: PMC7157195 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The contactless high intensity pulsed electromagnetic field (HI-PEMF)-induced increase of cell membrane permeability is similar to conventional electroporation, with the important difference of inducing an electric field non-invasively by exposing a treated tissue to a time-varying magnetic field. Due to the limited number of studies in the field of electroporation induced by HI-PEMF, we designed experiments to explore the feasibility of such a contactless delivery technique for the gene electrotransfer of nucleic acids in tissues in vivo. By using HI-PEMF for gene electrotransfer, we silenced enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) with siRNA molecules against EGFP in B16F10-EGFP tumors. Six days after the transfer, the fluorescent tumor area decreased by up to 39% as determined by fluorescence imaging in vivo. In addition, the silencing of EGFP to the same extent was confirmed at the mRNA and protein level. The results obtained in the in vivo mouse model demonstrate the potential use of HI-PEMF-induced cell permeabilization for gene therapy and DNA vaccination. Further studies are thus warranted to improve the equipment, optimize the protocols for gene transfer and the HI-PEMF parameters, and demonstrate the effects of HI-PEMF on a broader range of different normal and tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Kranjc Brezar
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.K.B.); (M.Č.); (G.S.)
| | - Matej Kranjc
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Maja Čemažar
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.K.B.); (M.Č.); (G.S.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, 6310 Izola, Slovenia
| | - Simon Buček
- Department of Cytopathology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Gregor Serša
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.K.B.); (M.Č.); (G.S.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damijan Miklavčič
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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10
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Lou B, Connor K, Sweeney K, Miller IS, O'Farrell A, Ruiz-Hernandez E, Murray DM, Duffy GP, Wolfe A, Mastrobattista E, Byrne AT, Hennink WE. RGD-decorated cholesterol stabilized polyplexes for targeted siRNA delivery to glioblastoma cells. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 9:679-693. [PMID: 30972664 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-019-00637-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of an effective and safe treatment for glioblastoma (GBM) represents a significant challenge in oncology today. Downregulation of key mediators of cell signal transduction by RNA interference is considered a promising treatment strategy but requires efficient, intracellular delivery of siRNA into GBM tumor cells. Here, we describe novel polymeric siRNA nanocarriers functionalized with cRGD peptide that mediates targeted and efficient reporter gene silencing in U87R invasive human GBM cells. The polymer was synthesized via RAFT copolymerization of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-methacrylamide (HPMA) and N-acryloxysuccinimide (NAS), followed by post-polymerization modification with cholesterol for stabilization, cationic amines for siRNA complexation, and azides for copper-free click chemistry. The novel resultant cationic polymer harboring a terminal cholesterol group, self-assembled with siRNA to yield nanosized polyplexes (~ 40 nm) with good colloidal stability at physiological ionic strength. Post-modification of the preformed polyplexes with PEG-cRGD end-functionalized with bicyclo[6.1.0]nonyne (BCN) group resulted in enhanced cell uptake and increased luciferase gene silencing in U87R cells, compared to polyplexes lacking cRGD-targeting groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kate Connor
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, York Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Kieron Sweeney
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, York Street, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ian S Miller
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, York Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Alice O'Farrell
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, York Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | - David M Murray
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, York Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Garry P Duffy
- Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Alan Wolfe
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Enrico Mastrobattista
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annette T Byrne
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, York Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Wim E Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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11
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Hypoxia and EGF Stimulation Regulate VEGF Expression in Human Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) Cells by Differential Regulation of the PI3K/Rho-GTPase and MAPK Pathways. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111397. [PMID: 31698752 PMCID: PMC6912653 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most common and deadly cancers of the central nervous system (CNS). It is characterized by the presence of hypoxic regions, especially in the core, leading to an increase in vascularity. This increased vascularization is driven by the expression of the major angiogenic inducer VEGF and the indirect angiogenic inducer Epidermal growth factor (EGF), which stimulates VEGF expression. In this study, we examine the regulation of VEGF by both hypoxia and the EGF signaling pathway. We also examine the involvement of pathways downstream from EGF signaling, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway and the Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/RhoA/C (PI3K/RhoA/C) pathway in this regulation. Our results show that VEGF expression and secretion levels increase following either hypoxia or EGF stimulation, with the two stimuli signaling in parallel. We also observed an increase in ERK and protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation, in response to EGF stimulation, with kinetics that correlated with the kinetics of the effect on VEGF. Using pharmacological inhibitors against ERK and PI3K and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) against RhoA and RhoC, we found that both the ERK and the PI3K/RhoA/C pathways have to cooperate in order to lead to an increase in VEGF expression, downstream from EGF. In response to hypoxia, however, only ERK was involved in the regulation of VEGF. Hypoxia also led to a surprising decrease in the activation of PI3K and RhoA/C. Finally, the decrease in the activation of these Rho-GTPases was found to be mediated through a hypoxia-driven overexpression of the Rho-GTPase GTPase activating protein (GAP), StarD13. Therefore, while under normoxic conditions, EGF stimulates the activation of both the PI3K and the MAPK pathways and the induction of VEGF, in glioblastoma cells, hypoxic conditions lead to the suppression of the PI3K/RhoA/C pathway and an exclusive switch to the MAPK pathway.
