1
|
Vierula J. Applicants' success in the ethics entrance exam: A cross-sectional study. Nurs Ethics 2024; 31:818-832. [PMID: 37899712 PMCID: PMC11370179 DOI: 10.1177/09697330231204999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Student selection is the first step in recruiting future social and healthcare professionals. Ethically competent professionals are needed in social and healthcare. It is important to select applicants who have the best possible abilities to develop their ethical competence in the future. Values-based recruitment has been used to inform the recruitment and selection of higher education applicants. However, objective and valid tests in student selection are needed. AIM To assess social and healthcare applicants' success and related factors in the ethics section of the universities of applied sciences digital entrance examination (UAS Exam) to undergraduate degree programmes. RESEARCH DESIGN A cross-sectional design was used. PARTICIPANTS AND RESEARCH CONTEXT Social and healthcare applicants needed to identify ethical situations in the ethics section of a national digital entrance examination (UAS Exam) in autumn 2019 (between 29 October and 1 November) in 20 Finnish universities of applied sciences. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS The process for the responsible conduct of research was followed in the study. Ethics committee approval was obtained from the Human Sciences Ethics Committee in the Satakunta region (27 September 2019). Approval to undertake the study was obtained from the participating universities of applied sciences. Participation to the study was voluntary and based on informed consent. RESULTS The applicants' (n = 8971) mean scores were 7.1/20 (standard deviation 6.5), and 22.7% of the applicants failed the ethics section. Age, previous education, and place of birth (own/parent) explained the applicants' success in the ethics section (total score and failed exam results). CONCLUSION(S) Applicants' success in the ethics section varied indicating that future students may have a different basis to develop their ethical competence. This may impact on (new) students' learning, especially in practical studies.
Collapse
|
2
|
Macpherson I, Sanagustín E, Roqué MV, Giner-Tarrida L. Evaluation of relational factor in patient satisfaction with the treatment received by dental students. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL EDUCATION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR DENTAL EDUCATION IN EUROPE 2024; 28:548-558. [PMID: 37986272 DOI: 10.1111/eje.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The study focused on the importance of the relational factor and empathy in the general satisfaction of patients for the treatment received by university dental students. To achieve this objective, a tool capable of evaluating the most humanistic dimensions (empathy, kindness, trust) in the development of dental treatment has been designed. MATERIALS AND METHODS A review of the literature was carried out and, based on its findings, a questionnaire was designed to assess patient satisfaction with the dental student's empathy. It consisted of 20 questions and was completed by 80 patients. The questionnaire was subjected to a validation process using the Delphi method (content validity) and psychometric analysis (construct validity), through a principal components analysis (PCA). RESULTS The results of the PCA showed the existence of four components that suggest grouping the 20 questions into three blocks with a sequential structure, in which the questions would describe the patient's satisfaction throughout their treatment: reception and explanation of the treatment; development and progress of treatment; and expectations and completion of treatment. In each of these blocks, satisfaction was determined by a specific humanistic dimension: communication, trust and benevolence. CONCLUSION The validated questionnaire is an effective tool to analyse the relational factors that determine patient satisfaction in a treatment. Furthermore, the analysis of the questionnaire suggests that communication, trust and benevolence are elements that acquire singular importance throughout the care process. This analysis is essential for the acquisition of humanistic skills by future professionals and to optimize the dentist-patient relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Macpherson
- Bioethics Unit, Department of Humanities, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa Sanagustín
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Victoria Roqué
- Bioethics Unit, Department of Humanities, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Giner-Tarrida
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aylott LME, Finn GM, Tiffin PA. Assessing professionalism in mental health clinicians: development and validation of a situational judgement test. BJPsych Open 2023; 9:e213. [PMID: 37955048 PMCID: PMC10753968 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2023.582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Situational judgement test (SJT) scores have been observed to predict actual workplace performance. They are commonly used to assess non-academic attributes as part of selection into many healthcare roles. However, no validated SJT yet exists for recruiting into mental health services. AIMS To develop and validate an SJT that can evaluate procedural knowledge of professionalism in applicants to clinical roles in mental health services. METHOD SJT item content was generated through interviews and focus groups with 56 professionals, patients and carers related to a large National Health Service mental health trust in England. These subject matter experts informed the content of the final items for the SJT. The SJT was completed by 73 registered nurses and 36 allied health professionals (AHPs). The primary outcome measure was supervisor ratings of professionalism and effectiveness on a relative percentile rating scale and was present for 69 of the participating nurses and AHPs. Personality assessment scores were reported as a secondary outcome. RESULTS SJT scores statistically significantly predicted ratings of professionalism (β = 0.31, P = 0.01) and effectiveness (β = 0.32, P = 0.01). The scores demonstrated statistically significant incremental predictive validity over the personality assessment scores for predicting supervisor ratings of professionalism (β = 0.26, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that a carefully designed SJT can validly assess important personal attributes in clinicians working in mental health services. Such assessments are likely to represent evidence based, cost-effective tools that can support values-based recruitment to mental health service roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. E. Aylott
- Health Professions Education Unit, Hull York Medical School, University of York, UK
| | - Gabrielle M. Finn
- Division of Medical Education, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, UK; and Health Professions Education Unit, Hull York Medical School, University of York, UK
| | - Paul A. Tiffin
- Health Professions Education Unit, Hull York Medical School, University of York, UK; and Department of Health Sciences, University of York, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Grailey K, Lound A, Murray E, Brett SJ. The influence of personality on psychological safety, the presence of stress and chosen professional roles in the healthcare environment. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286796. [PMID: 37276225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthcare teams are expected to deliver high quality and safe clinical care, a goal facilitated by an environment of psychological safety. We hypothesised that an individual's personality would influence psychological safety, perceived stressors in the clinical environment and confer a suitability for different professional roles. Staff members were recruited from the Emergency or Critical Care Departments of one National Health Service Trust. Qualitative interviews explored participants' experiences of personality, incorporating quantitative surveys to evaluate psychological safety and perceived stressors. The 16 Primary Factor Assessment provided a quantitative measure of personality. Participants demonstrated midrange scores for most personality traits, highlighting an ability to adapt to changing environments and requirements. There was a signal that different personality traits predominated between the two professional groups, and that certain traits were significantly associated with higher psychological safety and certain perceived stressors. Personality was described as having a strong influence on teamwork, the working environment and leadership ability. Our analysis highlights that personality can influence team dynamics and the suitability of individuals for certain clinical roles. Understanding the heterogeneity of personalities of team members and their likely responses to challenge may help leaders to support staff in times of challenge and improve team cohesiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Grailey