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12
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Barlow HR, Cleaver O. Building Blood Vessels-One Rho GTPase at a Time. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060545. [PMID: 31174284 PMCID: PMC6627795 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood vessels are required for the survival of any organism larger than the oxygen diffusion limit. Blood vessel formation is a tightly regulated event and vessel growth or changes in permeability are linked to a number of diseases. Elucidating the cell biology of endothelial cells (ECs), which are the building blocks of blood vessels, is thus critical to our understanding of vascular biology and to the development of vascular-targeted disease treatments. Small GTPases of the Rho GTPase family are known to regulate several processes critical for EC growth and maintenance. In fact, many of the 21 Rho GTPases in mammals are known to regulate EC junctional remodeling, cell shape changes, and other processes. Rho GTPases are thus an attractive target for disease treatments, as they often have unique functions in specific vascular cell types. In fact, some Rho GTPases are even expressed with relative specificity in diseased vessels. Interestingly, many Rho GTPases are understudied in ECs, despite their known expression in either developing or mature vessels, suggesting an even greater wealth of knowledge yet to be gleaned from these complex signaling pathways. This review aims to provide an overview of Rho GTPase signaling contributions to EC vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and mature vessel barrier function. A particular emphasis is placed on so-called "alternative" Rho GTPases, as they are largely understudied despite their likely important contributions to EC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley Rose Barlow
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Ondine Cleaver
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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13
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Wu D, Li M, Gao Y, Tian W, Li J, Zhang Q, Liu Z, Zheng M, Wang H, Wang J, Teng T, Zhang L, Ji X, Xie Z, Ji A, Li Y. Peptide V3 Inhibits the Growth of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Inhibiting the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK Signaling Pathway. J Cancer 2019; 10:1693-1706. [PMID: 31205525 PMCID: PMC6548006 DOI: 10.7150/jca.29211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Peptide V3 has shown anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor effects on S180 and H22 xenografts in nude mice. However, the detailed mechanism of action of peptide V3 has not yet been fully elucidated. In the present study, the effects of peptide V3 on the growth of human HCC cells were examined both in vitro and in vivo. Our results showed that peptide V3 inhibited the proliferation, viability, migration, and invasion of human HCC cells. However, no obvious effect was observed in HL-7702 cells. Peptide V3 increased the apoptosis and decreased the protein levels of H-RAS, phospho (p)-RAF, p-MEK, and p-extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) in human HCC cells. Peptide V3 suppressed the growth of human HCC xenografts by down-regulating angiogenesis and up-regulating apoptosis. In conclusion, peptide V3 could inhibit the growth of human HCC by inhibiting the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Novel peptides and modification strategies could be designed and applied for the treatment of different types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Mengling Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Yingran Gao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China.,Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Wenke Tian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Jianmei Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Zhengguo Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Mengli Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Hongju Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Tieshan Teng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Xinying Ji
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China.,Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Zhongwen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Ailing Ji
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Yanzhang Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
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14
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El Atat O, Fakih A, El-Sibai M. RHOG Activates RAC1 through CDC42 Leading to Tube Formation in Vascular Endothelial Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020171. [PMID: 30781697 PMCID: PMC6406863 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a hallmark of cancer cell malignancy. The role of the RHO family GTPase RHOG in angiogenesis in vascular endothelial cells has recently been elucidated. However, the regulation of RHOG during this process, as well as its cross-talk with other RHO GTPases, have yet to be fully examined. In this study, we found that siRNA-mediated depletion of RHOG strongly inhibits tube formation in vascular endothelial cells (ECV cells), an effect reversed by transfecting dominant active constructs of CDC42 or RAC1 in the RHOG-depleted cells. We also found CDC42 to be upstream from RAC1 in these cells. Inhibiting either Phosphatidyl inositol (3) kinase (PI3K) with Wortmannin or the mitogen-activated protein kinase extracellular-regulated kinase (MAPK ERK) with U0126 leads to the inhibition of tube formation. While knocking down either RHO, GTPase did not affect p-AKT levels, and p-ERK decreased in response to the knocking down of RHOG, CDC42 or RAC1. Recovering active RHO GTPases in U0126-treated cells also did not reverse the inhibition of tube formation, placing ERK downstream from PI3K-RHOG-CDC42-RAC1 in vascular endothelial cells. Finally, RHOA and the Rho activated protein kinases ROCK1 and ROCK2 positively regulated tube formation independently of ERK, while RHOC seemed to inhibit the process. Collectively, our data confirmed the essential role of RHOG in angiogenesis, shedding light on a potential new therapeutic target for cancer malignancy and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oula El Atat
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon.
| | - Amira Fakih
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon.
| | - Mirvat El-Sibai
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon.