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Lound
- Patient Experience Research Centre, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Murray
- Said Business School, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Brett
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Druică E, Gibea T, Ianole-Călin R, Socaciu E. Do Moral Judgments in Moral Dilemmas Make One More Inclined to Choose a Medical Degree? Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:474. [PMID: 37366726 DOI: 10.3390/bs13060474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of moral intuitions and moral judgments has become increasingly prominent in educational and academic choices. The present research aims to examine if the moral judgments elicited in sacrificial trolley dilemmas have a distinct pattern for the decisions made by junior medical students, in comparison to those of senior high school students. We work with this sample because it represents the population out of which medical students are recruited in the case of Bucharest, Romania. Our findings show that moral judgments are indeed a significant predictor for a respondent's status as medical students. This result, albeit with limitations, bears multiple practical implications, from developing empirically informed medical ethics courses in medical schools to evidence-based policy designs which consider factors such as morality alongside financial outcomes and incentives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Druică
- Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, Faculty of Business and Administration, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Toni Gibea
- Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences, Faculty of Management, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, 010374 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Rodica Ianole-Călin
- Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, Faculty of Business and Administration, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Emanuel Socaciu
- Faculty of Philosophy, University of Bucharest, 060024 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ammi M, Fooken J, Klein J, Scott A. Does doctors' personality differ from those of patients, the highly educated and other caring professions? An observational study using two nationally representative Australian surveys. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e069850. [PMID: 37094898 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Personality differences between doctors and patients can affect treatment outcomes. We examine these trait disparities, as well as differences across medical specialities. DESIGN Retrospective, observational statistical analysis of secondary data. SETTING Data from two data sets that are nationally representative of doctors and the general population in Australia. PARTICIPANTS We include 23 358 individuals from a representative survey of the general Australian population (with subgroups of 18 705 patients, 1261 highly educated individuals and 5814 working in caring professions) as well as 19 351 doctors from a representative survey of doctors in Australia (with subgroups of 5844 general practitioners, 1776 person-oriented specialists and 3245 technique-oriented specialists). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Big Five personality traits and locus of control. Measures are standardised by gender, age and being born overseas and weighted to be representative of their population. RESULTS Doctors are significantly more agreeable (a: standardised score -0.12, 95% CIs -0.18 to -0.06), conscientious (c: -0.27 to -0.33 to -0.20), extroverted (e: 0.11, 0.04 to 0.17) and neurotic (n: 0.14, CI 0.08 to 0.20) than the general population (a: -0.38 to -0.42 to -0.34, c: -0.96 to -1.00 to -0.91, e: -0.22 to -0.26 to -0.19, n: -1.01 to -1.03 to -0.98) or patients (a: -0.77 to -0.85 to -0.69, c: -1.27 to -1.36 to -1.19, e: -0.24 to -0.31 to -0.18, n: -0.71 to -0.76 to -0.66). Patients (-0.03 to -0.10 to 0.05) are more open than doctors (-0.30 to -0.36 to -0.23). Doctors have a significantly more external locus of control (0.06, 0.00 to 0.13) than the general population (-0.10 to -0.13 to -0.06) but do not differ from patients (-0.04 to -0.11 to 0.03). There are minor differences in personality traits among doctors with different specialities. CONCLUSIONS Several personality traits differ between doctors, the population and patients. Awareness about differences can improve doctor-patient communication and allow patients to understand and comply with treatment recommendations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Ammi
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for the Business and Economics of Health, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jonas Fooken
- Centre for the Business and Economics of Health, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jill Klein
- Melbourne Business School and Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony Scott
- Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic and Social Research, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Traynor M, Neill CM, Roulston A. Personal statement versus psychological test as admission to the nursing degree: an evaluation. BMC Nurs 2022; 21:157. [PMID: 35715840 PMCID: PMC9204378 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-022-00919-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A review of admissions to nursing in Northern Ireland was prompted by the growing number of applications and a desire to ensure that the applicants had the right values for a career in nursing. Concerns regarding authorship, plagiarism and reliability of personal statements used to select applicants to interview was the focus of this research. This study evaluates the psychometric properties of a Personal Statement (PS) as a method for admission to a nursing programme and a values-based psychological screening tool, Nurse Match (NM). METHODS A self-selecting, purposive sample (n = 228; 9.7%) was drawn from applicants to Schools of Nursing in the United Kingdom (n = 2350). Participants all of whom had completed a Personal Statement were asked to complete a psychological tool and the scoring outcomes and psychometric properties of both tests were investigated. Statistical analysis was conducted using Minitab 17. RESULTS Applicants from 18 schools and five colleges responded. The majority (72.4%) were aged 18-19. Findings provide practical, theoretical, statistical, and qualitative reasons for concluding that the Personal Statement has substantial limitations as a measure of suitability. It does not compare well with international test standards for psychometric tests. In contrast, NM is a valid and reliable measure with good discriminatory power, standardised administration and consistent marking. CONCLUSION NM is a viable alternative to the PS for shortlisting applicants for nursing interviews.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marian Traynor
- School of Nursing & Midwifery, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL N. Ireland
| | - Colin Mc Neill