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15
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Chong SJF, Lai JXH, Eu JQ, Bellot GL, Pervaiz S. Reactive Oxygen Species and Oncoprotein Signaling-A Dangerous Liaison. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1553-1588. [PMID: 29186971 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE There is evidence to implicate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tumorigenesis and its progression. This has been associated with the interplay between ROS and oncoproteins, resulting in enhanced cellular proliferation and survival. Recent Advances: To date, studies have investigated specific contributions of the crosstalk between ROS and signaling networks in cancer initiation and progression. These investigations have challenged the established dogma of ROS as agents of cell death by demonstrating a secondary function that fuels cell proliferation and survival. Studies have thus identified (onco)proteins (Bcl-2, STAT3/5, RAS, Rac1, and Myc) in manipulating ROS level as well as exploiting an altered redox environment to create a milieu conducive for cancer formation and progression. CRITICAL ISSUES Despite these advances, drug resistance and its association with an altered redox metabolism continue to pose a challenge at the mechanistic and clinical levels. Therefore, identifying specific signatures, altered protein expressions, and modifications as well as protein-protein interplay/function could not only enhance our understanding of the redox networks during cancer initiation and progression but will also provide novel targets for designing specific therapeutic strategies. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Not only a heightened realization is required to unravel various gene/protein networks associated with cancer formation and progression, particularly from the redox standpoint, but there is also a need for developing more sensitive tools for assessing cancer redox metabolism in clinical settings. This review attempts to summarize our current knowledge of the crosstalk between oncoproteins and ROS in promoting cancer cell survival and proliferation and treatment strategies employed against these oncoproteins. Antioxid. Redox Signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Jun Fei Chong
- 1 Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jolin Xiao Hui Lai
- 1 Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jie Qing Eu
- 2 Cancer Science Institute , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gregory Lucien Bellot
- 1 Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore .,3 Department of Hand and Reconstructive Microsurgery, National University Health System , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shazib Pervaiz
- 1 Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore .,4 NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore .,5 National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System , Singapore, Singapore .,6 School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University , Perth, Australia
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16
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Liu F, Hu H, Zhao J, Zhang Z, Ai X, Tang L, Xie L. miR-124-3p acts as a potential marker and suppresses tumor growth in gastric cancer. Biomed Rep 2018; 9:147-155. [PMID: 30013778 PMCID: PMC6036824 DOI: 10.3892/br.2018.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
miR-124-3p has been implicated in a variety of cancers. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the expression, prognostic roles and functions of miR-124-3p in gastric cancer. Functional studies indicated that ectopic overexpression of miR-124-3p in gastric cancer cells suppressed cell viability and plate colony formation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. In situ hybridization analysis demonstrated that decreased expression of miR-124-3p was associated with clinical stage and lymph node metastasis, as well as shorter overall survival and disease-free survival rates. Furthermore, it was observed that miR-124-3p repressed the carcinogenesis of gastric cancer by targeting Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) and specificity protein 1 (SP1). Collectively, these results indicate a potential underlying mechanism for the regulation of gastric cancer by miR-124-3p involving targeting of Rac1 and SP1. Thus, miR-124-3p may be an independent indicator of survival and treatment strategy for patients with gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Medical School of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Hongjuan Hu
- University of South China School of Nursing, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Jianfu Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Medical School of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Ai
- The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Liyun Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Liming Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
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17
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Bao Y, Guo H, Lu Y, Feng W, Sun X, Tang C, Wang X, Shen M. Blocking hepatic metastases of colon cancer cells using an shRNA against Rac1 delivered by activatable cell-penetrating peptide. Oncotarget 2018; 7:77183-77195. [PMID: 27791203 PMCID: PMC5363579 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic metastasis is one of the critical progressions of colon cancer. Blocking this process is key to prolonging survival time in cancer patients. Studies on activatable cell-penetrating peptides (dtACPPs) have demonstrated their potential as gene carriers. It showed high tumor cell-targeting specificity and transfection efficiency and low cytotoxicity in the in vitro settings of drug delivery. However, using this system to silence target genes to inhibit metastasis in colorectal cancer cells has not been widely reported and requires further investigation. In this study, we observed that expression of Rac1, a key molecule for cytoskeletal reorganization, was higher in hepatic metastatic tumor tissue compared with prime colon cancer tissue and that patients with high Rac1-expressing colon cancer showed shorter survival time. Base on these findings, we created dtACPP-PEG-DGL (dtACPPD)/shRac1 nanoparticles and demonstrated that they downregulated Rac1 expression in colon cancer cells. Moreover, we observed inhibitory effects on migration, invasion and adhesion in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells in vitro, and our results showed that Rac1 regulated colon cancer cell matrix adhesion through the regulation of cytofilament dynamics. Moreover, mechanically, repression of Rac1 inhibiting cells migration and invasion by enhancing cell to cell adhesion and reducing cell to extracellular matrix adhesion. Furthermore, when atCDPPD/shRac1 nanoparticles were administered intravenously to a HCT116 xenograft model, significant tumor metastasis to the liver was inhibited. Our results suggest that atCDPP/shRac1 nanoparticles may enable the blockade of hepatic metastasis in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Bao
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Huzhou University, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Huihui Guo
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Huzhou University, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Yongliang Lu
- Department of Medicine, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Wenming Feng
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Huzhou University, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Xinrong Sun
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Huzhou University, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Chengwu Tang
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Huzhou University, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Huzhou University, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Mo Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University,Wenzhou, 325000, China
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18
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Huang YS, Jie N, Zhang YX, Zou KJ, Weng Y. shRNA-induced silencing of Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 inhibits the proliferation of colon cancer cells through upregulation of BAD and downregulation of cyclin D1. Int J Mol Med 2017; 41:1397-1408. [PMID: 29286138 PMCID: PMC5819921 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (RAC1) is a member of the Rho family of small GTPases. Recent studies have reported that RAC1 serves an important role in colon cancer cell proliferation. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of RAC1 knockdown on cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and apoptosis of colon cancer cells. Lentivirus-mediated short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was used to knockdown RAC1 expression in colon cancer cell lines, and cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle progression were evaluated by MTT assays and flow cytometry. The differences in mRNAs expression were identified between RAC1-knockdown cells and control cells using a mRNA microarray, following which quantitative PCR (qPCR) and western blot were employed to confirm the results of the mRNA microarray. The proliferative ability of colon cancer cells was significantly decreased following RAC1 knockdown, and RAC1 knockdown increased the apoptotic rate and enhanced cell cycle arrest at G1 phase in colon cancer cells. In addition, >1,200 known genes were demonstrated to be involved in RAC1-associated tumorigenic functions in SW620 colon cancer cells, as determined by gene chip analysis; these genes were associated with cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis and metastasis. Furthermore, western blot analysis indicated that cyclin D1 was downregulated, whereas B-cell lymphoma 2-associated agonist of cell death (BAD) was upregulated following RAC1 knockdown in colon cancer cells. In conclusion, RAC1 silencing may suppress the proliferation of colon cancer cells by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. In addition, a large number of genes were revealed to be involved in the process, including BAD, which was upregulated and cyclin D1, which was downregulated. Further studies on these differentially expressed genes may provide a better understanding of the potential roles of RAC1 in colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Sheng Huang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571101, P.R. China
| | - Na Jie
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571101, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Xin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571101, P.R. China
| | - Ke-Jian Zou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hainan Provincial People's Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570311, P.R. China
| | - Yang Weng
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571101, P.R. China
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19
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Su B, Su J, Zeng Y, Liu F, Xia H, Ma YH, Zhou ZG, Zhang S, Yang BM, Wu YH, Zeng X, Ai XH, Ling H, Jiang H, Su Q. Diallyl disulfide suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion and proliferation by downregulation of LIMK1 in gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:10498-512. [PMID: 26871290 PMCID: PMC4891135 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diallyl disulfide (DADS) has been shown to have multi-targeted antitumor activities. We have previously discovered that it has a repressive effect on LIM kinase-1 (LIMK1) expression in gastric cancer MGC803 cells. This suggests that DADS may inhibit epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by downregulating LIMK1, resulting in the inhibition of invasion and growth in gastric cancer. In this study, we reveal that LIMK1 expression is correlated with tumor differentiation, invasion depth, clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, and poor prognosis. DADS downregulated the Rac1-Pak1/Rock1-LIMK1 pathway in MGC803 cells, as shown by decreased p-LIMK1 and p-cofilin1 levels, and suppressed cell migration and invasion. Knockdown and overexpression experiments performed in vitro demonstrated that downregulating LIMK1 with DADS resulted in restrained EMT that was coupled with decreased matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and increased tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3) expression. In in vitro and in vivo experiments, the DADS-induced suppression of cell proliferation was enhanced and antagonized by the knockdown and overexpression of LIMK1, respectively. Similar results were observed for DADS-induced changes in the expression of vimentin, CD34, Ki-67, and E-cadherin in xenografted tumors. These results indicate that downregulation of LIMK1 by DADS could explain the inhibition of EMT, invasion and proliferation in gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Su
- Center for Gastric Cancer Research of Hunan Province, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Hunan Provincial University, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics of Hunan Provincial University, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan, China
| | - Jian Su
- Center for Gastric Cancer Research of Hunan Province, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Hunan Provincial University, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan, China.,Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan, China
| | - Ying Zeng
- Center for Gastric Cancer Research of Hunan Province, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Hunan Provincial University, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Center for Gastric Cancer Research of Hunan Province, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Hunan Provincial University, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan, China
| | - Hong Xia
- Center for Gastric Cancer Research of Hunan Province, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Hunan Provincial University, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan, China