- Identity Exploration Ltd, 50 Stranmillis Embankment, Belfast, Co Antrim N. Ireland
| | - Audrey Roulston
- School of Social Sciences, Education and Social Work, Queen’s University Belfast, 6 College Park, Belfast, BT7 1NN N. Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Koh JMY, Ang HG, Lee J, Pua YH. The hard truth about soft skills: Exploring the association between leadership competency and career advancement of allied health professionals. PROCEEDINGS OF SINGAPORE HEALTHCARE 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/20101058221138834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgroud: Globally, employee engagement in healthcare organisations is low, with career advancement one of its main determinants. It may be useful for healthcare organisations to determine the factors of career advancement, to guide them to more effectively engage their workforce. Leadership competency is factor that may be crucial in influencing career advancement for healthcare employees. To our knowledge, a comprehensive analysis on its impact on the perception of career advancement within the healthcare setting has not been conducted. Research Design: An ecological, cross-sectional study was conducted, aimed at examining the association between leadership competency of healthcare professionals and perceptions of career advancement. Poisson generalized-estimating-equation models were fitted to estimate the adjusted rate ratios with bootstrap 95% confidence intervals for the associations of the AHEAD items with the number of favourable responses on the career advancement items. In each model, we accounted for clustering by departments and controlled for length of service as a confounder. Results: Statistically significant predictors of perception of career advancement were found, and included skills - Interpersonal Skills (aRR 1.53 CI 1.12–2.96), Motivating (aRR 1.31 CI 1.10–2.16), and Mentoring (aRR 1.30 CI 1.08–1.13); and values - Compassion (aRR 1.37 CI 1.17–3.40), and Collegiality (aRR 1.31 CI 1.00–1.99). Conclusion: Our findings show an association between some components of leadership competency and the perception of career advancement. These results provide initial evidence that apart from hard skills, soft skills may play an equally (or more important) role in influencing the perception of career advancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui-Gek Ang
- Allied Health Division, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Jeffrey Lee
- Allied Health Division, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Yong-Hao Pua
- Department of Physiotherapy, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Anglim J, Molloy K, Dunlop PD, Albrecht SL, Lievens F, Marty A. Values assessment for personnel selection: comparing job applicants to non-applicants. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1359432x.2021.2008911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeromy Anglim
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Karlyn Molloy
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | | | | | - Filip Lievens
- Lee Kong Chian School of Business, Singapore Management University, Singapore
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tane E, Fletcher I, Bensa S. Staff compassion in acute mental health wards: a grounded theory investigation. J Ment Health 2021; 31:657-665. [PMID: 33612064 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2021.1875402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staff working on acute inpatient mental health wards face unique challenges in terms of short admissions, acuity, complexity and exposure to violence, suicide and self-harm. They experience high levels of stress and burnout, which can impact compassion. AIM To qualitatively explore staff's understanding and conceptualisation of the development, loss and restoration of compassion within acute inpatient environments. METHOD Eleven participants from a variety of professional backgrounds currently working on acute wards were interviewed. Using constructivist grounded theory, data were synthesised into theoretical categories and sub-categories. RESULTS A conceptual model of the facilitators and inhibitors of compassionate care was developed, based on five categories that emerged from the data: A compassionate stance; the challenges of acute wards; feeling under threat; restoring compassion; and a compassionate organisation. CONCLUSIONS Findings outline the process whereby staff compassion can be challenged or depleted, leading to a negative appraisal of the patient. Colleague support, knowing and understanding patients, and accessing a reflective space all supported the restoration of compassion. Staff reported lack of organisational compassion influenced their ability to maintain a compassionate stance. The importance of appropriate training and support structures is discussed, alongside recommendations to support the development of compassionate acute mental health care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Tane
- Division of Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Ian Fletcher
- Division of Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Sian Bensa
- Cheshire and Wirral Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Chester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
"The hardest job you will ever love": Nurse recruitment, retention, and turnover in the Nurse-Family Partnership program in British Columbia, Canada. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237028. [PMID: 32898142 PMCID: PMC7478534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nurse turnover is a significant issue and complex challenge for all healthcare sectors and is exacerbated by a global nursing shortage. Nurse-Family Partnership is a community health program for first-time pregnant and parenting girls and young women living in situations of social and economic disadvantage. In Canada, this program is delivered exclusively by public health nurses and only within a research context. The aim of this article is to explore and describe factors that contribute to recruitment, retention, and turnover of public health nurses delivering Nurse-Family Partnership in British Columbia, Canada between 2013 and 2018. Methods Interpretive description was used to guide sampling, data collection and analytic decisions in this qualitative component drawn from the British Columbia Healthy Connections Project mixed methods process evaluation. Semi-structured, individual interviews were conducted with 28 public health nurses who practiced in and then exited Nurse-Family Partnership. Results Nurses were motivated to join this program because they wanted to deliver an evidence-based program for vulnerable young mothers that fit with their personal and professional philosophies and offered nurse autonomy. Access to program resources attracted nursing staff, while delivering a program that prioritizes maintaining relationships and emphasizes client successes was a positive work experience. Opportunities for ongoing professional development/ education, strong team connections, and working at full-scope of nursing practice were significant reasons for nurses to remain in Nurse-Family Partnership. Personal circumstances (retirement, family/health needs, relocation, career advancement) were the most frequently cited reasons leading to turnover. Other factors included: involuntary reasons, organizational and program factors, and geographical factors. Conclusions Public health organizations that deliver Nurse-Family Partnership may find aspects of job embeddedness theory useful for developing strategies for supporting recruitment and retention and reducing nurse turnover. Hiring nurses who are the right fit for this type of program may be a useful approach to increasing nurse retention. Fostering a culture of connectivity through team development along with supportive and communicative supervision are important factors associated with retention and may decrease turnover. Many involuntary/external factors were specific to being in a study environment. Program, organizational, and geographical factors affecting nurse turnover are modifiable.