| | - Yan-Hua Ma
- Center for Gastric Cancer Research of Hunan Province, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Hunan Provincial University, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Zhou
- Center for Gastric Cancer Research of Hunan Province, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Hunan Provincial University, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Center for Gastric Cancer Research of Hunan Province, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Hunan Provincial University, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan, China
| | - Bang-Min Yang
- Center for Gastric Cancer Research of Hunan Province, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Hunan Provincial University, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan, China
| | - You-Hua Wu
- Center for Gastric Cancer Research of Hunan Province, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan, China
| | - Xi Zeng
- Center for Gastric Cancer Research of Hunan Province, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Hunan Provincial University, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Ai
- Center for Gastric Cancer Research of Hunan Province, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan, China
| | - Hui Ling
- Center for Gastric Cancer Research of Hunan Province, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Hunan Provincial University, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Center for Gastric Cancer Research of Hunan Province, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan, China
| | - Qi Su
- Center for Gastric Cancer Research of Hunan Province, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Hunan Provincial University, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan, China
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20
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Liu Y, Li H, Zhang R, Dang H, Sun P, Zou L, Zhang Y, Gao Y, Hu Y. Overexpression of the BRIP1 ameliorates chemosensitivity to cisplatin by inhibiting Rac1 GTPase activity in cervical carcinoma HeLa cells. Gene 2016; 578:85-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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21
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Babae N, Bourajjaj M, Liu Y, Van Beijnum JR, Cerisoli F, Scaria PV, Verheul M, Van Berkel MP, Pieters EHE, Van Haastert RJ, Yousefi A, Mastrobattista E, Storm G, Berezikov E, Cuppen E, Woodle M, Schaapveld RQJ, Prevost GP, Griffioen AW, Van Noort PI, Schiffelers RM. Systemic miRNA-7 delivery inhibits tumor angiogenesis and growth in murine xenograft glioblastoma. Oncotarget 2015; 5:6687-700. [PMID: 25149532 PMCID: PMC4196156 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-angiogenesis is the multi-factorial process of sprouting of endothelial cells (EC) into micro-vessels to provide tumor cells with nutrients and oxygen. To explore miRNAs as therapeutic angiogenesis-inhibitors, we performed a functional screen to identify miRNAs that are able to decrease EC viability. We identified miRNA-7 (miR-7) as a potent negative regulator of angiogenesis. Introduction of miR-7 in EC resulted in strongly reduced cell viability, tube formation, sprouting and migration. Application of miR-7 in the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay led to a profound reduction of vascularization, similar to anti-angiogenic drug sunitinib. Local administration of miR-7 in an in vivo murine neuroblastoma tumor model significantly inhibited angiogenesis and tumor growth. Finally, systemic administration of miR-7 using a novel integrin-targeted biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles that targets both EC and tumor cells, strongly reduced angiogenesis and tumor proliferation in mice with human glioblastoma xenografts. Transcriptome analysis of miR-7 transfected EC in combination with in silico target prediction resulted in the identification of OGT as novel target gene of miR-7. Our study provides a comprehensive validation of miR-7 as novel anti-angiogenic therapeutic miRNA that can be systemically delivered to both EC and tumor cells and offers promise for miR-7 as novel anti-tumor therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Babae
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Meriem Bourajjaj
- InteRNA Technologies B.V., Utrecht, the Netherlands. These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yijia Liu
- Aparna Biosciences Corporation, Rockville MD, USA. These authors contributed equally to this work
| | | | | | | | - Mark Verheul
- InteRNA Technologies B.V., Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ebel H E Pieters
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Afrouz Yousefi
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Enrico Mastrobattista
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Gert Storm
- MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology & Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Twente, AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Eugene Berezikov
- Hubrecht Institute, Cancer Genomics Center and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin Cuppen
- Hubrecht Institute, Cancer Genomics Center and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Raymond M Schiffelers
- Laboratory Clinical Chemistry & Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Inhibitory effect of endostar on specific angiogenesis induced by human hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2015; 2015:957574. [PMID: 25983751 PMCID: PMC4423035 DOI: 10.1155/2015/957574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of endostar on specific angiogenesis induced by human hepatocellular carcinoma, this research systematically elucidated the inhibitory effect on HepG2-induced angiogenesis by endostar from 50 ng/mL to 50000 ng/mL. We employed fluorescence quantitative Boyden chamber analysis, wound-healing assay, flow cytometry examination using a coculture system, quantitative analysis of tube formation, and in vivo Matrigel plug assay induced by HCC conditioned media (HCM) and HepG2 compared with normal hepatocyte conditioned media (NCM) and L02. Then, we found that endostar as a tumor angiogenesis inhibitor could potently inhibit human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) migration in response to HCM after four- to six-hour action, inhibit HCM-induced HUVEC migration to the lesion part in a dose-dependent manner between 50 ng/mL and 5000 ng/mL at 24 hours, and reduce HUVEC proliferation in a dose-dependent fashion. Endostar inhibited HepG2-induced tube formation of HUVECs which peaked at 50 ng/mL. In vivo Matrigel plug formation was also significantly reduced by endostar in HepG2 inducing system rather than in L02 inducing system. It could be concluded that, at cell level, endostar inhibited the angiogenesis-related biological behaviors of HUVEC in response to HCC, including migration, adhesion proliferation, and tube formation. At animal level, endostar inhibited the angiogenesis in response to HCC in Matrigel matrix.
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Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus microRNAs repress breakpoint cluster region protein expression, enhance Rac1 activity, and increase in vitro angiogenesis. J Virol 2015; 89:4249-61. [PMID: 25631082 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03687-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, ∼ 22-nucleotide-long RNAs that regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) encodes 12 pre-miRNAs during latency, and the functional significance of these microRNAs during KSHV infection and their cellular targets have been emerging recently. Using a previously reported microarray profiling analysis, we identified breakpoint cluster region mRNA (Bcr) as a cellular target of the KSHV miRNA miR-K12-6-5p (miR-K6-5). Bcr protein levels were repressed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) upon transfection with miR-K6-5 and during KSHV infection. Luciferase assays wherein the Bcr 3' untranslated region (UTR) was cloned downstream of a luciferase reporter showed repression in the presence of miR-K6-5, and mutation of one of the two predicted miR-K6-5 binding sites relieved this repression. Furthermore, inhibition or deletion of miR-K6-5 in KSHV-infected cells showed increased Bcr protein levels. Together, these results show that Bcr is a direct target of the KSHV miRNA miR-K6-5. To understand the functional significance of Bcr knockdown in the context of KSHV-associated disease, we hypothesized that the knockdown of Bcr, a negative regulator of Rac1, might enhance Rac1-mediated angiogenesis. We found that HUVECs transfected with miR-K6-5 had increased Rac1-GTP levels and tube formation compared to HUVECs transfected with control miRNAs. Knockdown of Bcr in latently KSHV-infected BCBL-1 cells increased the levels of viral RTA, suggesting that Bcr repression by KSHV might aid lytic reactivation. Together, our results reveal a new function for both KSHV miRNAs and Bcr in KSHV infection and suggest that KSHV miRNAs, in part, promote angiogenesis and lytic reactivation. IMPORTANCE Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection is linked to multiple human cancers and lymphomas. KSHV encodes small nucleic acids (microRNAs) that can repress the expression of specific human genes, the biological functions of which are still emerging. This report uses a variety of approaches to show that a KSHV microRNA represses the expression of the human gene called breakpoint cluster region (Bcr). Repression of Bcr correlated with the activation of a protein previously shown to cause KS-like lesions in mice (Rac1), an increase in KS-associated phenotypes (tube formation in endothelial cells and vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF] synthesis), and modification of the life cycle of the virus (lytic replication). Our results suggest that KSHV microRNAs suppress host proteins and contribute to KS-associated pathogenesis.
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24
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JI JUN, FENG XIAOJING, SHI MIN, CAI QU, YU YINGYAN, ZHU ZHENGGANG, ZHANG JUN. Rac1 is correlated with aggressiveness and a potential therapeutic target for gastric cancer. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:1343-53. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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25
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Cardama GA, Gonzalez N, Ciarlantini M, Gandolfi Donadío L, Comin MJ, Alonso DF, Menna PL, Gomez DE. Proapoptotic and antiinvasive activity of Rac1 small molecule inhibitors on malignant glioma cells. Onco Targets Ther 2014; 7:2021-33. [PMID: 25378937 PMCID: PMC4218912 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s67998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are characterized by an intrinsic ability to invade diffusely throughout the normal brain tissue. This feature contributes mainly to the failure of existing therapies. Deregulation of small GTPases signaling, in particular Rac1 activity, plays a key role in the invasive phenotype of gliomas. Here we report the effect of ZINC69391, a specific Rac1 inhibitor developed by our group, on human glioma cell lines LN229 and U-87 MG. ZINC69391 is able to interfere with the interaction of Rac1 with Dock180, a relevant Rac1 activator in glioma invasion, and to reduce Rac1-GTP levels. The kinase Pak1, a downstream effector of Dock180-Rac1 signaling, was also downregulated upon ZINC69391 treatment. ZINC69391 reduced cell proliferation, arrested cells in G1 phase, and triggered apoptosis in glioma cells. Importantly, ZINC69391 dramatically affected cell migration and invasion in vitro, interfering with actin cytoskeleton dynamics. We also evaluated the effect of analog 1A-116, a compound derived from ZINC69391 structure. 1A-116 showed an improved antiproliferative and antiinvasive activity on glioma cells. These findings encourage further preclinical testing in clinically relevant animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina A Cardama
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National University of Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nazareno Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National University of Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matias Ciarlantini
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Center of Research and Development in Chemistry, National Institute of Industrial Technology, San Martín, Argentina
| | - Lucia Gandolfi Donadío
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Center of Research and Development in Chemistry, National Institute of Industrial Technology, San Martín, Argentina
| | - María Julieta Comin
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Center of Research and Development in Chemistry, National Institute of Industrial Technology, San Martín, Argentina
| | - Daniel F Alonso
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National University of Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Lorenzano Menna
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National University of Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel E Gomez