Collapse
|
12
|
Rispel LC, Ditlopo P, White JA, Blaauw D. Socio-economic characteristics and career intentions of the WiSDOM health professional cohort in South Africa. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223739. [PMID: 31634904 PMCID: PMC6803014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human resources for health (HRH) crisis and dearth of research on the health labour market in South Africa informed the WiSDOM (Wits longitudinal Study to Determine the Operation of the labour Market among its health professional graduates) cohort study. The study aims to generate new knowledge on the career choices and job location decisions of health professionals in South Africa. Methods WiSDOM is a prospective longitudinal cohort study. During 2017, the first cohort for each of eight professional groups was established: clinical associates, dentists, doctors, nurses, occupational therapists, oral hygienists, pharmacists and physiotherapists. These cohorts will be followed up for 15 years. For the baseline data collection, each final year health professional student completed an electronic self-administered questionnaire (SAQ), after providing informed consent. The SAQ included information on: demographic characteristics; financing of training; reasons for choosing their profession; and their career intentions. We used STATA® 14 to analyse the data. Results We obtained an 89.5% response rate and 511 final year health professional students completed the baseline survey. The mean age of all participants was 24.1 years; 13.1% were born in a rural area; 11.9% and 8.0% completed their primary and secondary schooling in a rural area respectively. The health professional students came from relatively privileged backgrounds: 45.0% had attended a private school, the majority of their fathers (77.1%) had completed tertiary education, and 69.1% of their mothers had completed tertiary education. Students with higher socio-economic status (SES Quintiles 3–5) made up a larger proportion of the occupational therapists (77.8%), physiotherapists (71.7%), doctors (66.7%), and dentists (64.7%). In contrast, individuals from SES Quintiles 1 and 2 were over-represented among the clinical associates (75.0%), oral hygienists (71.4%), nurses (61.9%), and pharmacists (56.9%). Almost one quarter (24.9%) of cohort members indicated that they had partly financed their studies through loans. Although 86.3% of all cohort members indicated that they plan to stay in their chosen profession, this ranged from 43.2% for clinical associates to 100% for dentists. Conclusions WiSDOM has generated new knowledge on health professional graduates of a leading South African University. The results have implications for university selection criteria and national health workforce planning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Charmaine Rispel
- Centre for Health Policy & Department of Science and Innovation (DSI) and National Research Foundation (NRF) Research Chair, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Parktown, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Prudence Ditlopo
- Centre for Health Policy, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Parktown, South Africa
| | - Janine Anthea White
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Parktown, South Africa
| | - Duane Blaauw
- Centre for Health Policy, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Parktown, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hu WCY, Woodward-Kron R, Flynn E. Educator as Diagnostician, Judge and Confidant: a positioning analysis of medical student support encounters. ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2019; 24:707-724. [PMID: 31011921 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-019-09892-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Medical schools, programs and educators are increasingly expected to address medical student stress and wellbeing, yet also ensure student competence and fitness to practice. Educators play a central role in supporting students when evaluating a student's concerns and in deciding whether support and/or sanction should be offered. It is not known how educators approach or resolve such potentially contradictory responses. We conducted an interview study of 21 medical educators from a range of professional backgrounds across 11 on-campus and clinical teaching sites. Using Positioning Theory to inform our thematic analysis, we found that participants adopted an overarching position of Diagnostician, and at times, two alternative positions, the Judge and the Confidant when supporting students. In their narratives of support encounters, individual students were positioned as Good Students or Troubling Students. For most, educator positions were fluid and responsive to the storylines enacted in encounters. Rigidly adopting Judge or Confidant positions could lead to "failure to fail" and violations of professional boundaries. Positioning Theory locates student support in a moral space and helps explain the consternation experienced by educators when support is not effective. Positioning analysis offers a language, and metaphors which are meaningful to educators, for framing discussion and reviews of support practices and progression decisions. Such insights could encourage reflective practice and guide further research to inform practice when students with troubling concerns and persistently borderline performances require support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy C Y Hu
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
| | - Robyn Woodward-Kron
- Department of Medical Education, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Eleanor Flynn
- Department of Medical Education, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Mylène Lagarde, Luis Huicho, and Irene Papanicolas discuss different strategies policy makers can use to motivate health providers in order to improve quality of care
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mylène Lagarde
- Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics, London, UK
| | - Luis Huicho
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Materna e Infantil and Centro de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral y Sostenible, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Irene Papanicolas
- Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics, London, UK