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National University of Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Bid HK, Roberts RD, Manchanda PK, Houghton PJ. RAC1: an emerging therapeutic option for targeting cancer angiogenesis and metastasis. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:1925-34. [PMID: 24072884 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis and metastasis are well recognized as processes fundamental to the development of malignancy. Both processes involve the coordination of multiple cellular and chemical activities through myriad signaling networks, providing a mass of potential targets for therapeutic intervention. This review will focus on one master regulator of cell motility, RAC1, and the existing data with regard to its role in cell motility, including particular roles for tumor angiogenesis and invasion/metastasis. We also emphasize the preclinical investigations carried out with RAC1 inhibitors to evaluate the therapeutic potential of this target. Herein, we explore potential future directions as well as the challenges of targeting RAC1 in the treatment of cancer. Recent insights at the molecular and cellular levels are paving the way for a more directed and detailed approach to target mechanisms of RAC1 regulating angiogenesis and metastasis. Understanding these mechanisms may provide insight into RAC1 signaling components as alternative therapeutic targets for tumor angiogenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant K Bid
- Corresponding Author: Peter J. Houghton, Center for Childhood Cancer, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205.
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Genistein inhibits prostate cancer cell growth by targeting miR-34a and oncogenic HOTAIR. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70372. [PMID: 23936419 PMCID: PMC3731248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genistein is a soy isoflavone that has antitumor activity both in vitro and in vivo. It has been shown that genistein inhibits many type of cancers including prostate cancer (PCa) by regulating several cell signaling pathways and microRNAs (miRNAs). Recent studies suggest that the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are also involved in many cellular processes. At present there are no reports about the relationship between gensitein, miRNAs and lncRNAs. In this study, we focused on miRNAs, lncRNA that are regulated by genistein and investigated their functional role in PCa. METHOD Microarray (SurePrint G3 Human GE 8×60K) was used for expression profiling of genistein treated and control PCa cells (PC3 and DU145). Functional assay (cell proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis and cell cycle assays) were performed with the PCa cell lines, PC3 and DU145. Both in vitro and in vivo (nude mouse) models were used for growth assays. Luciferase reporter assays were used for binding of miR-34a to HOTAIR. RESULTS LncRNA profiling showed that HOTAIR was highly regulated by genistein and its expression was higher in castration-resistant PCa cell lines than in normal prostate cells. Knockdown (siRNA) of HOTAIR decreased PCa cell proliferation, migration and invasion and induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. miR-34a was also up-regulated by genistein and may directly target HOTAIR in both PC3 and DU145 PCa cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that genistein inhibited PCa cell growth through down-regulation of oncogenic HOTAIR that is also targeted by tumor suppressor miR-34a. These findings enhance understanding of how genistein regulates lncRNA HOTAIR and miR-34a in PCa.
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Chiyomaru T, Yamamura S, Fukuhara S, Hidaka H, Majid S, Saini S, Arora S, Deng G, Shahryari V, Chang I, Tanaka Y, Tabatabai ZL, Enokida H, Seki N, Nakagawa M, Dahiya R. Genistein up-regulates tumor suppressor microRNA-574-3p in prostate cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58929. [PMID: 23554959 PMCID: PMC3595226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Genistein has been shown to inhibit cancers both in vitro and in vivo, by altering the expression of several microRNAs (miRNAs). In this study, we focused on tumor suppressor miRNAs regulated by genistein and investigated their function in prostate cancer (PCa) and target pathways. Using miRNA microarray analysis and real-time RT-PCR we observed that miR-574-3p was significantly up-regulated in PCa cells treated with genistein compared with vehicle control. The expression of miR-574-3p was significantly lower in PCa cell lines and clinical PCa tissues compared with normal prostate cells (RWPE-1) and adjacent normal tissues. Low expression level of miR-574-3p was correlated with advanced tumor stage and higher Gleason score in PCa specimens. Re-expression of miR-574-3p in PCa cells significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro and in vivo. miR-574-3p restoration induced apoptosis through reducing Bcl-xL and activating caspase-9 and caspase-3. Using GeneCodis software analysis, several pathways affected by miR-574-3p were identified, such as 'Pathways in cancer', 'Jak-STAT signaling pathway', and 'Wnt signaling pathway'. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that miR-574-3p directly binds to the 3' UTR of several target genes (such as RAC1, EGFR and EP300) that are components of 'Pathways in cancer'. Quantitative real-time PCR and Western analysis showed that the mRNA and protein expression levels of the three target genes in PCa cells were markedly down-regulated with miR-574-3p. Loss-of-function studies demonstrated that the three target genes significantly affect cell proliferation, migration and invasion in PCa cell lines. Our results show that genistein up-regulates tumor suppressor miR-574-3p expression targeting several cell signaling pathways. These findings enhance understanding of how genistein regulates with miRNA in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Chiyomaru
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Soichiro Yamamura