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Barrick MR, Parks-Leduc L. Selection for Fit. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY AND ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012218-015028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We review person-organization fit theory and research on selection and recruitment, and also highlight practical recommendations. The article is framed around explaining how and why people who are well matched to their organization experience optimal psychological reactions and performance. We address five key challenges to person-organization fit research and provide a brief overview of the critical distinction between “fitting in” decisions linked to the attraction-selection-attrition (ASA) model and day-to-day forces linked to “doing well” at work. Additionally, we organize the “fit on” domain into a parsimonious set of fundamental motivational constructs, highlighting a taxonomic perspective that broadly captures the “fit on” purposeful work goals (e.g., achievement, autonomy, communion, and status; Barrick et al. 2013 ) to enhance our understanding as to the nature of the joint nonlinear person-organization effects. We conclude by reviewing research findings using this organizing framework to systematically build knowledge to advance theory, concluding with practical implications for best management practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murray R. Barrick
- Department of Management, Mays Business School, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Laura Parks-Leduc
- Department of Management, College of Business, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mason VC, Hennigan ML. Occupational therapy practitioners' ratings of job satisfaction factors through a lens of social capital. Occup Ther Health Care 2019; 33:88-107. [PMID: 30638098 DOI: 10.1080/07380577.2018.1543912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
While there is a body of knowledge regarding job satisfaction in occupational therapy, less is known about job satisfaction in occupational therapy through a lens of social capital. The purpose of this research was to investigate practitioners' rankings of 14 aspects of job satisfaction by gender, generation, therapist vs. manager, therapist vs. assistant, and experience. Participants (n = 112) recruited from attendees of a state association annual conference completed a short questionnaire. Relationships with other therapists on the rehab team, relationship with immediate supervisor or manager, and interprofessional teamwork, all reflective of social capital were highly ranked. Salary and benefits, more traditional area of focus in recruitment, were ranked lower. Given the incidence and implications of healthcare turnover, an awareness of social capital related to job satisfaction is valuable to practitioners and managers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicki C Mason
- a School of Health Professions , University of Providence , Great Falls , MT , USA
| | - Mary L Hennigan
- b School of Occupational Therapy , Texas Woman's University , Denton , TX , USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Aylott LME, Tiffin PA, Saad M, Llewellyn AR, Finn GM. Defining professionalism for mental health services: a rapid systematic review. J Ment Health 2018; 28:546-565. [PMID: 30501138 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2018.1521933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: Efforts have been made to define professionalism across the professions, yet little attention has been paid to the concept in mental health services, where patients' needs differ to that in other healthcare specialties. Aims: To derive a definition of professionalism for mental health services using the existing literature. Method: A rapid, systematic review was conducted to identify empirical and non-empirical records that described professionalism in a mental health service context from 2006 to 2017. Studies were synthesised narratively using thematic analysis. Results: Seventy records were included in the review. Professionalism was described on two levels; at a societal level, a dynamic social contract between professions and society, and; at an individual level, having intrapersonal, interpersonal, and working professionalism. Utilising emerging themes, an operationalised definition of professionalism, suitable for a mental health service context was derived. Conclusions: Within mental health services, emphasis is placed on the interpersonal aspects of practice such as communication skills, maintaining boundaries and humanity. Themes relating to the vulnerability of patients and the challenge of supporting autonomy and choice whilst maintaining safety and acting in a client's best interest are also evident. 'Practical wisdom' and a flexible approach to working are needed to manage these challenging situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M E Aylott
- Health Professions Education Unit, Hull York Medical School, University of York , York , UK
| | - Paul A Tiffin
- Health Professions Education Unit, Hull York Medical School, University of York , York , UK.,Department of Health Sciences, University of York , York , UK
| | - Mona Saad
- Health Professions Education Unit, Hull York Medical School, University of York , York , UK
| | | | - Gabrielle M Finn
- Health Professions Education Unit, Hull York Medical School, University of York , York , UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Patterson F, Roberts C, Hanson MD, Hampe W, Eva K, Ponnamperuma G, Magzoub M, Tekian A, Cleland J. 2018 Ottawa consensus statement: Selection and recruitment to the healthcare professions. MEDICAL TEACHER 2018; 40:1091-1101. [PMID: 30251906 DOI: 10.1080/0142159x.2018.1498589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Selection and recruitment into healthcare education and practice is a key area of interest for educators with significant developments in research, policy, and practice in recent years. This updated consensus statement, developed through a multi-stage process, examines future opportunities and challenges in selection and recruitment. There is both a gap in the literature around and a compelling case for further theoretical and empirical literature to underpin the development of overall selection philosophes and policies and their enactment. More consistent evidence has emerged regarding the quality of different selection methods. Approaches to selection are context-dependent, requiring the consideration of an institution's philosophy regarding what they are trying to achieve, the communities it purports to serve, along with the system within which they are used. Diversity and globalization issues continue to be critically important topics. Further research is required to explore differential attainment and explain why there are substantial differences in culturally acceptable ways of approaching diversity and widening access. More sophisticated evaluation approaches using multi-disciplinary theoretical frameworks are required to address the issues. Following a discussion of these areas, 10 recommendations are presented to guide future research and practice and to encourage debate between colleagues across the globe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Patterson
- a Work Psychology Group, Derby United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, UK
| | - C Roberts
- b Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M D Hanson
- c Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - W Hampe
- d Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - K Eva
- e Centre for Health Education Scholarship and Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - G Ponnamperuma
- f Centre for Medical Education, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - M Magzoub
- g Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Tekian
- h Department of Medical Education, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - J Cleland
- i Centre for Healthcare Research and Innovation (CHERI), University of Aberdeen, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chu Y, Palmer S, Persky AM. Assessing metacognition in the classroom: Student help-seeking behavior. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2018; 10:1478-1487. [PMID: 30514538 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The study's purpose was to develop an assessment of students' metacognitive monitoring of help-seeking behavior. METHODS This study piloted an assessment of help-seeking behavior in first-year student pharmacists to answer two questions: (1) Does help-seeking behavior depend on how familiar students are with the content? and (2) When students ask for help, does their performance and metacognition differ from when they do not seek help? As part of their year-end capstone, students answered drug information questions. The drugs within these questions were chosen based on the level of emphasis during the first-year curriculum (i.e. more familiar or less familiar). For each question, students rated their confidence level for their answer's correctness and marked whether they would ask their preceptor for help. Bias scores were calculated under conditions of familiarity based on level of emphasis (more familiar vs. less familiar) and help-seeking (asked for help and did not ask for help). RESULTS Students performed better on more familiar material (d = 1.2), with a small difference in confidence on more familiar material (d = 0.2). When students asked for help, they scored lower (d = -2.2) and reported lower confidence (d = -3.7). Students were more likely to ask for help from their preceptors on more familiar content than less familiar (odds ratio = 1.25) and less likely to ask for help when they were overconfident (odds ratio = 0.18). CONCLUSIONS Overall, students were more overconfident for less familiar material and were less likely to ask for help.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youn Chu
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2312 Kerr Hall, CB#7569, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Shannon Palmer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2312 Kerr Hall, CB#7569, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Adam M Persky
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2312 Kerr Hall, CB#7569, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ritchie G, Ashworth L, Bades A. Recruiting the next generation: applying a values-based approach to recruitment. Br J Community Nurs 2018; 23:232-237. [PMID: 29708796 DOI: 10.12968/bjcn.2018.23.5.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The qualified district nurse (DN) role demands high levels of leadership. Attracting the right candidates to apply for the Specialist Practice Qualification District Nursing (SPQDN) education programme is essential to ensure fitness to practice on qualification. Anecdotal evidence suggested that the traditional panel interview discouraged candidates from applying and a need to improve the quality of the overall interview process was identified by the authors. The University of Central Lancashire in partnership with Lancashire Care NHS Foundation Trust adopted the National Values Based Recruitment (VBR) Framework to select candidates to gain entry onto the SPQDN course. This involved using 'selection centres' of varying activities including a multiple mini interview, written exercise, group discussion, and portfolio review with scores attached to each centre. The ultimate aim of utilising VBR was to align personal and profession values to both the nursing profession and the Trust whilst allowing a fairer assessment process. An evaluation of the VBR recruitment process demonstrated 100% pass rate for the course and 100% satisfaction with the interview process reported by all 16 candidates over three academic years. Interviewer feedback showed deeper insight into the candidates' skills and values aligned with the core values and skills required by future District Nurse leaders within the Trust.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Ritchie
- Course Leader for Community Specialist Practitioner Programmes, University of Central Lancashire
| | - Lisa Ashworth
- District Nurse, Community Specialist Practitioner, Lancashire Care NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Annette Bades
- District Nurse Community Specialist Practitioner, Lancashire Care NHS Foundation Trust
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zibarras L, Patterson F, Driver R. A future research agenda for selection into healthcare. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL EDUCATION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR DENTAL EDUCATION IN EUROPE 2018; 22:e300-e302. [PMID: 28653402 DOI: 10.1111/eje.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Zibarras
- Work Psychology Group, Derby, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of London, London, UK
| | - F Patterson
- Work Psychology Group, Derby, UK
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - R Driver
- Work Psychology Group, Derby, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
The value of situational judgement tests for assessing non-academic attributes in dental selection. Br Dent J 2018; 220:565-6. [PMID: 27283558 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2016.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Situational judgement tests (SJTs) have been shown to be reliable and valid tools for assessing non-academic attributes across numerous healthcare professions. However, within the context of selection into dental foundation training (DFT) in the UK the introduction of an SJT is relatively new. This expert opinion highlights four key considerations regarding the DFT SJT in order to inform further debate amongst researchers and stakeholders. We clarify that SJTs measure non-academic attributes important for success in dental training, and that their context and content must be updated regularly to ensure their relevance, realism and fairness to current applicants. We outline that SJTs are efficient and cost-effective for high volume selection in the long term, in comparison to face-to-face interviews. Finally we summarise the value of practice material being available for high-stakes SJTs, such as the DFT SJT. Implications for practice are discussed throughout.