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Shinichiro Fukuhara
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hideo Hidaka
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shahana Majid
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sharanjot Saini
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sumit Arora
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Guoren Deng
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Varahram Shahryari
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Inik Chang
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yuichiro Tanaka
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Z. Laura Tabatabai
- Department of Pathology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hideki Enokida
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Naohiko Seki
- Department of Functional Genomics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nakagawa
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Rajvir Dahiya
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Dolinsek T, Markelc B, Sersa G, Coer A, Stimac M, Lavrencak J, Brozic A, Kranjc S, Cemazar M. Multiple delivery of siRNA against endoglin into murine mammary adenocarcinoma prevents angiogenesis and delays tumor growth. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58723. [PMID: 23593103 PMCID: PMC3589348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoglin is a transforming growth factor-β (TGF- β) co-receptor that participates in the activation of a signaling pathway that mediates endothelial cell proliferation and migration in angiogenic tumor vasculature. Therefore, silencing of endoglin expression is an attractive approach for antiangiogenic therapy of tumors. The aim of our study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules against endoglin in vitro and in vivo. Therapeutic potential in vitro was assessed in human and murine endothelial cells (HMEC-1, 2H11) by determining endoglin expression level, cell proliferation and tube formation. In vivo, the therapeutic potential of siRNA molecules was evaluated in TS/A mammary adenocarcinoma growing in BALB/c mice. Results of our study showed that siRNA molecules against endoglin have a good antiangiogenic therapeutic potential in vitro, as expression of endoglin mRNA and protein levels in mouse and human microvascular endothelial cells after lipofection were efficiently reduced, which resulted in the inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation and tube formation. In vivo, silencing of endoglin with triple electrotransfer of siRNA molecules into TS/A mammary adenocarcinoma also significantly reduced the mRNA levels, number of tumor blood vessels and the growth of tumors. The obtained results demonstrate that silencing of endoglin is a promising antiangiogenic therapy of tumors that could not be used as single treatment, but as an adjunct to the established cytotoxic treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Dolinsek
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bostjan Markelc
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Sersa
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Coer
- Department of Natural and Medical Subjects, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Monika Stimac
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jaka Lavrencak
- Department of Cytopathology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andreja Brozic
- Department of Cytopathology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simona Kranjc
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Cemazar
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Natural and Medical Subjects, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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Kwiatkowska A, Didier S, Fortin S, Chuang Y, White T, Berens ME, Rushing E, Eschbacher J, Tran NL, Chan A, Symons M. The small GTPase RhoG mediates glioblastoma cell invasion. Mol Cancer 2012; 11:65. [PMID: 22966858 PMCID: PMC3557187 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-11-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The invasion of glioblastoma cells into regions of the normal brain is a critical factor that limits current therapies for malignant astrocytomas. Previous work has identified roles for the Rho family guanine nucleotide exchange factors Trio and Vav3 in glioblastoma invasion. Both Trio and Vav3 act on the small GTPase RhoG. We therefore examined the role of RhoG in the invasive behavior of glioblastoma cells. Results We found that siRNA-mediated depletion of RhoG strongly inhibits invasion of glioblastoma cells through brain slices ex vivo. In addition, depletion of RhoG has a marginal effect on glioblastoma cell proliferation, but significantly inhibits glioblastoma cell survival in colony formation assays. We also observed that RhoG is activated by both HGF and EGF, two factors that are thought to be clinically relevant drivers of glioblastoma invasive behavior, and that RhoG is overexpressed in human glioblastoma tumors versus non-neoplastic brain. In search of a mechanism for the contribution of RhoG to the malignant behavior of glioblastoma cells, we found that depletion of RhoG strongly inhibits activation of the Rac1 GTPase by both HGF and EGF. In line with this observation, we also show that RhoG contributes to the formation of lamellipodia and invadopodia, two functions that have been shown to be Rac1-dependent. Conclusions Our functional analysis of RhoG in the context of glioblastoma revealed a critical role for RhoG in tumor cell invasion and survival. These results suggest that targeting RhoG-mediated signaling presents a novel avenue for glioblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Kwiatkowska
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at North Shore-LIJ, Manhasset, NY, USA
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Wang J, Liu C, Li T, Wang Y, Wang D. Proteomic analysis of pulmonary tissue in tail-suspended rats under simulated weightlessness. J Proteomics 2012; 75:5244-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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