Collapse
|
23
|
McGraw C, Abbott S, Brook J. Innovation in values based public health nursing student selection: A qualitative evaluation of candidate and selection panel member perspectives. Public Health Nurs 2018; 35:344-352. [PMID: 29457256 DOI: 10.1111/phn.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Values based recruitment emerges from the premise that a high degree of value congruence, or the extent to which an individual's values are similar to those of the health organization in which they work, leads to organizational effectiveness. The aim of this evaluation was to explore how candidates and selection panel members experienced and perceived innovative methods of values based public health nursing student selection. DESIGN AND SAMPLE The evaluation was framed by a qualitative exploratory design involving semi-structured interviews and a group exercise. Data were thematically analyzed. Eight semi-structured interviews were conducted with selection panel members. Twenty-two successful candidates took part in a group exercise. INTERVENTION The use of photo elicitation interviews and situational judgment questions in the context of selection to a university-run public health nursing educational program was explored. RESULTS While candidates were ambivalent about the use of photo elicitation interviews, with some misunderstanding the task, selection panel members saw the benefits for improving candidate expression and reducing gaming and deception. Situational interview questions were endorsed by candidates and selection panel members due to their fidelity to real-life problems and the ability of panel members to discern value congruence from candidates' responses. CONCLUSIONS Both techniques offered innovative solutions to candidate selection for entry to the public health nursing education program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen Abbott
- School of Health Sciences, University of London, London, UK
| | - Judy Brook
- School of Health Sciences, University of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Callwood A, Bolger S, Allan HT. The ‘values journey’ of nursing and midwifery students selected using multiple mini interviews; Year One findings. J Adv Nurs 2018; 74:1139-1149. [DOI: 10.1111/jan.13514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison Callwood
- School of Health Sciences; University of Surrey; Guildford Surrey UK
| | - Sarah Bolger
- School of Health Sciences; University of Surrey; Guildford Surrey UK
| | - Helen T. Allan
- School of Health and Education; Centre for Critical Research in Nursing and Midwifery; Middlesex University; London UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cousans F, Patterson F, Edwards H, Walker K, McLachlan JC, Good D. Evaluating the complementary roles of an SJT and academic assessment for entry into clinical practice. ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2017; 22:401-413. [PMID: 28181019 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-017-9755-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although there is extensive evidence confirming the predictive validity of situational judgement tests (SJTs) in medical education, there remains a shortage of evidence for their predictive validity for performance of postgraduate trainees in their first role in clinical practice. Moreover, to date few researchers have empirically examined the complementary roles of academic and non-academic selection methods in predicting in-role performance. This is an important area of enquiry as despite it being common practice to use both types of methods within a selection system, there is currently no evidence that this approach translates into increased predictive validity of the selection system as a whole, over that achieved by the use of a single selection method. In this preliminary study, the majority of the range of scores achieved by successful applicants to the UK Foundation Programme provided a unique opportunity to address both of these areas of enquiry. Sampling targeted high (>80th percentile) and low (<20th percentile) scorers on the SJT. Supervisors rated 391 trainees' in-role performance, and incidence of remedial action was collected. SJT and academic performance scores correlated with supervisor ratings (r = .31 and .28, respectively). The relationship was stronger between the SJT and in-role performance for the low scoring group (r = .33, high scoring group r = .11), and between academic performance and in-role performance for the high scoring group (r = .29, low scoring group r = .11). Trainees with low SJT scores were almost five times more likely to receive remedial action. Results indicate that an SJT for entry into trainee physicians' first role in clinical practice has good predictive validity of supervisor-rated performance and incidence of remedial action. In addition, an SJT and a measure of academic performance appeared to be complementary to each other. These initial findings suggest that SJTs may be more predictive at the lower end of a scoring distribution, and academic attainment more predictive at the higher end.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fran Cousans
- Work Psychology Group, 27 Brunel Parkway, Pride Park, Derby, DE24 8HR, UK.
- Occupational Psychology, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Fiona Patterson
- Work Psychology Group, 27 Brunel Parkway, Pride Park, Derby, DE24 8HR, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Helena Edwards
- Work Psychology Group, 27 Brunel Parkway, Pride Park, Derby, DE24 8HR, UK
| | - Kim Walker
- Scotland Foundation School Director, NHS Education for Scotland, Forest Grove House, Foresterhill Road, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZP, Scotland, UK
- UK Foundation Programme Office, St Chad's Court, 213 Hagley Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B16 9RG, UK
| | | | - David Good
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Kings College, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hay M, Mercer AM, Lichtwark I, Tran S, Hodgson WC, Aretz HT, Armstrong EG, Gorman D. Selecting for a sustainable workforce to meet the future healthcare needs of rural communities in Australia. ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2017; 22:533-551. [PMID: 27804091 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-016-9727-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
An undersupply of generalists doctors in rural communities globally led to widening participation (WP) initiatives to increase the proportion of rural origin medical students. In 2002 the Australian Government mandated that 25% of commencing Australian medical students be of rural origin. Meeting this target has largely been achieved through reduced standards of entry for rural relative to urban applicants. This initiative is based on the assumption that rural origin students will succeed during training, and return to practice in rural locations. One aim of this study was to determine the relationships between student geographical origin (rural or urban), selection scores, and future practice intentions of medical students at course entry and course exit. Two multicentre databases containing selection and future practice preferences (location and specialisation) were combined (5862), representing 54% of undergraduate medical students commencing from 2006 to 2013 across nine Australian medical schools. A second aim was to determine course performance of rural origin students selected on lower scores than their urban peers. Selection and course performance data for rural (461) and urban (1431) origin students commencing 2006-2014 from one medical school was used. For Aim 1, a third (33.7%) of rural origin students indicated a preference for future rural practice at course exit, and even fewer (6.7%) urban origin students made this preference. Results from logistic regression analyses showed significant independent predictors were rural origin (OR 4.0), lower Australian Tertiary Admissions Rank (ATAR) (OR 2.1), or lower Undergraduate Medical and Health Sciences Admissions Test Section 3 (non-verbal reasoning) (OR 1.3). Less than a fifth (17.6%) of rural origin students indicated a preference for future generalist practice at course exit. Significant predictors were female gender (OR 1.7) or lower ATAR (OR 1.2), but not rural origin. Fewer (10.5%) urban origin students indicated a preference for generalist practice at course exit. For Aim 2, results of Mann-Whitney U tests confirmed that slightly reducing selection scores does not result in increased failure, or meaningfully impaired performance during training relative to urban origin students. Our multicentre analysis supports success of the rural origin WP pathway to increase rural student participation in medical training. However, our findings confirm that current selection initiatives are insufficient to address the continuing problem of doctor maldistribution in Australia. We argue for further reform to current medical student selection, which remains largely determined by academic meritocracy. Our findings have relevance to the selection of students into health professions globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Hay
- Monash Institute for Health and Clinical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Monash University, 27 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - A M Mercer
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - I Lichtwark
- Monash Institute for Health and Clinical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Monash University, 27 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - S Tran
- Monash Institute for Health and Clinical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Monash University, 27 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - W C Hodgson
- Monash Institute for Health and Clinical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Monash University, 27 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - H T Aretz
- Partners Healthcare, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E G Armstrong
- Harvard Macy Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D Gorman
- University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bowe SN, Schmalbach CE, Laury AM. The State of the Otolaryngology Match: A Review of Applicant Trends, "Impossible" Qualifications, and Implications. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017; 156:985-990. [PMID: 28319452 DOI: 10.1177/0194599817695804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective This State of the Art Review aims (1) to define recent qualifications of otolaryngology resident applicants by focusing on United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) scores, Alpha Omega Alpha (AOA) status, and research/publications and (2) to summarize the current literature regarding the relationship between these measures and performance in residency. Data Sources Electronic Residency Application Service, National Residency Matching Program, PubMed, Ovid, and GoogleScholar. Review Methods Electronic Residency Application Service and National Residency Matching Program data were analyzed to evaluate trends in applicant numbers and qualifications. Additionally, a literature search was performed with the aforementioned databases to identify relevant articles published in the past 5 years that examined USMLE Step 1 scores, AOA status, and research/publications. Conclusions Compared with other highly competitive fields over the past 3 years, the only specialty with decreasing applicant numbers is otolaryngology, with the rest remaining relatively stable or slightly increased. Additionally, USMLE Step 1 scores, AOA status, and research/publications do not reliably correlate with performance in residency. Implications for Practice The consistent decline in applications for otolaryngology residency is concerning and reflects a need for change in the current stereotype of the "ideal" otolaryngology applicant. This includes consideration of additional selection measures focusing on noncognitive and holistic qualities. Furthermore, otolaryngology faculty should counsel medical students that applying in otolaryngology is not "impossible" but rather a feasible and worthwhile endeavor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Bowe
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cecelia E Schmalbach
- 2 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Adrienne M Laury
- 3 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium, Ft Sam Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Traynor M, Galanouli D, Roberts M, Leonard L, Gale T. Identifying applicants suitable to a career in nursing: a value-based approach to undergraduate selection. J Adv Nurs 2016; 73:1443-1454. [DOI: 10.1111/jan.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marian Traynor
- School of Nursing and Midwifery; Queens University Belfast; UK
| | | | - Martin Roberts
- Peninsula Medical School; Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry; UK
| | | | - Thomas Gale
- Peninsula Medical School; Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry; UK
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
McLachlan JC. Gaps and Bridges. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2016; 50:984-985. [PMID: 27628714 DOI: 10.1111/medu.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
|
30
|
Lievens F, Patterson F, Corstjens J, Martin S, Nicholson S. Widening access in selection using situational judgement tests: evidence from the UKCAT. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2016; 50:624-636. [PMID: 27170081 DOI: 10.1111/medu.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Widening access promotes student diversity and the appropriate representation of all demographic groups. This study aims to examine diversity-related benefits of the use of situational judgement tests (SJTs) in the UK Clinical Aptitude Test (UKCAT) in terms of three demographic variables: (i) socio-economic status (SES); (ii) ethnicity, and (iii) gender. METHODS Outcomes in medical and dental school applicant cohorts for the years 2012 (n = 15 581) and 2013 (n = 15 454) were studied. Applicants' scores on cognitive tests and an SJT were linked to SES (parents' occupational status), ethnicity (White versus Black and other minority ethnic candidates), and gender. RESULTS Firstly, the effect size for SES was lower for the SJT (d = 0.13-0.20 in favour of the higher SES group) than it was for the cognitive tests (d = 0.38-0.35). Secondly, effect sizes for ethnicity of the SJT and cognitive tests were similar (d = ~ 0.50 in favour of White candidates). Thirdly, males outperformed females on cognitive tests, whereas the reverse was true for SJTs. When equal weight was given to the SJT and the cognitive tests in the admission decision and when the selection ratio was stringent, simulated scenarios showed that using an SJT in addition to cognitive tests might enable admissions boards to select more students from lower SES backgrounds and more female students. CONCLUSIONS The SJT has the potential to appropriately complement cognitive tests in the selection of doctors and dentists. It may also put candidates of lower SES backgrounds at less of a disadvantage and may potentially diversify the student intake. However, use of the SJT applied in this study did not diminish the role of ethnicity. Future research should examine these findings with other SJTs and other tests internationally and scrutinise the causes underlying the role of ethnicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Lievens
- Department of Personnel Management and Work and Organisational Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fiona Patterson
- Department of Psychology, School of the Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jan Corstjens
- Department of Personnel Management and Work and Organisational Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Sandra Nicholson
- Institute of Health Sciences Education, Barts and The London, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| |
Collapse
|